沙棘促进杨树生长机制的研究

通过对杨树沙棘混交林中杨树的生长量,生理生化指标,根系分布状态,林地土壤理化性质,沙棘固氮供氮效果的调查、测试与分析,阐明了沙棘促进杨树生长的机制,由于沙棘的固氮供氮作用,改善了林地土壤的理化性质,致使杨树的生长速度加快,沙棘与杨树相辅相成形成了一个良性循环的生物体系。     

干热胁迫对杨树叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了探讨干热胁迫对不同品种杨树叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以吴屯杨、小青杨和小美旱杨一年生嫩枝为材料,利用人工气候箱和PEG浓度控制生长温度、干旱条件,处理24 h后测定气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数以及光合色素的含量。结果表明:1)随着胁迫程度的增加,3种杨树叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)随着干热胁迫的程度增加均呈先上升后下降的趋势,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)则整体呈下降趋势,吴屯杨和小美旱杨的蒸腾速率(Tr)呈先上升后下降的趋势,而小青杨叶片的蒸腾速率持续增加,在重度干热胁迫时达到最大值;2)3种杨树在重度干热胁迫条件下光系统Ⅱ反应中心及其电子传递链的结构均受到了不同程度的损伤;3)3个杨树品种的类胡萝卜素含量随干热胁迫程度的增加呈稳定上升的趋势,总叶绿素与叶绿素a、b含量总体呈下降趋势。4)综合各项生理指标结果分析,3种杨树中,小青杨和吴屯杨的耐干热能力较强,小美旱杨最弱。     

杨干象对杨树生长的影响和防治指标的研究

1995～2000年，对杨干象对杨树生长的影响和防治指标进行了研究。结果认为，不同虫口密度对杨树生长的影响明显，通过建立虫口密度与杨树生长(树高、胸径、材积)损失率回归预测模型表明，随着虫口密度的增加，胸径、材积生长明显下降，其关系呈直线、对数回归关系；高生长总的趋势是下降的，呈多项式回归关系；杨干象防治指标确定为：5年生以下杨树为2头／株，6～8年生杨树为3头／株，9年生以上杨树为4头／株。     

3个杨树品种在鲁西地区光合生理特性研究

在鲁西地区对鲁林2号、鲁林3号、2025杨(对照)3个杨树品种的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等生理指标进行测定的结果表明:鲁林2号、鲁林3号的净光合速率显著高于对照,具有高产潜能。相关性分析发现,蒸腾速率、空气温度与杨树净光合速率分别呈极显著和显著正相关关系,说明杨树要实现高产,必须有充分的水、热条件做保障。     

杨树三倍体与二倍体DNA甲基化的比较分析

利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性技术,对二倍体与三倍体黑杨和白杨群体DNA甲基化进行了研究,共检测到745个基因位点,不同倍性杨树群体基因组DNA的总甲基化率为13.69% 18.84%,二倍体杨树平均为14.71%,三倍体杨树平均为17.72%。不同倍性杨树种群总甲基化率随着倍性的升高而升高,半甲基化率黑杨组也随着倍性的升高而升高,而白杨组正好相反;黑杨组全甲基化率没有明显的规律可循,而白杨组的全甲基化率则随着倍性的升高而升高。倍性与甲基化率的相关性验证分析结果表明:总甲基化率与倍性的相关系数为0.835,P<0.01,总甲基化率与倍性呈极显著正相关;全甲基化率与倍性的相关系数为0.651,P<0.05,全甲基化率与倍性呈显著正相关;半甲基化率与倍性的相关系数为0.335,P>0.05,半甲基化率与倍性相关性较弱。不同倍性杨树群体的甲基化变异与序列变化具有显著相关性(r=0.910 3,P<0.01),推测甲基化变异具有种群特异性。     

施肥对不同杨树防御酶活性的影响

杨树对土壤营养条件反应十分敏感,在各种栽培措施中,以施肥的效果较为显著。氮肥是杨树矿质营养的主要限制因子,对植物生长及体内的生理生化有显著影响。可以通过影响昆虫的寄主植物,间接的影响昆虫弄清土壤与杨树之间营养元素供需关系及杨树生长特性和其寄生害虫的直接密切关系具有重要意义,为此,以光照和施肥对杨树的影响为研究对象,开展了室内控制实验和田间施肥试验,为杨树的广泛扩大培育和配方施肥以及杨树的抗性研究提供重要的依据。     

