Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

坡面薄层水流流速测量的比较研究

在室内模拟水槽中分别用质心运动学原理、电解质脉冲法和流量法3种方法测量不同坡度、不同泥沙含量条件下的薄层水流流速。比较以上3种测量结果发现在下垫面无渗透时，即加入的盐液没有损失时，电解质脉冲法测量坡面薄层水流流速与质心运动速度及流量法测量结果基本是一致的。在泥沙含量较大时，电解质脉冲法测量结果的误差较大，流量对测量结果影响不显著；随着测量距离的延长，测量误差变小，这可能是随着测量距离的增加，加入电解质的时间与测量时间之比减小，从而使假设加入的电解质为电解质脉冲更加合理。总的来说，电解质脉冲法在实验条件下测量坡面薄层水流流速是可行的。     

2002年荔枝大丰收的气象成因分析

通过对2001／2002年度玉林市荔枝生育期的农业气象条件进行诊断分析，得出2002年获得大丰收的主要原因是关键发育期气侯条件好：秋梢抽生期雨水正常；冬季在寒冷和干旱的双重作用下花芽发育比较完全；春季气侯温暖雨量适中雨日偏少有利于荔枝的孕蕾和开花授粉；幼果期和膨大期气象条件也很正常。气侯条件比历史上最高产的1999年更优。     

稀释介质种类对豆乳蛋白胶体粒子zeta电位测定效果的影响

蛋白粒子zeta电位是衡量豆乳体系稳定性的一个重要指标,而在电位分析前常采用稀释介质对豆乳进行预处理。为了确保zeta电位测定的准确性和科学性,必须选择合适的稀释介质。因此,该研究采用去离子水、豆乳超滤液两种稀释介质分别对豆乳进行稀释,并比较了这2种稀释介质对zeta电位、粒径分布、pH值以及电导率的影响。结果表明,若以去离子水为稀释介质,zeta电位的绝对值会随着稀释倍数的升高而显著增加（*P<0.05）,这主要是由于豆乳蛋白胶体粒子发生解聚导致粒径减小,而pH值的升高和电导率的降低则说明豆乳的离子强度显著降低。相比之下,选用豆乳超滤液稀释豆乳时,体系的 zeta 电位、粒径分布、pH值以及电导率都未随稀释倍数的增加而改变（*P>0.05）,说明此法能够较好地维持豆乳蛋白粒子的荷电稳定性。由此可知,豆乳超滤液可做为豆乳zeta电位测定的理想稀释介质。     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

陕西洛川中更新统下部黄土入渗规律研究

通过对陕西洛川凤栖镇剖面黄土与红色古土壤8个层位的入渗实验及孔隙度与CaCO3含量测定,研究了黄土与古土壤入渗特征和地下水富集条件。结果表明,陕西洛川西沟L4、L5、L6和L7黄土的稳定入渗率较大,4个层位的平均值为0.65 mm min-1;S4、S5、S6和S7古土壤稳定入渗率较小,4个层位的平均值为0.37 mm min-1;黄土层达到稳定入渗的时间较短,一般为60~90 min,红色古土壤达到稳定入渗的时间较长,一般为90~120 min。黄土层含水空间发育好、渗透性强和利于成为含水层,这是冷干的气候动力条件决定的。红褐色古土壤层含水空间发育较差、渗透性弱和利于成为隔水层,这是温湿的气候动力条件决定的。将洛川西沟剖面渗水实验数据用三种入渗公式分别进行拟合得出,通常采用的三个经验公式均适用于描述40万~70万a间发育的黄土和红色古土壤层的入渗规律。本文的研究拓宽了第四纪气候变化理论应用的新领域,表明更新世气候变化在黄土地层土壤水和地下水资源富集条件、富集规律和水资源开发利用研究中有重要应用价值。     

