氟乐灵对作物影响的研究

本文是作者于1978～1983年在黑龙江垦区大面积大豆田里应用氟乐灵灭草,并观察对大豆和后茬作物影响所进行的研究。探讨了不同用药量和土壤不同含水量对大豆生育、产量、根瘤生长、固氮酶活性的影响和土壤残留对后茬作物的毒害。每公顷施用1.0～2.5公斤有效量氟乐灵大豆出苗,出苗后的生育和根瘤的形成及其固氮活性均受到不同程度的抑制,大豆减产1.7～9.4%。田间施药后,虽然经过春、夏、秋、冬四季的十几个月时间,较高用药量对后茬作物小麦、玉米等仍有残留毒害作用,致使这些作物的生育受抑制,产量下降。最后对当前推广应用的氟乐灵剂量进行了商榷,对下茬作物安排及如何解决药剂对根瘤影响问题也进行了讨论。     

二甲戊乐灵乳油施用深度和剂量对棉苗生长的影响

研究了二甲戊乐灵的施用深度和剂量对棉苗生长发育的影响。结果表明,二甲戊乐灵在4 cm药层以上抑制侧根的增加和主根的生长,而在4 cm以下的根生长发育正常。33%二甲戊乐灵3 000 mL/hm2以上高浓度下抑制了侧根的生长,而对主根的干重、长度以及植株的鲜重影响较小。     

二甲戊·乙乳油防除姜田杂草试验报告

生姜是一种大众化的调味品 ,也是一味重要的中药材。近年来 ,随着农业种植业结构的调整 ,生姜的种植面积有一定的增加 ,但草害是影响生姜生产的一个重要因素。目前防除姜田杂草通常使用旱田常用除草剂如二甲戊乐灵、乙草胺、都尔等 ,但这些多为单剂 ,除草效果有一定的局限性。为此 ,吉化集团农药化工有限责任公司开发出复配剂 4 0 %二甲戊·乙乳油用于姜田除草 ,我们对该药剂的除草效果和安全性进行了试验。1　材料与方法1.1　供试药剂供试药剂有 :4 0 %二甲戊·乙乳油 (吉化集团农药化工有限责任公司提供 )、33%二甲戊乐灵乳油(吉化集团农…     

9种除草剂对花生白绢病菌的影响

在实验室条件下测定了氟乐灵、乙草胺、异丙甲草胺、异恶草酮、乳氟禾草灵、乙氧氟草醚、三氟羧草醚、恶草酮、二甲戊乐灵等9种除草剂对花生白绢病菌Sclerotium rolfsi Sacc.的影响.结果表明:9种除草剂对花生白绢病病菌的毒力有较大差异,三氟羧草醚和乙氧氟草醚的毒力较高,IC50分别为7.88mg·L-1和18.91mg·L-1;9种除草剂对菌丝干重均有抑制作用,且随剂量的升高而升高,乙氧氟草醚和三氟羧草醚抑制作用最明显,在100mg·L-1和50mg·L-1时抑制率均达90%以上;除乙草胺和异丙甲草胺部分剂量外,其他除草剂对菌核数量均有不同程度的抑制作用,三氟羧草醚作用最为明显,在供试剂量下抑制率均达96%以上;除乙草胺、氟乐灵在供试剂量下对菌核单重有抑制作用外,其他除草剂在多数剂量下对菌核单重均有刺激作用,三氟羧草醚在50mg·L-1时,是对照菌核单重的8.34倍;而各种除草剂在供试剂量下,对菌核萌发均没有影响.     