杨树细菌溃疡病发病机理及病害防治研究进展

杨树细菌性溃疡病是东北地区杨树干部病害,危害严重,影响木材质量。文章对杨树细菌性溃疡病的发生原因、发病规律、生理生化变化及防治措施做以综述。     

不同品种杨树抗旱性比较研究

以6种杨树的扦插苗为试材,通过脯氨酸、丙二醛等6种生理生化指标测试,研究了不同品种杨树抗旱能力。结果表明,在相同立地条件下,不同品种的6个指标均表现出显著性差异水平,经模糊数学隶属度公式对其抗旱性综合评价,得出抗旱能力由强到弱排序为:银×新、北美速生1号、北美速生2号、84K杨、辽育2号杨、健杨94。     

杨树溃疡病及松材线虫病对树体干部电指标的影响

对杨树溃疡病及松材线虫病对树木电指标的影响进行研究.结果表明:杨树溃疡病胁迫下,毛白杨扦插苗POD酶活性先增大后减小,PPO酶活性持续增大,树木干部电容和单位电容呈减小趋势,而树木干部阻抗呈增大趋势,最先表现出统计学差异性的指标是POD酶活性,其次为树木干部电容,之后为树体干部阻抗,最后是PPO酶活性;树木干部电容和单位电容与马尾松枯针率均有显著的正相关关系,同时利用树体干部电容0.5 nF为阈值,判断马尾松是否感染松材线虫的准确率可达89.26%.     

6个杨树无性系木材密度及干缩性能差异

以6个杨树无性系木材为研究对象,对杨树的密度及干缩性能进行了分析研究,为杨树木材的加工利用提供依据。结果表明:6个杨树无性系木材基本密度为0.33～0.43 g/cm3,气干密度为0.39～0.51 g/cm3,全干密度为0.37～0.49 g/cm3,密度在不同无性系间差异极显著。50号杨、中林46杨、南杨木材密度沿径向呈逐渐增加的变化趋势,而108杨、N179杨和桑巨杨木材密度呈现先降低后逐渐增加的趋势。杨树无性系木材气干和全干干缩差异均值分别为2.53和2.22,不同无性系间气干干缩率(径向、弦向、体积、干缩差异)和全干干缩率(径向、弦向、体积、干缩差异)差异均极显著。50号杨、N179杨和桑巨杨木材干缩差异沿髓心向外呈现先增加后减小的趋势,中林46杨呈现逐渐增加的趋势,108杨和南杨则是呈现先减小后增加的趋势。相关性分析表明:木材密度与不同状态下干缩差异呈极显著负相关;木材基本密度除与弦向和体积气干干缩率不相关,与其他干缩指标均呈极显著正相关;不同干缩指标之间呈极显著正相关。     

杨树菌根研究进展

杨树菌根真菌资源丰富，有３０种外生菌根真菌和５种ＶＡ菌根真菌可与其共生形成外生菌根和ＶＡ菌根，菌根的形态和解剖特征与菌根真菌的种类有关。菌根可以促进杨树苗木养分和水分的吸收，提高苗木的生长量，增强其抗旱性，并且可以诱导杨树体内酚类物质代谢中酶类（ＰＯ、ＰＰＯ、ＰＡＬ等）活性的提高，加速抗病性物质（酚类等）的合成，增强杨树抗溃疡病的能力     

蓝桉和尾叶桉混合菌根研究 Ⅰ.菌根合成及真菌间的相互作用

采用蜡磨菌与ＶＡ 菌根真菌分别对蓝桉和尾叶桉进行单接种或混合接种,研究结果表明,两种菌根类型的真菌均能在桉树苗木根系上成功地定殖,分别合成了外生菌根、ＶＡ 菌根和混合菌根,证实了桉树不仅是菌根营养型树种,而且能形成多种菌根类型。ＶＡ 菌根感染率在接种初期较高,但随时间的推移有降低的趋势;而外生菌根菌初期合成菌根的速度较慢,但单位长度根段内菌根根尖数目有明显增加的趋势。与单接种ＶＡ菌根真菌苗木相比,外生菌根真菌抑制了ＶＡ 菌根菌在根系上的进一步侵染,体现在较低的ＶＡ 菌根感染率;而外生菌根菌显示出了较强的竞争能力,并能在接种后９ 周时开始形成子实体。在混合菌根中,外生菌根有逐步替代ＶＡ 菌根的发展趋势,两种类型的菌根真菌间存在一定的竞争性作用关系。基质磷（Ｐ）素水平对菌根的形成也有一定的影响     

Screenhouse performance of VAM-inoculated seedlings of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De wit. in a phosphorus-deficient and aluminum sulfate-treated medium

The effect of 3 species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on the growth of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit. in a phosphorus-deficient and aluminumsulfate (AIS)-treated medium was investigated in a screenhouse experiment. Plant height, root length, nodulation, phosphorus uptake and nitrogen fixation were used as indices of plant performance.While there were significant differences among mycorrhizal plants with respect to these indices, they outperformed their non-mycorrhizal counterparts in all respects except in nitrogen content. Of the 3 mycorrhizal species studied, Glomus etunicatum (Becker and Gerd) was the most efficient, followed by Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd and Trappe, and finally, Gigaspora margarita (Becker and Hall). Both aluminumsulfate and mycorrhizal treatments increased shoot dry weight.     

蓝桉和尾叶桉混合菌根研究Ⅱ.混合菌根的接种效应

接种苗木在生长量和生物量上均表现出极其显著的生长优势,ECM真菌蜡蘑菌单接种及其与4种VA菌根菌剂混合接种,对苗木生长的促进作用尤为显著。在接种后16周时,与对照苗相比,蓝桉和尾叶桉接种苗木的高生长量最大增幅分别为28.86%(LS)和86.65%(LG);两种桉树地上部分平均干质量最大增幅分别为129.93%(LS)和133.34%(L),地下部分分别为119.93%(LF)和174.83%(LG)。桉树对不同菌根菌及其组合的菌根依赖性表现出很大的差异,对混合接种的真菌组合有相对高的菌根依赖性,而对土壤菌剂依赖性很小。菌根感染与苗木生物量间有显著的相关性。试验结果还证实了P素对桉苗生长的促进作用,P素水平对菌根的接种效应有一定的影响。     

丛枝菌根对喜树幼苗的生长效应

2005年2月精选喜树种子培养无菌根幼苗,生长90天以后分别接种3种丛枝菌根真菌,即蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)、透光球囊霉(Glomus diaphanum)和弯丝硬囊霉(Sclerocystis sinuosa),探讨了菌根真菌对喜树幼苗株高、生物量以及氮、磷吸收的影响。结果表明,丛枝菌根的形成显著促进了菌根幼苗的高生长和生物量的积累,对喜树幼苗氮素营养的吸收影响不大,但却有利于喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收。从植株高度和生物量来看,菌根幼苗优于无菌根幼苗,蜜色无梗囊霉菌根幼苗尤为突出,分别达到无菌根幼苗(CK)的1.2和1.6倍,差异显著。丛枝菌根的形成对喜树幼苗氮素营养的吸收影响不大。从全株的氮含量来看,菌根幼苗与无菌根幼苗相近,只有在根、茎和叶片中Am菌根幼苗的氮含量才有明显变化,而透光球囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉菌根幼苗与无菌根幼苗之间则没有显著差异。丛枝菌根的形成总体上促进了喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收,并且主要体现在根的磷含量上。与无菌根幼苗比,所有菌根幼苗根的氮、磷分配比例增加,而茎和叶片的氮、磷分配比例减少。图2表2参13。     

不同内外生菌根菌接种对米老排苗期的生长效应

9 mycorrhizal fungi, including 4 ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) and 5 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), were used to explore their effect on seedling growth of Mytilaria laosensis. The study shows that M. laosensis is one of the species with both VAM and ECM. Mycorrhizal infection rate of all ECM inoculation methods reached level 3, and that of AMF infection rate was 88%-93%, of which AM91 became the highest. In different periods, different inoculation treatment expressed different effects on seedling growth. At the end of the experiment, the height, ground diameter, underground dry mass and upper ground dry mass of seedling inoculated with PX0801 and 9006 respectively increased by 71%, 45%, 128%, 184%, and 65%, 54%,150%, 208%, which exhibited the best overall effect. Coinoculated seedlings with AM90036, AM3008 and AM91 had advantages over uninoculated ones in all the tested growth indicators, which suggest to significantly promote the growth of M.laosensis. The results obtained provide reference for mycorrhizal fungi application on M. laosensis.     

