高油玉米综合杂交种含油特性的探讨

用6个高油玉米单交种组配5个综合杂交种，对各综合杂交种的含油特性进行了研究，结果表明：玉米的油分主要分布在胚中；含油率高且粒大的籽粒主要分布在果穗中部；不同综合杂交种的含油率与株高、穗位高的相关性不同；含油率与产量的相关关系不显著。     

气候变化对福建省普通油茶含油率影响分析

福建省是中国油茶的主要产地之一,油茶也是中国富有特色的重要木本植物油品种,其生产的高品质茶油对人类健康具有十分重要作用和意义。本文采用2013年国家气象信息中心新整编的1961—2010年中国地面0.5°×0.5°气温、降水格点数据,提取福建省各年代相应气候要素数值进行统计和变异分析,应用普通油茶含油率综合评估气候模式,运用Arc GIS地理信息技术和概率统计学方法对1961—2010年福建普通油茶含油率的时空分布进行区划,分析油茶关键生育期中油脂转化积累期(9月份)月平均气温和降水量与含油率变化关系,评价1961—2010年气候变化影响下福建省油茶含油率年代和区域分布特征。分析结果表明,9月份平均降水量与福建油茶含油率显著正相关,对油茶含油率变化起主要作用;含油率有着明显的高低年代交替变化特点,存在高油率年代(1960s、1980s、2000s)和低油率年代(1970s、1990s)之分,具有20年的高低变化周期。气温变异系数(Cv T)差别小,对含油率影响不明显,降水量变异系数(Cv R)和含油率变异系数(Cvf)差别大,两者在福建沿海地区分布有较好的对应和反映,沿海降水量比内陆地区波动大,降水不稳定也是影响油茶含油率高低的主要因素。福建省年气温降水符合油茶油脂转化积累期适宜的气候条件,为生产高油率品质创造了良好基础,油茶含油率随年代气候变化略有下降,但全省总体水平较高(42.5%~54.4%),具有开发油茶种植的气候资源区位优势。     

油用牡丹籽粒灌浆过程物质积累模拟

以大田栽培油用牡丹‘凤丹’为研究对象,盛花-成熟期每10d采集一次牡丹蓇葖样本,测定籽粒百粒重、含水量、含油率和脂肪酸含量,建立花后天数和百粒干重的Richards方程,对种子灌浆进行模拟并验证,分析油用牡丹灌浆特征,并研究籽粒脂肪酸及其组分的动态变化。结果表明：(1)随灌浆进程推进,牡丹灌浆速率增大,在花后52.1d达到最大,之后不断减小。种子干物质积累过程符合“慢-快-慢”的“S”型增长趋势,可以用Richards方程W=39.5874/(1+12729.09e^-0.1654t)^1/2.30312(R²=0.9787)表达,其中花后42.2～62.0d为快增期,持续时间为灌浆期的17.89%,但籽粒灌浆贡献率达33.10%。(2)灌浆期种子含油率变化趋势与干物质积累相似,在花后40～90d,含油量迅速增加,在占灌浆期45.45%的时间内,完成了油脂积累量的82.11%。(3)灌浆期种子水分含量与含油率呈显著负相关,百粒重与含油率呈显著正相关。(4)种子中各类脂肪酸含量随灌浆进程推进不断增加,5种主要脂肪酸呈现出亚麻酸...     

不同水稻品种积累镉的差异及其动态变化

采用盆栽试验，研究了广西4个水稻（Oryzasativa）品种在红壤和水稻土上积累镉的差异及其动态变化。结果表明，红壤与水稻土相比，更利于镉向水稻体内转移；水稻对镉的积累有明显的基因型特征，籽粒中镉含量随镉浓度加大而显著提高，在外加镉浓度为2．0mg／kg条件下，红壤土栽培的水稻籽粒镉含量超过了0．2mg／kg食品卫生标准；不同水稻品种对镉的积累存在显著差异，4个品种吸镉量随取样时期呈现先升高后降低的趋势，特优1012和培杂泰丰镉积累量高于其他两个品种。因此，在污染土壤上宜选种食用部位重金属积累低的水稻品种，以减少人类吸收重金属的风险。     

高油玉米的农业气象条件研究初报

高油玉米的农业气象条件研究初报杨渊华李红宇（内蒙古赤峰市气象局，赤峰０２４００一般称含油率超过６％的玉米为高油玉米。玉米含油率越高越好，现在美国和中国育成的高油玉米杂交种，含油率已达到１０％以上。如按高油玉米６６６．７ｍ２产５００ｋｇ、出油率按６％...     