种植模式对棉田土壤处理除草剂除草效果的影响

露地直播棉田苗期除草,可以选用50%乙草胺EC5、0%扑草净WP和33%二甲戊乐灵EC。地膜覆盖棉田9,6%精异丙甲草胺EC4、8%氟乐灵EC5、0%萘丙酰草胺WP5、0%扑草净WP和48%仲丁灵EC对棉田杂草的防效较理想,药后45 d的株防效仍能达到83%以上。金都尔等7种除草剂在露地直播棉田中使用对棉苗生长无影响,而在地膜覆盖棉田使用乙草胺和二甲戊乐灵应慎重,浓度过高易对棉花幼苗产生药害。     

几种土壤处理除草剂对麦冬地杂草的防除作用

新植麦冬株间持续祼空,给各类杂草发生提供了良好条件,这既影响麦冬生长,又影响景观效果。以相对高的用量研究常用除草剂二甲戊乐灵、氨氟乐灵和草酮处理防除麦冬地芽前杂草的效果。结果显示,二甲戊灵2 475~3 712.5 g a.i./hm2、氨氟乐灵780~1 170 g a.i./hm2,于5月初先人工除去苗后杂草后用于麦冬作芽前杂草防除,75 d后总防效80%以上,对夏季杂草,尤其是梅雨期杂草能起较好控制作用,对麦冬安全,草酮虽有较好防效,但有明显药害,应慎用。     

不同配比除草剂燕麦除草研究初探

为了解决燕麦生产中日益突出的草害问题,通过对燕麦进行不同配比的除草剂应用试验,测得用药后各处理杂草鲜重和小区产量,并以此数据测算各处理杂草防效和产量挽回损失率,经方差分析评价各配比除草剂,选出多个较好的配方。其中二甲戊乐灵播后苗前处理和嗯草酮播后苗前处理对单子叶杂草、双子叶杂草的防效及小区产量挽回损失率均与人工除草对照无差异,同时又显著好于无药剂对照。     

胡萝卜田杂草化学防除技术

济南市长清区胡萝卜田杂草有10科18种,双子叶杂草占55.6%,单子叶杂草占44.4%,相对多度达30以上的杂草有马唐、牛筋草、马齿苋、狗尾草4种,是防除的主要对象。胡萝卜田人工除草困难,笔者将近几年进行化学除草的一些经验介绍供参考。1)苗前一次性除草。每亩用48%氟乐灵EC130ml或33%二甲戊乐灵EC(商品名施田补,下称)125ml对水40kg,于胡萝卜播种前5～7d均匀喷施,然后浅混土。施田补也可于胡萝卜播后苗前每亩用药150ml对水40kg喷雾。1999年试验,这两种除草剂对胡萝卜田一年生单、双子叶优势杂草的防效均达90%以上。2)苗期茎叶处理防除禾本科杂…     

除草剂配合地膜覆盖对甘薯田杂草防除及增产的效果

选用96%精异丙甲草胺乳油、33%二甲戊乐灵乳油2种除草剂,结合地膜覆盖栽培进行甘薯田杂草防除效果试验。结果表明:覆盖黑色地膜和所用2种除草剂均可有效防除甘薯田杂草;30 d时,各措施对杂草的防除效果均在85%以上,以覆盖黑色地膜防效最高;45 d时,覆盖黑色地膜和透明地膜+喷施33%二甲戊乐灵乳油对杂草的防除效果较好,杂草株防效、鲜质量防效均在90%以上;采用地膜覆盖或除草剂除草均能提高甘薯鲜薯产量,与空白对照相比,覆盖黑色地膜处理增产极显著,达到27.70%,透明膜+除草剂的2个处理增产显著,分别为18.75%、21.33%;喷施除草剂但不覆地膜的2个处理增产不显著,分别为5.02%、6.79%。综合试验结果可知,甘薯黑色地膜覆盖栽培对甘薯田杂草防效与试验用除草剂效果相当,黑色地膜覆盖不但可有效防除甘薯田杂草,而且可提高鲜薯产量,值得推广。     