Analysis of Variability of Some Properties of a Semideciduous Forest Soil

Abstract

The formation of soils in any region is influenced by many factors such as the parent materials and the secondary materials derived from them, the vegetation and the history of land use. These factors vary from place to place, and they contribute to the spatial variation in properties of the soil. Quantification of the magnitude, location, and causes of spatial variability is an essential, but insufficient ingredient of soil surveys. Soil samples from the 0‐ to 20‐cm depth were taken covering soils in the Asuansi‐Akroso‐Nta‐Ofin compound association (Lixisol, Cambisol, and Fluvisol association) at the study site by following the nested balanced hierarchical sampling technique. This covered distances between 100 and 0.80 m. Standard laboratory analyses were performed to quantify the selected properties, namely, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, and content of sand, silt, and clay. Classical statistics and geostatistical procedures were performed on the data and models fitted to the variability patterns. Physical and the more stable properties, such as sand, silt, and clay, were fitted with spherical variogram models. These models indicate a high level of spatial dependence, therefore, such properties may be said to be fairly stable in the field. On the contrary, chemical properties, such as exchangeable potassium, were fitted with exponential variogram models, indicating that these properties were less stable and showed dependence over longer distances. The scale of variation of the properties ranged between 35 and 62 m. The degree of uncertainty associated with time and space can be reduced by improved documentation of field variability using the tools of geostatistics.     

淤地坝坝体体积的计算

对于已确定的淤地坝坝址,坝体的纵断面（即沟道横断面）是一定的。根据实测的沟造横断面,以沟底最低点为坐标原点,沟道一侧的岸壁曲线可用幂函数形式表示之。利用这种幂函数关系,对于坝坡均一的坝体．在设定坝顶宽、坝高和上下游边坡之后,作者推导出沟道一侧坝体体积的计算公式;沟道两侧的坝体体积即为坝体总体积。对于非均一坝坡、设有马道的坝和坝体加高的体积,可将坝体横断面分割为由几个均一坝坡组成的坝体断面,分别计算其体积。这种计算方法的精度,取决于坝址横断面岸壁曲线回归方程与实际岸壁的符合程度。     

不同样点数量对土壤有机质空间变异表达的影响

以南京市六合区为研究区,通过完全随机和限制最小采样间距抽样分别设置5个样点系列,基于每个样点系列100次重复抽样的变异结构推断及空间预测误差结果,探讨了不同样点数量对土壤有机质(SOM)空间变异表达的影响。结果表明,两种抽样方式降低样点数量后推断的SOM含量的块金效应(C0/C0+C)均随样点数量减少而降低且限制最小采样间距抽样推断的C0/C0+C要低于完全随机抽样方法,说明适当的减少样点数量以便降低与SOM变异尺度不匹配的样点对变异结构推断的影响有助于提高SOM空间变异结构表达的可靠性。普通Kriging预测的SOM误差对比则表明,尽管两种抽样方式下空间预测的均方根误差(RMSE)随样点数量变化而波动,但均低于全部样点的预测误差;通过限制最小采样间距减少样点至250个时,SOM空间预测的RMSE最低,较全部样点预测误差降低了6%,因此,为了实现样点密度与SOM变异尺度相匹配,合理设置土壤采样点的间距及样点数量较单纯的增加采样点数量更为重要。     

猕猴桃切片微波真空干燥工艺参数的优化

为了提高水果干燥效率、干制品质量和降低干燥能耗,以猕猴桃切片为对象,进行了微波真空干燥试验。通过单因素试验,研究了微波功率、物料厚度、干燥室压力对猕猴桃切片干燥特性的影响。通过3因素5水平的二次回归正交试验,分析了微波功率、物料厚度、干燥室压力与猕猴桃切片干制品复水率、叶绿素含量、维生素C含量及单位耗电量的关系,建立了各指标与试验因素间的回归数学模型,并利用多目标非线性优化方法,确定了猕猴桃切片微波真空干燥最优工艺参数。结果表明：在微波功率为6.54 W/g、切片厚度为6.16 mm、干燥室压力为76.8 Pa的条件下,微波真空干燥猕猴桃切片的能耗最低,同时干制品质量也得到保证。     

基于耦合模型的重金属污染土壤植物修复效益空间差异分析

在污染土壤生态修复的同时须兼顾其经济、社会效益,以提高其修复综合效益并推动修复工作的顺利开展。以贵溪市为研究区域,使用耦合模型对污染土地植物修复效益进行空间差异评价并筛选适宜的修复植物类型。研究结果显示:研究区域重金属污染土壤植物修复综合效益存在较大空间差异,其中水泉区重金属污染土壤植物修复效益最低为0.173 6,苏门区重金属污染土壤植物修复效益最高为0.835 4;九牛岗区和庞源区效益相近,效益值小于0.4,属于效益较低区块;在种植植物类型上看,混合种植的树木和乔灌木植物,能产生较好的效益,单纯种植一种植物类型,总体效益低;建议将高效益的苏门区植物类型和种植方式进行推广,并采用红叶石楠和栾树间套种植方式。     

石羊河下游民勤绿洲荒漠化影响因素趋势预测

 从荒漠化治理的实践出发,用Hurst指数对内陆河下游民勤绿洲荒漠化影响因素进行预测分析,对体现民勤绿洲荒漠化主要影响因子的农村人口、耕地面积、农村用电量、机井眼数和沙尘暴时间5个指标进行预测。结果表明:未来10年内,农村人口Hurst指数为0.381,与1989—2003年的上升趋势相反,具有下降趋势;年耕地面积Hurst指数为0.578 3,与1989—2003年时的上升趋势一致,但持续性不强;农村用电量Hurst指数为0.3324,与1989—2003年的上升趋势相反,具有下降趋势;年机井眼数Hurst指数为0.2618,与1989—2003年的上升趋势具有较强的长期相关性,但为相反趋势;年沙尘暴时间Hurst指数为0.4043,呈与1953—1998年的下降趋势相反的弱持续相关性。通过预测认为:应该加强对耕地面积的宏观调控,抑制土地利用所引起荒漠化的发展,控制开荒,提高现有耕地的利用效率;同时要继续宏观调控农村人口、农村用电量、机井数量变化向良性方向发展。     

Specific features of the development of soils of hydromorphic ecosystems in the northern taiga of Western Siberia under conditions of cryogenesis

Differently directed and heterochronous cryogenic processes have contributed to the contrasting soil cover patterns and spatial heterogeneity of the properties of soils in hydromorphic ecosystems of the discontinuous permafrost zone of the northern taiga in Western Siberia. Frost heave and permafrost thawing within ecosystems of highmoor bogs have led to the development of specific cryogenic landforms, such as flat-topped and large peat mounds. A set of cryogenic soils is developed in these ecosystems; it includes different variants of cryozems, gleyzems (Cryosols), and peat soils (Histosols). The distribution of these soil types is controlled by the local topography and thawing depth, other factors being insignificant. Alternation of peat horizons of different types and ages, whirl-like patterns of horizon boundaries, considerable variations in the thickness of soil horizons, and inversions of soil horizons under the impact of frost cracking, frost heave, and cryoturbation are typical of the considered soils. Thawing depth is the most significant factor affecting the thickness of organic horizons, the soil pH, and the degree of decomposition of peat. As a result of the upward movement of bog ecosystems under the impact of frost heave, peat soils are subjected to considerable transformation: peat horizons undergo mineralization, and the thickness of organic horizons decreases; in some cases, eluvial–illuvial differentiation of the mineral horizons takes place, and peat podzols are developed. However, the opposite process of the return of the soils to the bog stage of pedogenesis with peat accumulation may take place in any time in the case of activation of thermokarst processes.     

森林干扰度评价方法及应用——以中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所清原森林生态实验站为例

基于不同森林类型所受干扰不同,以中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所清原森林生态实验站为例,构建一套适合于该区域的森林干扰度评价指标体系,在此基础上应用最优距离法对不同类型的森林干扰度进行定量化评价。根据多样性(5个指标)、生产力(3个指标)、林分结构(4个指标)、生态功能(3个指标)、林分健康水平(3个指标)等指标,以阔叶红松林为目标森林,应用距离法评价了清原森林生态实验站现有8个林型的森林干扰度。结果表明,森林干扰度老龄林(0.3178)和阔叶混交林(0.3989)最小,与目标森林的距离最近;其次是蒙古栎林(0.4262)、水曲柳林(0.4870)、花曲柳林(0.4983)、胡桃楸林(0.5016);红松人工林(0.6358)和落叶松人工林(0.6864)最大,表明人工林与目标森林的距离最远。     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

重庆市北碚区景观生态图的编制

景观生态图是以图形的方式客观而概括地反映自然景观生态类型的空间特征。以重庆市北碚区为研究区域,在对北碚区图件及其它资料的研究基础上,加上进一步的野外调查,借鉴前人研究景观生态制图的经验,以遥感影像和一些专题图件为基础数据源,以ArcGIS为平台,将两者有机结合起来,综合制成景观生态图。     

Effect of Application of Surfactants on Hydraulic Properties of Soils

This study explores the effect of surfactants, commonly found in detergents, on the hydraulic properties of soils. The soil properties examined included hydraulic conductivity, infiltration characteristics, and effective suction at the wetting front, capillary rise and soil penetrability. Two agricultural soils—a loam and a sandy loam, and three surfactants—one anionic surfactant (Sulphonic) and two non-ionic surfactants (Rexol and Rexonic), were used in the study. Changes in hydraulic properties with the application of surfactants were compared with properties obtained with deionised water (control). The results showed that Sulphonic, the anionic surfactant, had a significant effect on hydraulic properties of both soils. Applications of Sulphonic caused decreases in the capillary rise and penetrability, and an increase in the solid–liquid contact angle, shape factor and sorptivity. Except for a slight decrease in hydraulic conductivity resulting from the application of Rexol, the non-ionic surfactants did not reveal significant impact on the hydraulic characteristics of test soils.     

城市复合生态系统健康评价方法在生态城市研究中的应用

针对当前全国方兴未艾的生态城市建设,将城市生态系统健康理论引入生态城市研究当中,根据相关研究构建了城市复合生态系统健康评价模型,作为评判生态城市建设程度的标准;利用熵权法确定模型中的多指标权重,避免了采用主观赋值法可能带来的臆断性;将评价模型应用于南阳市生态城市规划实例中,以定量的方式描述了南阳市以及河南省其他城市各子系统的发展水平、子系统间的协调程度以及复合生态系统的整体健康状况,为南阳市生态城市建设提供了科学的决策依据。     

发酵床垫料栽培基质重复利用对辣椒生长和基质性状的影响

以发酵床垫料为主要原料的有机基质作为栽培基质,采用槽式栽培方式,研究其在辣椒种植上的应用效果以及种植不同茬次辣椒后基质理化和微生物学性状的变化情况;并研究该有机基质的重复利用效果。结果表明:基质栽培的辣椒与土壤对照相比,在株高、根长、整株鲜重和产量方面均无显著差异,且用完1茬的旧基质继续种植第2茬辣椒不影响其产量。种植第1茬辣椒后对基质理化性状影响最大,其中,EC值、速效氮和速效钾含量与新基质相比变化最为显著,分别降低了81.17%、92.15%和85.16%,种植2茬辣椒后基质理化性状与1茬时相比变化不显著。Real-Time PCR结果表明:连续种植2茬辣椒对基质中细菌数量影响不大,而真菌数量1茬后显著降低,2茬后真菌数量与1茬时相比差异不显著。PCR-DGGE结果表明种植第1茬辣椒明显改变了基质中细菌和真菌群落结构,并能明显提高真菌的群落多样性,但种植第2茬辣椒对基质中细菌和真菌多样性影响较小,细菌和真菌群落结构与1茬时相比变化不大。