环境因子与胡麻产量及品质相关性研究

利用气相色谱仪对不同环境条件下的胡麻品种进行脂肪酸组分分析,研究环境因子对胡麻籽中脂肪酸组分、产量及含油率的影响。结果表明,随着各环境因子指标的增长或提高,各脂肪酸质量分数趋势各不相同。其中棕榈酸和硬脂酸质量分数变化不大;亚油酸的变化比较平缓,升降幅度不大;油酸和亚麻酸质量分数趋势基本相反,呈负相关,但相关系数不显著。海拔与所有胡麻品种含油率均呈负相关,说明海拔对含油率有抑制作用;年降水量与含油率除均呈正相关,说明年降水量对含油率有一定的促进作用。     

速冻薯条制备工艺优化

采用三因子二次正交旋转组合设计，建立速冻薯条加工工艺中的干燥温度、干燥时间和预油炸时间对薯条的颜色、含水率和含油率影响的二次多项式响应曲面模型。参试因子对薯条的颜色、含水率和含油率影响显著(p<0.05)，利用期望函数途径同时对薯条的颜色、含水率和含油率的响应曲面模型进行模拟预测，获得优化的工艺条件：108～110℃热空气干燥11～12 min，180℃预油炸38 s。薯条经速冻和油炸(180℃，2 min)后，色差值为3.99～4.45，含水率为37.50%～38.50%，含油率为14.34%～14.85%，各响应变量同时达到商品薯条的指标值。     

粉煤灰配合施用对小麦积累汞规律的研究

本用盆栽试验方法研究了污泥与粉煤灰配合施用对冬小麦积累汞的影响。结果表明，①土壤，小麦根，茎叶积累汞量随着污泥用量的增加而升高，并呈一定的正相关，而与单施粉煤灰的关系不大；②污泥中加入粉煤灰可使小麦根、茎叶积累汞量降低；③本试验处理对小麦籽粒含汞量影响不大，均未超标。     

重金属离子Cu Zn Cd的相互作用对Pb在鲫鱼组织中积累的影响

采用室内暴露试验方法研究了重金属离子相互作用对其在鲫鱼组织中积累的影响，结果表明，混合重金属离子相互作用对Pb在鲫鱼组织中的积累的影响与离子的种类，数量及组织的类型有关。Pb的积累主要与Zn,Cd以及它们的共同作用关系密切，随着重金属离子种类数目的增加，相互作用对积累的影响变得显著；重金属离子混合后使Pb在鱼鳃中的积累浓度降低，肝脏中的积累浓度升高，对Pb在肌肉中的积累无影响，在鳃中的积累主要受表面位点竞争作用主导，而在肝脏中的积累主要与MT的诱导作用有关。重金属离子相互作用不会改变Pb在鲫鱼组织中的分布规律，Pb在鲫鱼组织中的积累顺序为肝脏＞鱼鳃＞肌肉。     

不同水分管理对水稻生长与氮素利用的影响

应用土柱模拟法和15N示踪技术研究了长期淹水和严重渗漏条件下水稻的生长和氮肥的吸收与转化。结果表明，两种水分条件下，水稻根系生长量和地上部干物质积累量明显不同。水稻在淹水条件下因根系生长受阻，氮积累在拔节后明显变缓；而渗漏条件下水稻对氮的吸收在孕穗期仍保持较高水平。前者对肥料氮的利用率较后者显著地低，且土壤矿化氮在所吸收的氮中的贡献率也相对较高。这与水稻在两种水分管理条件下的生长状况和氮在两种情形下的转化特点密切相关。本试验条件下，水稻于拔节后对土壤矿化氮的吸收数量明显增加，似有脱肥现象，因此，应提倡追施孕穗肥。     