稻秆覆盖结合除草剂减量化使用对移栽甜玉米田杂草的控制效果

为了明确稻秆覆盖结合除草剂减量使用对甜玉米田杂草控制效果及产量的影响,采用大田试验方法,将乙草胺、二甲戊乐灵按常量（田间常规推荐剂量）、半量（1/2常量）、1/4量（1/4常量）分别与稻秆覆盖相结合,研究不同处理对甜玉米田杂草发生及甜玉米产量的影响。结果表明：从甜玉米移栽至收获,若仅用稻秆覆盖对甜玉米田杂草的株防效、鲜质量防效分别为59．92％、74．10％;若将除草剂与稻秆相结合使用,从对总草的控制效果看,二甲戊乐灵常量、1/4量与稻秆相结合均不同程度好于乙草胺相应剂量与稻秆相结合的效果。二甲戊乐灵1/4剂量与稻秆相结合即对甜玉米田总草的株数、鲜质量防效达到了较好的效果,分别为69．56％、82．87％,且具有一定的增产效果,增产率为11．5％。     

SELECTIVE ACTION OF DIPHENAMID AND NAPROPAMIDE IN PEPPER (GAPSICUM ANNUUM L.) AND WEEDS

Summary. A comparison was made between diphenamid and napropamide with regard to phytotoxicity to pepper and weeds under glasshouse and field conditions. Diphenamid was considerably less phytotoxic than napropamide in inhibiting root elongation and shoot growth of pepper seedlings. Plant growth was reduced when the roots were exposed to either one of the herbicides, but growth of the shoot through treated soil was not adversely affected. Since diphenamid was found to be more leachable into soil, it might become more available to the roots and damage the crop plants. Graminaceous weeds were very sensitive to both herbicides, whereas several dicotyledonous weeds were more susceptible to napropamide. Selectivity of both herbicides at a late pre-emergence application to direct-seeded pepper was found satisfactory in two field experiments on different soil types.
Action sélective de la diphénamide et de la napropamide sur le piment et les mauvaises herbes     

A TECHNIQUE FOR STUDYING THE RATE OF ROOT GROWTH OF INTACT SEEDLINGS IN A HERBICIDE MEDIUM

Summary. Time-lapse cine photography was used to record intact seedling root growth of pea and barley during separate exposure of root, shoot + seed, or entire needling to herbicides. The shoot + seed and the root zones were isolated in two square Petri dishes fixed edge to edge, and separately treated with moistened herbicide-treated sand. The seated dishes were placed at an angle of 30° in a photographic chamber. Photographs of roots were automatically recorded at 10-min intervals on 16 mm high speed reversal film over 72 h. Root length images on film were measured using an ocular micrometer. Root growth of pea and barley seedlings was normal when the shoot + seed zone was treated with 2,4-D at 1 and 10 ppm, respectively. In similar treatment of roots growth inhibition occurred after approximately 20 h in both plants, and root growth ceased alter 32 h in peas, and 57 h in barley. These results indicate the inherent tolerance of barley roots to 2,4-D.
Technique pour l'étude du taux de croissance des racines intactes de plantules dans un milieu herbicide     

Interactions between soil-applied herbicides in the roots of some legume species

The effects on plant growth of applying trifluralin or nitralin combination with simazine, atrazine, prometryne and linuron to the upper 5-cm root region of vetch (Vicia sativa L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soybean (Glycine max) were investigated. Foliar injury due to herbicides of the second group was markedly reduced in each species by simultaneous treatment with trifluralin or nitralin both of which inhibited lateral root growth without affecting aerial plant growth or tap root extension growth. This inhibition of lateral root growth in roots treated with trifluralin or nitralin was associated with reduced uptake and subsequent transport to the foliage of ¹⁴C-labelled simazine in vetch and pea and ¹⁴C-labelled atrazine in soybean. This probably accounted for the reduction in simazine and atrazine phytotoxicity. In the presence of trifluralin or nitralin comparatively higher amounts of radioactivity were retained in the roots of pea and soybean and this reduced the amount of ¹⁴C available for transport to the foliage. This was not evident in vetch.     

