湖南现代植保建设之管见

植物保护工作在确保国家粮食安全及主要农产品有效供给、农产品质量安全和农业生态环境安全方面起了至关重要的作用.现代植保是适应经济、社会和生态总体要求,以现代科技、装备、人才和政策为支撑,实现农业生物灾害可持续治理的新型防灾减灾体系.建设现代植保是现代农业建设的重要组成部分和关键环节.建设现代植保要以“科学植保、公共植保、绿色植保”的现代植保理念为指导,以体系建设和长效机制建设为重点,以政府为主导,整合和调动社会资源与市场动力,构建完善的现代植保支撑体系、技术体系和服务体系.     

全国31个省区市开展病虫害绿色防控工作

作物病虫害绿色防控是按照“绿色植保”理念,采用农业防治、物理防治、生物防治与化学防治相结合,重点推广使用性诱剂、频振式杀虫灯、黄板、生物源农药及高效低毒低残留化学农药,从而有效控制蔬菜病虫害,确保蔬菜生产安全、农产品质量安全和农业生态环境安全,促进农业的增产增效。绿色防控是落实“绿色植保”理念的具体行动,也是政府解决农产品质量安全的抓手;是保证生产“绿色农产品”、推行绿色植保行动的重要技术措施。     

公共植保、绿色植保的发展与展望

近年来,为顺应绿色消费、可持续发展国际发展潮流,保障国家粮食安全、农产品质量安全、农业生态安全和农业贸易安全,中国植保界适时提出了公共植保、绿色植保理念,并在实践中按照此理念的要求着力推进植保工作。本文通过对公共植保、绿色植保的发展历程和工作举措等内容的深入剖析,充分阐述了其在植保体系、治理对策、技术模式、服务方式、工作机制等方面的重大进展,全面总结了其在提高植保技术到位率和促进粮食生产安全、农产品质量安全、农业生态安全、农业贸易安全等方面的显著成效,并在深入分析当前问题的基础上提出了进一步推进公共植保、绿色植保事业的5点建议。     

“公共植保”和“绿色植保”理念下病虫害防治对策

随着我国经济的快速发展和人们生活水平的逐步提高,对农产品的质量和安全也提出了越来越高的要求,打造绿色、环保型的农业,也是时代发展的趋势和要求。在新形式下,需要更加重视并加大推广"公共植保"和"绿色植保"的病虫害防治理念。     

植保示范园区建设的实践与体会

当前我国农业的发展已进入一个新阶段。农业的新形势给植保技术的推广示范方式、方法、目标提出了新的要求。植保的目标从侧重保产增收扩展到生产无公害农产品;技术传播渠道从以往的行政手段为主向市场转变;推广的方法从技术人员自己做,向农民学习技术与农民共同参与的方式转变。这种转变给传统的植保技术推广服务方式提出了新的挑战。为探索农业新形势下植保技术推广服务的新模式,2003年我们在沧县建立了“绿色金丝小枣植保示范园区”,通过1a的工作,取得了较好的效果。1园区的建立金丝小枣是沧县的特色经济作物,近年来基本实现了总量平衡,…     

农业新形势下的植保植检工作探讨

随着改革开放的深入和市场经济的发展,植保植检工作随之得到较快发展,尤其是９０年代对流行性、迁飞性病虫害推行统防统治以来,植保植检工作为农业抗灾夺丰收,确保农业持续增长做出了巨大贡献。但是,由于我国农业出现了“农产品供给由长期短缺变为总量基本平衡,丰年有余,农业的发展由资源约束转为资源与市场双重约束,农业解决温饱的需要转向适应进入小康的需要,人们对农产品的品种和质量有了新的要求”新形势,尤其是近年农业连年丰收,导致农产品“卖难”和农业比较效益下降,农民种田积极性严重受挫。农药也转为供过于求、价格逐年下跌、市场…     