蛋黄油的提取及其氧化产物挥发性成分分析

为提高淘汰蛋鸡副产物——卵泡的利用率,本研究以鸡卵泡为试验原料,经提取卵磷脂、脱去胆固醇后,将其卵泡残渣以溶剂萃取法提取出蛋黄油,通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了提取温度、提取时间、料液比和乙醇浓度对蛋黄油提取的影响。之后将提取的蛋黄油进行氧化调控,采用气相离子迁移色谱(GC-IMS)进行测定与分析。正交试验结果表明,鸡卵泡中蛋黄油提取的最佳工艺条件:提取温度80℃,提取时间55 min,料液比1∶10,乙醇浓度95%。氧化蛋黄油中含有多种挥发性物质,包括4种醇类、3种醛类、2种酯类、2种酮类、1种呋喃,其中3-甲基丁醛是氧化蛋黄油的特征风味物质。本研究结果为开发利用蛋鸡副产物,提高产品附加值提供了新思路。     

油用牡丹单粒种子含油量NIRS模型的建立

为了建立油用牡丹单粒种子含油量的近红外测定模型,便于高含油量单株的选育,采用索氏抽提法测试了200份油用牡丹凤丹单粒种子的含油量,并应用近红外反射光谱技术(NIRS)采集了200份样品的光谱数据,通过偏最小二乘法(PLS)和主成分回归法(PCR)构建了油用牡丹单粒种子含油量的数学模型。结果表明,索氏抽提法中,均匀粉碎后的油用牡丹籽样品干燥烘焙条件为105℃ 2 h,牡丹籽抽提时间为20 h,测出的含油量变化范围在10%~28%之间,籽油含量基本符合正态分布。NIRS法构建的模型最佳参数为:采用PLS法,光程固定,一阶导数消除背景,数据平滑处理采用Norris derivative filter的方法,平滑参数选用5和3。内部交叉检验校正相关系数r₁为0.980 1、预测相关系数r₂为0.957 6、校正均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.463、预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.705。外部检验相关系数达 0.957 6, 平均误差小于3%。本试验所构建的牡丹单粒种子含油量的NIRS模型可靠,可以用于分析油用牡丹单粒种子的含油量。     

Preliminary Assessment of Oil Contamination Levels in Soils Contaminated with Oil Lakes in the Greater Burgan Oil Fields,Kuwait

Measurements taken for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), total organic carbon (TOC) and trace metals [vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)] in 40 soil samples are used to delineate oil contamination levels and state of oil penetration in soils heavily contaminated with oil lakes in Al-Ahmadi and Burgan oil fields. All soil horizons in Al-Ahmadi profile contain very high concentrations of TPHs down to the depth interval 80–95 cm. In contrast, TPH contaminations are restricted to the upper 50 cm layer in the Burgan profiles, then drop sharply to natural background levels in subsequent soil horizons. A strong and positive relationship exists between the high TOC and TPH contents of the two profiles. The two soil profiles contain contaminations of V and Ni as well as high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Possible sources of these metals are oil contaminants from the lakes and/or deposited airborne oil fallouts. V/Ni ratios of the surface tar sludge and the soil horizons in the two profiles cannot be used in identifying terrestrial oil spills or as indicators of oil contamination in Kuwaiti soils.     

胜坨、孤东油田土壤石油类物质含量及其变化

胜坨、孤东油田是我国第二大油田胜利油田中的高产油田,开采近40年,对当地土壤和生态环境产生一定的影响。通过野外实地考察和采样分析,并与80年代时土壤中石油类含量进行对比,发现土壤中石油类含量背景值和平均值略有增加,变化不大。通过对两个油田土壤样品石油类含量频率分布的对比分析,发现胜坨油田服从正态分布,而孤东油田服从正偏斜分布,对此我们进行了初步的探讨。     

柴油乳化节油技术的试验及应用研究

本文介绍了在柴油乳化节油技术推广应用过程中如何选择乳化剂和乳化器,并通过试验证明,乳化节油不仅有明显的节油效果,并有一定的经济效益。文章还介绍了使乳化油商品化的应用情况。     