Herbicide Effects on Sugarcane Growth, Pythium Root Rot, and Pythium arrhenomanes

ABSTRACT Six herbicides were evaluated for their effects on Pythium root rot and growth of sugarcane in greenhouse experiments and on in vitro mycelial growth rate of Pythium arrhenomanes. Pendimethalin and atrazine were most inhibitory to mycelial growth, but neither reduced root rot severity. Asulam, atrazine, and metribuzin were not phytotoxic to sugarcane and did not affect root rot symptom severity in clay loam or silt loam field soils. Atrazine and metribuzin increased shoot number, and atrazine increased total shoot weight for treated plants in silt loam soil. Glyphosate, pendimethalin, and terbacil were phytotoxic to sugarcane. These herbicides increased root rot severity, but the extent to which growth reductions resulted from increased disease severity or from direct herbicide injury was not clear. Adverse effects on plant growth and root rot severity were greater in clay loam than in silt loam soil. The results suggest that sugarcane injury from some herbicides is compounded by increased severity of root rot.     

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF HERBICIDES IN SOIL AND THEIR AVAILABILITY TO PLANTS: SHOOT COMPARED WITH ROOT UPTAKE

Summary. Turnip, lettuce and ryegrass seedlings showed toxicity symptoms following shoot exposure to atrazine, linuron and aziprotryne at soil concentrations less than would be obtained from normal field applications. Responses following shoot exposure to simazine and lenacil were much less. Root exposure to all five herbicides caused seedling death at concentrations lower than those required for 'shoot-zone' toxicity. Pronamide and chlorpropham were tested against ryegrass only and at the concentrations examined were toxic only when localized in the shoot zone. Root exposure suppressed root growth, but the shoots were able to grow normally if the soil was kept sufficiently moist. Shoots contained more ¹⁴C-atrazine at emergence after shoot exposure compared with root exposure, but there was little subsequent uptake from the shoot zone. There was extensive uptake from the root zone after emergence. In the shoot-zone treatments, concentrations in the plant were high at emergence but were rapidly diluted by plant growth, whereas with root exposure, they increased throughout the experiments. The possible significance of these results to herbicide bebaviour under field conditions is discussed.
La distribution verticale des herbicides dans le sol et leur disponibilité pour les plantes: absorption comparée par la partie aèrienne et par les radnes     

THE HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF 2-AMINO-3-CHLORO-1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONE

Summary. An investigation was made of a now herbicide, 2–amino-3–chloio-1,4–naphthociuinone (ACNQ,), which appears to be promising for the control oi Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. in transplanted paddy rice [ Oryza sativa L.).
In pot experiments in the glasshouse, seedlings of Echinochloa at different stages of growth were killed by ACNQ, at doses equivalent to 2–4 kg/ha (applied as granules) if they were submerged, but not if the shoots emerged above water. Activity was increased more by raising the level of water in the pot than by increasing the dosage. Emergent rice seedlings were little affected by ACNQ, up to 8 kg/ha, and the observed selectivity is considered to be due mainly to differences in plant height in relation to depth of water.
In laboratory experiments with rice seedlings grown without soil, the activity of ACNQ again increased with the depth of solution. Conversely, at a standard solution depth, there was a reduction in damage with advancing stage of growth, and the chemical had little effect once the leaf tip was above the solution surface.
The rate of leaching of ACNQ. through a sandy soil was slow and, at a dose of 2 kg/ha, persistence was about 15 days.
In evaluating new herbicides for paddy rice it is suggested that screening tests arc necessary on submerged as well as non-submerged plants.
Activité herbicide de la 2–amino-3–chloro-1,'4–naphtoquimne. I. Activité herbicide et profondtur de de l'eau     

Effects of picloram on the synthesis of soluble plant proteins as determined by gel electrophoresis

Changes in soluble proteins synthesized in soybean (Glycine max L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) treated with either growth promotive or inhibitory concentrations of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. A special gel mixture was developed which provided resolution of protein bands superior to that obtained by standard gel electrophoresis. Growth promotive concentrations of picloram caused both qualitative and quantitative alterations in the band patterns of soluble proteins of safflower, radish, and barley roots and shoots. Isoelectric focusing was applied for the separation and identification of soluble protein fractions from soybean and barley roots and shoots treated primarily with growth inhibitory concentrations of picloram (except for barley shoot tissues). More than 35 clear bands were distinguishable in a typical gel electrophoretogram for either soybean or barley tissue (4-day-old plants). Approximate pI values of the bands from barley root protein were determined from a pH gradient diagram. Protein band patterns of picloram-treated samples were changed qualitatively and quantitatively, in comparison with controls, mostly in the range above pI 6, and predominantly in the neutral and basic protein regions. Band patterns for 96-hr root samples treated with growth inhibitory concentrations of picloram were more similar to those from 48-hr (soybean) or 55-hr (barley) than 96-hr control seedlings. A quantitative decrease in intensity of a band which had the same pI value as that of RNase was noticed in both the treated samples and 2- or 3-day-old control seedlings.     

THE USE OF THREE SIMPLE,RAPID BIOASSAYS ON FORTY-TWO HERBICIDES*

Three rapid bioassays were tested on forty-two herbicides having several different modes of action. A 50% or greater inhibition of growth was found at 1 ppm with thirty-one herbicides in one or more of the bioassays. Of the remaining eleven herbicides, seven were detected at 10 ppm, two at 20 ppm and two at 30 ppm. The techniques used were a Chlorella bioassay, a root bioassay with sorghum, oat and cucumber and a shoot bioassay with sorghum and oat. The duration of the bioassays was 1, 2 and 4 days respectively. As a general rule, the Chlorella bioassay was especially sensitive to photosynthetic and respiratory inhibitors but not sensitive to herbicides with other modes of action, whereas the root and/or shoot bioassays were sensitive to most of the herbicides except the photosynthetic inhibitors. The use of the three bioassays simultaneously is suggested as a possible method for primary screening of herbicides.     

Uptake patterns of soil-applied 45Ca and 32P in some legume species as influenced by differential trifluralin placement

The effect of localized placement of trifluralin on uptake patterns of soil-applied ⁴⁵Ca in vetch (Vicia sativa L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soybean (Glycine max) and ³²P in vetch and pea was investigated in two soil zones in the roots and in the shoot zone before and after plant emergence. When trifluralin was in the upper root zone severe inhibition of lateral roots occurred as well as a marked decrease in uptake of ⁴⁵Ca and ³²P from this zone. Root growth in the lower zone was unaffected, but uptake of ⁴⁵Ca and ³²P was slightly reduced. Compensatory adventitious root growth as well as a marked increase in uptake of ⁴⁵Ca and ³²P occurred in the shoot zone. Neither root growth nor uptake of ⁴⁵Ca or ³²P in the upper root zone were affected by the presence of trifluralin in the lower root region. When trifluralin was placed in the shoot zone after plant emergence, adven-titious roots on the shoots were inhibited and uptake of ⁴⁵Ca and ³²P was reduced.     

EFFECT OF CHLORTHAL DIMETHYL ON OAT AND FOXTAIL SEEDLING ANATOMY*

Summary. The root and shoot growth of oat (Avena sativa L.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) were generally reduced proportionately to the concentration of chlorthal dimethyl applied. Foxtail shoot growth was stimulated by a concentration of 2 ppm. Cells in the shoot and root meristems of treated plants were completely disarranged and considerably hypertrophied. Differentiation was irregular and extended nearer the apices in tissue of treated seedlings than in normal tissue. Histochemical tests showed that the amount of starch, proteins and nucleic acids in seedling tissue decreased with an increase of chlorthal dimethyl concentration, whereas the endosperm of the seeds retained more starch and protein than the controls. The walls of shoot nieristem and root epidermal cells were thickened or altered so as to stain more intensely than corresponding cells in untreated tissue. Effet du diméthyle chlorthal sur l'anatomie des plantules d'avoine et de séaire