创新植保防治技术模式,促进生态农业发展

保护农业生态 ,实现可持续发展是新世纪农业发展的主题 ,我国据此提出了现阶段发展优质、高产、高效、生态、安全农业的总体目标任务。随着广西生态农业建设、“无公害食品行动计划”的深入实施和农业市场化、国际化的发展 ,确保农业生产安全和农产品质量卫生安全成为农业植保工作支撑农业发展的两大根本职能。如何与时俱进创新农业植保防治技术模式 ,解决长期以来由于农药污染造成农业资源污染和农产品农药残留超标问题 ,即在最大限度降低化学农药、尤其是高毒农药用量的同时实现对农业病虫生物灾害的有效控制 ,达到无公害生产和维护生态平…     

关于农作物病虫害绿色防控工作的几点思考

农作物病虫害绿色防控,是指以确保农业生产、农产品质量和农业生态环境安全为目标,以减少化学农药使用为目的,优先采取生态控制、生物防治和物理防治等环境友好型技术措施控制农作物病虫为害的行为.实施绿色防控是贯彻"公共植保、绿色植保"理念的具体行动,是确保农业增效、粮食增产、农民增收和农产品质量安全的有效途径[1].自2006年农业部提出"公共植保、绿色植保"理念以来,全国植保工作者围绕绿色防控,开展了技术开发与集成、展示示范和宣传培训等工作,取得了良好进展.     

关于我国绿色植保的几点思考

通过回顾人类防控病虫草鼠害等有害生物的历程,分析了我国绿色植保理念的由来及其发展,提出了绿色植保是历史的产物,也是现实的要求;绿色植保既是工作理念,也是工作措施;既是目标追求,也是渐进过程,是一个长期、复杂和艰巨的过程,需要不断通过技术创新与组织创新,加强多方合作,强化技术集成与创新,推进病虫害统防统治与绿色防控的融合,为确保国家粮食安全、农产品质量持续提高、农业资源永续利用和生态环境不断改善做贡献.     

我国重大农业生物灾害暴发现状与防控成效

近年来,我国农业生物灾害呈明显加重趋势,防控形势严峻.面对日趋加重的病虫灾害,各级农业和植保部门更新植保理念,完善治理对策,推广重大技术,创新推广方法,优化工作机制,从而提高了技术到位率,促进了粮食生产、农产品质量、农业生态和农业贸易安全.针对当前植保工作中存在的问题,提出了应对重大生物灾害加重发生,促进植保事业科学发展的对策建议.     

环境保护和植物保护

１保护环境是人类生存和发展的需要地球是人类赖以生息的唯一场所,人类的生存与发展,全靠从地球生物圈这个环境中开发生活和生产资料。２０世纪中叶以来,由于工业三废、噪音等污染带来了全球性环境恶化,有的地方发生大量人畜中毒事件,人们开始认识到环境保护的重要。...     

New Tendencies in Plant Protection

Concern about pesticide residues and the unprofitability of classical treatments through secondary complications has led to a new approach to plant protection problems. Applications must be based on the assessment of their necessity and full account must be taken of the advantages offered by various possibilities of biological control (introduction of parasites or predators, their mass-breeding, genetical control, use of attractants) and other procedures (breeding for resistance, cultural measures). Close co-operation between the various sectors of research involved is recommended.     

Research on Plant Protection in Indonesia

Abstract

A protocol for biological control of weeds is described. It consists of preintroductory studies on the distribution and ecology of the weed, the discovery of organisms adapted to it, the estimation of their effectiveness, the selection of the most damaging strain and the examination of their safety as biological control agents and post-introductory studies to obtain establishment of non-infected stocks and to observe their effect on the weed populations.

Recent biological control studies on weeds are shown to support the proposals and the biological basis underlying the proposals is discussed. It is shown that where these have been ignored biological control has not been successful whereas when the protocol has been fully applied the weed has been successfully controlled.     

实施植保创新工程促进服务体系建设

临汾市植保社会化服务体系建设，自１９９８年以来，坚持改革创新，以促进农村经济发展，服务产业结构调整为己任，不断探索市场农业形势下植保社会化服务的新路子，初步建立健全了一支由村、镇（乡）、县三级组成的具有较高素质和较高效率的植保社会化服务体系，强化了科技服务工作，促进了当地的经济发展，实现了农作物病虫防治效果、经济效益和社会效益的同步提高，显示出旺盛的生命活力。１组织创新在计划经济体制下，植保技术的推广主要依靠市、县、乡农业技术推广机构，人员组成比较单一，力量薄弱，效率较低。面对新形势，植保工作急…     

The Plant Protection Service in the Netherlands

A survey is given of the history, the tasks and the organization of the Plant Protection Service in the Netherlands. Its activities encompass two major fields, concerning phytosanitary and phytopharmaceutical aspects. In the phytosanitary field, a distinction can be made between long-term and short-term phytosanitary policy, depending on whether one has to deal with existing and established pests or diseases, or with a suddenly arising plant health problem. Two examples are given as illustrations, viz. the approach followed in designing new regulations for controlling potato root eelworm, and the campaign against the recent outbreak of fireblight. A further outline is given on the activities of the Plant Protection Service in the pesticides field, on the responsibilities of the different Ministries concerned, and on the basic elements of pesticides legislation. The restrictions imposed on the use of persistent organochlorine insecticides and organomercury fungicides are summarized. Finally, it is emphasized that the problems of plant protection are becoming increasingly complex as a result of a developing antagonism between phytosanitary and phytopharmaceutical requirements, and of a potential antagonism between these two on the one hand and environmental demands on the other. This situation calls for an integrated approach in plant protection matters, and for an intensified international collaboration.     

专家系统在植保上的应用

专家系统在植保上主要应用于病虫害诊断、预测预报、决策管理等领域。植保专家的特点是应用范围广、实用性增强、新技术和新方法不断应用、有向综合性系统发展的趋势。文中还对植保专家系统存在的问题和发展对策进行了讨论。     

植保无人机为何在我国得到迅猛发展

从2008年科技部国家“863”计划项目“水田超低空低量施药技术研究与装备创制”实施到目前短短十多年时间,我国植保无人机取得了举世瞩目的成就,其中的原因是值得我们探究,本文就植保无人机在我国得到迅猛发展的原因进行简要分析,以期助力具有中国特色的农业现代化建设。     

Plant Protection and Production in Modern Society1

Many currently existing agricultural production techniques have been developed in total reliance on effective chemical pest control. Today, however, it is becoming clear that chemical pest control has a number of limitations, and its ever increasing costs may well make it a limiting factor in agricultural production. This has already occurred in a number of cotton growing areas. The need for increased world food production will require improved pest control methods. If no special precautions are taken, we will undoubtedly end up in many other crops with a situation similar to that of cotton. In view of the reduced availability of new pesticides, those currently available should be used in the optimal way. At the present time, the integrated pest control approach is the best means of accomplishing this. The introduction of such programs will require official support through legislation or technical assistance. In the future, various new developments in pest control are to be expected. Greater reliance will be placed on the use of computer science. Further effort will be needed in areas such as crop loss assessment, stored product pests, technical assistance to farmers and pesticide selectivity. Closer international collaboration on plant quarantine matters and pesticide registration are essential for the future of pest control.     

Plant Protection in India: Problems and Prospects

Abstract

Agricultural productivity in India has hardly increased in the past 25 years. Inefficient plant protection services are held responsible to some extent by the author. Suggestions for improvements in surveillance and diagnosis and emphasis on cultural control and safe storage are made with an example from the Saharanpur District.     

Plant Protection with and without Risks

Conventional plant protection procedures and integrated control are being compared in the light of their profitability. Control measures must be based on the density of pest populations. The fluctuations concerned can be usefully reproduced by means of a mathematic pendulum oscillating over a logarithmical scale of the densities. The model shows that better crop yields can be obtained through a reduced application of chemicals. Moreover, the expenditure incurred in integrated control is less and risks of failure are also lower.