Application of Oat Oil in Breadbaking

Lipids, especially polar lipids, can improve loaf volume, grain and texture, and delay staling in bread. Oats (Avena sativa L.) are rich in total and polar lipids. We have investigated the effect of oat lipids in a bread formulation on loaf volume, appearance, and bread staling. Oat oil was fractionated into polar and nonpolar fractions by water‐degumming. Crude oat oil and shortening (at 3%) increased loaf volume by ≈11% over the zero lipid formulation. The polar lipid fraction increased loaf volume by nearly the same amount when added at only a 0.5% level. The addition of 3% crude oat oil or 0.7% oat oil polar fraction significantly delayed bread firming and starch retrogradation; the difference between oat lipids and shortening was more evident at the end of a four‐day storage period. Oat lipids had a stronger relative effect on bread from a weak flour (10% protein) than from a strong flour (14% protein). The effects of oat oil in the bread formulation could be related to the amphipathic character of polar lipids in oats that enables them to interact with starch, proteins, and other bread components.     

Effect of Oil Content and pH on the Physicochemical Properties of Corn Starch‐Soybean Oil Composites

Starch‐lipid composites are a new category of fat replacers. The physicochemical properties of reconstituted corn starch and soybean oil composites (CSSBOC) were evaluated and compared with the properties of reconstituted jet‐cooked corn starch (JCCS). Gel firmness, thermal properties, and hot pasting properties at two pH levels and two oil content levels were studied. Amylose content of CSSBOC was unaffected by processing. Buffer pH significantly affected the firmness of the gels made with JCCS. Gels appeared to have a more ordered structure and were firmer at pH 3.4 than at pH 6.0. The firmness of gels made with CSSBOC was not affected by pH or oil content. Retrogradation enthalpy of the gels made with JCCS was significantly affected by pH. Differences in the thermal characteristics of gels made with CSSBOC were attributed to pH and oil content. Peak viscosity, cold paste viscosity, and breakdown viscosity changed significantly when CSSBOC pastes were reconstituted in different pH buffers. Only hot paste viscosity and cold paste viscosity changed significantly when JCCS pastes were reconstituted in different pH buffers. Results establish critical parameters for processing decisions and for the understanding of the behavior of CSSBOC in food system models in which pH is an important factor.     

食用植物油粘度测试仪器

为研究食用植物油流变性质,选择适宜的粘度计进行测量,以Engler粘度计测量值为对照组进行实验。检验自行设计的滚球式粘度计、落柱式粘度计和从市场上购买的毛细管粘度计的相对可靠性。通过实验,用数理统计分析四种简易粘度测量结果,发现工业测量时用Engler粘度计较方便,商品检验时推荐用落柱式粘度计,食用植物油实验分析时宜用毛细管式粘度计。     

Effect of Alternative Milling Techniques on the Yield and Composition of Corn Germ Oil and Corn Fiber Oil

The effects of alternative corn wet‐milling (intermittent milling and dynamic steeping (IMDS), gaseous SO₂ and alkali wet‐milling) and dry grind ethanol (quick germ and quick fiber with chemicals) production technologies were evaluated on the yield and phytosterol composition (ferulate phytosterol esters, free phytosterols, and fatty acyl phytosterol esters) of corn germ and fiber oil and compared with the conventional wet‐milling process. Small but statistically significant effects were observed on the yield and composition of corn germ and fiber oil with these alternative milling technologies. The results showed that the germ and fiber fractions from two of the alternative wet‐milling technologies (the gaseous SO₂ and the IMDS) had, for almost all of the individual phytosterol compounds, either comparable or signficantly higher yields compared with the conventional wet‐milling process. Also, both of the modified dry grind ethanol processes (the quick germ and quick fiber) with chemicals (SO₂ and lactic acid) can be used as a new source of corn germ and fiber and can produce oils with high yields of phytosterols. The alkali wet‐milling process showed significantly lower yields of phytosterols compounds in germ but showed significantly higher yield of free phytosterols, fatty acyl phytosterol esters and total phytosterols in the fiber fraction.