变异黄芪中苦马豆素的分离与鉴定

目的：研究变异黄芪的生物碱成分。方法：变异黄芪经甲醇热回流提取，回收甲醇至浸膏。浸膏用1mol／l盐酸研溶至生物碱沉淀反应为阴性，过滤，所得滤液氯仿萃取除去色素等杂质，然后用氢氧化钠碱化调pH为9～11，依次用氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取。采用薄层层析技术分析各部分生物碱成分。正丁醇部分经硅胶柱层析进行分离，纯化。所得化合物通过熔点和波谱技术(IR、MS、^1HNMR、^13CNMR)鉴定其化学结构。结果：从正丁醇部分分离、纯化得到一种白色针状晶体25．3mg，结构鉴定为苦马豆素。计算变异黄芪中苦马豆素的提取率为0．0013%。     

冰川棘豆化学成分系统预试及生物碱成分薄层色谱分析

本试验采用植物化学成分系统预试法、生物碱系统提取法和薄层色谱技术对冰川棘豆地上部分全草的化学成分,特别是生物碱成分进行了薄层色谱分析。结果表明冰川棘豆含有生物碱、氨基酸和蛋白质、有机酸、酚类和鞣质、多糖及甙类、皂甙、甾体、香豆素、萜类以及蒽醌类。不含挥发油、黄酮体、氰甙和脂肪族硝基化合物;5 000 g冰川棘豆干草粉经醇类溶剂提取得总浸膏312.0 g,再经酸化、碱化处理,收集碱水液依次用氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇分段萃取,分别得氯仿部分0.5 g,乙酸乙酯部分5.4 g,正丁醇部分52.0 g,初步表明冰川棘豆生物碱主要集中在正丁醇提取部分,以强极性生物碱为主;各部分生物碱提取物经薄层层析分析,结果表明氯仿部分至少有9种生物碱,乙酸乙酯部分至少有11种,正丁醇部分至少有4种。经与苦马豆素标准样品对照,证明三部分提取物均含有苦马豆素。     

毛瓣棘豆中苦马豆素的纯化与鉴定

毛瓣棘豆草粉(3.28 kg)经95%乙醇加热回流提取,回收溶剂,浓缩得浸膏。浸膏用蒸馏水混悬,依次用石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取;剩余水溶液用HC l酸化后经氯仿萃取,酸水液用NaOH调pH 12~14得碱水液。碱水液依次用氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,得到碱性正丁醇萃取物5.7 g。碱性正丁醇萃取物经硅胶柱层析,用氯仿-甲醇梯度洗脱,TLC(薄层色谱)检测,合并相同组份,其中101~200份含有苦马豆素。将101~141份用氨性氯仿处理,减压升华,得到白色针状结晶34 mg。经TLC(薄层色谱)检查、熔点测定和质谱分析可确定该白色针状结晶为苦马豆素。     

冰川棘豆生物碱分析及苦马豆素的分离、鉴定

冰川棘豆干粉,经甲醇提取,盐酸酸化,酸水液用氯仿萃取数次,NaOH调pH至9～10,依次用氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取.称重表明生物碱多集中在正丁醇组分,且以大极性生物碱为主.薄层层析检查结果显示,氯仿组分有10种生物碱,乙酸乙酯组分有7种生物碱,正丁醇组分有5种生物碱.将正丁醇组分经硅胶柱层析,乙酸乙酯一甲醇系统梯度洗脱,每30～50 mL收集1份,薄层层析监测,同类合并.Ehrlich＇s试剂显色明显段油浴升华,得到白色针状结晶,与苦马豆素标准样品进行薄层层析对照,其斑点形状、颜色相同,Rf值相近.通过熔点和IR、MS、^1HNMR、^13CNMR等鉴定其化学结构,为苦马豆素.     

甘肃棘豆中苦马豆素的分离与鉴定

4.5kg甘肃棘豆用 2 0mL/L稀乙酸和氯仿的混合溶液 (5∶4)浸提 48h,过滤 ,分层。取酸水层用氯仿萃取 ,弃去氯仿层以除杂质 ,然后酸水层用氢氧化钠调pH为 9～1 1 ,依次用氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取。正丁醇部分经硅胶柱层析 ,氯仿∶甲醇∶氨水∶水 (70∶2 6∶1 0∶1 0 )液洗脱分离、纯化得到一白色针状结晶体 ,TLC鉴定分析初步确定为苦马豆素 ,提取率为3 .2 0 μg/g。正丁醇部分苦马豆素含量气相色谱测定为 1 3 .1 4 8%± 0 .852 % ,折算全草苦马豆素含量为 0 .0 69%。     