Rock phosphate and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza effects on growth and nutrient uptake of Faidherbia albida (Del.) seedlings in an alkaline sandy soil

Response of Faidherbia albida (Del.) to five levels of Kodjari rock phosphate (KRP) application (0, 310, 620, 1240 and 2480 ppm P, equivalent to 0, 775, 1550, 3100 and 6200 kg P/ha) and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) Glomus manihotis Howeler, Sieverding & Schenck or Glomus aggregatum Schenck & Smith emend. Koske was evaluated in an alkaline sandy soil. The F. albida seedlings grew poorly without mycorrhizal colonization and without KRP applications. For non-VAM Faidherbia, the maximum growth response and both P and N uptake in shoots was achieved with the 620 ppm P. However, even without KRP application, VAM plants achieved better results in terms of biomass. VAM plants with G. manihotis and G. aggregatum improved plant growth and increased nutrient contents at any KRP application rate. Although mycorrhizal colonization was comparable at all levels of KRP application, the impact of nutrient content of the shoot varied. Finally, VAM plants did not accumulate more biomass than non-VAM plants at 620 ppm P and above. Growth response and mycorrhizal dependency decreased as KRP applied levels increased. These results suggest that VAM Faidherbia seedlings take up more P from soil and KRP than non-VAM.     

Antifungal effect of bark extracts from some European tree species

The inhibitory effect of methanol bark extracts from six deciduous and three coniferous European tree species were bioassayed against eight fungi from the different damage categories, brown rot, white rot, canker and blue-stain. This is the first report providing data on the antifungal activity of several Europaen tree species against fungi within these damage categories. Generally the decay fungi were more inhibited by the bark extracts than the blue-stain fungi, while the lowest inhibition was found among the cancer fungi. The main pattern found between the fungal groups in relation to the bark extracts in this study is believed to be caused by the route of ingress. Acer platanoides bark extract proved to be the most efficient bark extract tested, significantly reducing the growth rate of all tested fungi. Betula pubescens bark extract generally gave the weakest reduction in growth rate. In this study, the conifer bark extracts were in general more active against the canker and blue stain ascomycete fungi than the deciduous trees extracts.     

西澳州桉树林地土壤菌根菌剂接种潜力研究(英文)

对澳大利亚西澳州桉树人工林菌根类型及其形成情况进行了调查 ,并采用生物测定法 (Bioas saymeasurement)研究了桉树林地土壤菌根菌剂的接种潜力 .根系菌根检查和生物测定法试验均表明 ,在自然条件下桉树可以和不同真菌共生而形成三种类型的菌根 ,即外生菌根、VA菌根和混合菌根 ;林分成熟程度与菌根形成有一定的相关性 ,与共生体的类型也有一定影响 .在幼林中 ,桉树根系主要与内囊霉菌共生形成VA菌根 ,而成熟林主要与担子菌共生形成外生菌根 ,混合菌根表现为一种中间类型 .在收集的林地土壤中移植的菌根诱饵植物 (三叶草和蓝桉 )分别检测出土壤中存在有一定量的VA菌根菌和外生菌根菌 ,但菌根菌繁殖体数量及接种潜力相对较小 ,并且也揭示了按树年龄对土壤菌剂的相对接种潜力影响较大 .本文对桉树人工林土壤菌剂接种潜力进行了评价 ,并就引进优良菌根菌对桉树人工林生产的重要性进行讨论     

Host responses to natural infection by Cytonaema sp. in the aerial bark of Eucalyptus globulus

The chemical and anatomical host responses to natural fungal infection by Cytonaema sp. in the aerial bark of 3‐year‐old Eucalyptus globulus plantation trees were examined. The lesion margin (LM) of the canker‐infected bark was characterized by the formation of a layer of dark extractives visible to the naked eye. Chemical analysis of the LM by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection and HPLC‐MS using negative ion electrospray ionisation indicated the presence of a range of compounds including hydrolysable tannins, polymeric proanthocyanidins, flavonoid glycosides, formlyated phloroglucinol compounds and volatile terpenes. These compounds were either undetectable in healthy tissue or present at significantly lower concentrations than in the LM. The LM of the canker‐infected bark was morphologically distinct from healthy phloem, its characteristics varying depending on severity of canker infection. In superficial infections in which only the phloem was affected, the following LMs were observed: (i) a continuous wound periderm of multiple layers, or (ii) an incompletely differentiated and discontinuous wound periderm. In cases of severe canker infections in which the vascular cambium had been killed, the new phloem formed subsequently contained traumatic oil glands in addition to the responses observed for superficial canker infections. All LMs were characterized by the formation of new parenchyma cells that stained positive for the presence of polyphenols. The significance of the chemical and structural responses as defence mechanisms against fungi causing stem canker is discussed.