冰川棘豆生物碱分析及苦马豆素的提取

冰川棘豆干粉，经甲醇提取．1N盐酸酸化．酸水液甩氟仿萃取数次，NaOH调pH至9-10．依次用氟仿，乙酸乙酯，正丁醇萃取。称重表明生物碱多集中在正丁醇组分．且以大极性生物碱为主。薄层层析检查结果表明．氟仿组分有10种生物碱．乙酸乙酯组分有7种生物碱．正丁醇组分有5种生物碱。将正丁醇组分经硅胶柱层层析．乙酸乙酯-甲醇系统梯度洗脱．每30-50ml收集一份．薄层层析监测．同类合并。Ehrlich’s试剂显色明显段油浴升华。得到白色针状结晶．与苦马豆素标准样品进行薄层层析对照．其Rf值相近．点的形状、颜色相同。气相色谱检验．其出峰时间与苦马豆素标准样一致，初步确定所得白色针状结晶为苦马豆素。     

西藏茎直黄芪对山羊的毒性研究

本试验经瘤胃瘘管每天给6只山羊投股茎直黄芪粉(20g/kgB·W),并且给每只山羊茎直黄芪干草(200g/day),令其自由采食。第40～47天受试山羊出现以中枢神经系统机能紊乱为特征的中毒症状,表现为精神沉郁,摇头,目光呆滞,反应迟钝,步态蹒珊。继之,后肢无力,后躯麻痹,卧地不起。实验室检查发现,中毒羊血清AKP、GOT活性和BUN含量明显升高。病理组织学变化主要表现为神经细胞广泛空泡化。经分析茎直黄芪含苦马豆素,不含脂肪族硝基化合物,不是聚硒植物,从而证实苦马豆素可能是茎直黄芪的主要有毒成分。     

宽苞棘豆生物碱提取与毒性试验

采用醇类生物碱系统提取法,从宽苞棘豆中分离出A 、B、C、D四种组分,经薄层层析检测,并与苦马豆素标准品对照,结果表明B、C组分含有吲哚里西啶生物碱--苦马豆素,A、D组分不含有苦马豆素.将C组分按1 g/kg和2 g/kg分别家兔灌胃,结果家兔没有表现出明显的临床中毒症状和病理变化.     

西藏草原5种主要有毒植物营养成分

采用国家标准法对西藏天然草原茎直黄芪(Astragalus strictus)、甘肃棘豆(Oxytropis kansuensis)、毛瓣棘豆(Oxytropis sericopetala)、瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)和藏橐吾(Ligularia rumicifolia)5种主要有毒植物不同物候期常规营养成分和矿质元素含量进行测定。结果显示,在5种植物中,粗蛋白平均含量以茎直黄芪最高,其次为甘肃棘豆,且两者粗蛋白含量均超过19%;茎直黄芪中花期粗蛋白含量最高,花前期最低,花期和花果期差异不显著(P0.05);而甘肃棘豆中粗蛋白含量以花前期最高,花果期最低,花前期和花期差异不显著。粗纤维平均含量由高到低依次为毛瓣棘豆、藏橐吾、茎直黄芪、甘肃棘豆和瑞香狼毒,且均以花果期最高,花前期最低。5种植物Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn和Zn含量均以花前期最高,花期次之,花果期最低;但Se含量花果期相对较高。由此得出,茎直黄芪和甘肃棘豆营养较为丰富,具有潜在饲用价值,毛瓣棘豆、瑞香狼毒和藏橐吾营养价值偏低。     

哈密黄芪化学成分预试及生物碱成分色谱分析

采用植物化学成分系统预试法、生物碱系统提取法和薄层色谱技术对哈密黄芪化学成分,特别是生物碱成分进行了薄层色谱分析.结果表明,哈密黄芪含有生物碱、多糖、苷类、氨基酸、甾体、萜类、油脂、鞣质、酚类、有机酸、黄酮、醌类、强心甙和香豆素.2 968 g哈密黄芪经乙醇热回流提取得303.3 g总浸膏,经酸化、碱化,所得碱液依次用氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,得到3部分浸膏分别为0.51,1.72,19.10 g,提取率分别为0.017%,0.058%,0.644%;说明哈密黄芪生物碱主要集中在正丁醇提取部分,以大极性生物碱为主.对各部分提取物进行薄层层析分析,结果显示氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇提取部分生物碱至少分别有17,13,5种.经与标准样品对照,证明哈密黄芪所含的生物碱主要以苦马豆素等吲哚里西啶生物碱为主,同时也含有少量的黄华碱和臭豆碱等喹诺里西啶生物碱.本试验还利用薄层制备技术分离得到正丁醇提取部分中的苦马豆素.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -