山岳型风景名胜区植物景观研究案例与模式

在中国热带天然林区域水平和森林经营单位水平应用《ITTO热带天然林可持续经营标准与指标》对土壤和水做状态报告,进行适用性评价。结合中国热带天然林地区水土资源情况和森林经营特点,研制中国热带天然林可持续经营标准与指标中的土壤和水指标及其应用手册,并且指出了应用中存在的问题。     

国外可持续农业发展的政策经验及其对我国的启示

重点分析了国外可持续农业发展的措施与有益经验 ,并提出我国发展可持续性农业的政策建议 ,包括按照社会主义市场经济运行规律 ,全面构思可持续农业发展的新模式 ;根据发达地区和欠发达地区不同社会经济发展水平 ,采取不同的政策取向 ;转变政府职能 ,建立和完善国家支持与保护农业可持续发展的政策体系     

国外生物质能开发利用政策

面对日益加剧的能源安全、农业结构调整、农村社会发展、环境保护等问题,世界各国纷纷把目光投向生物质能。目前,生物质能是美国、欧盟利用量最大的可再生能源,在整个能源系统中也占有重要的地位。本文描述了国外生物质能的市场现状和需求,分析了国外生物质能政策的出发点和目标,详细介绍了美国、欧盟、巴西等地主要的生物质能政策。最后,本文总结出国外经验对我国生物质能政策的四点借鉴意义,提出了生物质能政策的指导方向。     

基于网格法与ANN的县域喀斯特土地可持续利用评价——以广西都安瑶族自治县为例

探讨综合运用GIS、网格法和人工神经网络等技术和方法进行县域喀斯特土地可持续利用评价.以广西都安县为例,从资源环境、经济、社会等方面构建都安喀斯特土地可持续利用评价指标体系,利用2005年相关分析数据获取各指标数据;将都安县域划分成253个评价网格单元,按照网格单元指标数据提取原理获得的评价网格单元各评价指标数据,根据指标性质,运用效用函数进行标准化处理;最后,运用ANN的BP模型进行都安喀斯特土地可持续利用评价,绘制评价结果分布图.结果表明:构成都安喀斯特土地利用系统的资源环境、经济、社会等因素在空间分布上存在明显的差异性,其土地可持续利用亦呈现明显的空间差异性,在空间分布上可区分为:不可持续性、弱可持续性、中可持续性、较强可持性、强可持续性等5个等级,评价结果较为客观地反映了都安喀斯特土地可持续利用状况.     

土壤修复技术的可持续性评价——以原位稳定/固化技术和异位填埋技术为例

土壤修复技术的可持续性是评价土壤修复工程的可持续性和选择土壤修复技术的重要依据.本研究以上海某重大工程的污染场地土壤修复为例,运用多标准分析法(MCA),从人体健康、社会、能源消耗以及环境保护等角度,对两种典型的修复技术(原位稳定/固化,异地填埋)的可持续性进行综合分析和评价.结果表明,稳定/固化技术是一种较为经济且环境污染少的可持续的修复方法;填埋技术不仅经济成本较高,而且温室气体排放种类多,对社会的可持续发展较为不利.     

自然保护区可持续管理政策研究

当前我国自然保护区的发展,受到迅速发展的社会经济的巨大冲击。如何推进自然保护区的可持续发展,是一个管理难题。基于此,介绍自然保护区可持续管理政策的重要性,分析自然保护区管理过程中存在的问题,并基于可持续发展理论,分析自然保护区可持续管理政策的制定办法,以提高自然保护区发展的可持续性,从而全面提高我国生态环境的保护水平。     

生物液体燃料可持续发展评价系统

该文分析了国内外生物液体燃料能量平衡研究现状。在综合考虑能量平衡、污染物排放、土地、水资源成本等各种因素的基础上,基于线性规划法和电子数据表工具（SPREADSHEET）,利用生命周期理论研究开发了生物液体燃料可持续评价系统（BSAS）,该系统主要有基础数据库、分析模块和优化模块3部分组成,以中国内蒙古和黑龙江两地发展甜高粱茎秆燃料乙醇为案例,利用该系统进行了可持续性评价。研究表明,利用该系统可实现国家、省以及特定地区等多个层面对发展生物液体燃料的可持续性进行优化分析和综合评价,得出选定地区在满足设定情景条件下优化的生物液体燃料产业发展规划,为政府部门科学决策提供技术支撑。     

耕地可持续利用评价指标体系及评价

耕地资源可持续利用评价中的难点在于生态可持续评价指标的确定及其可行性，由于长期连续的耕地性状数据难以获取，农业用地生态可持续性评价往往属于定性描述而非定量化的结果。本文提出了耕地可持续利用评价指标体系，将之划分为生态、经济和社会三个层次，建立了耕地类基本生产力模型和影子价格模型，对技术进步因素作了剔除，并根据苏州吴江市1987～1997年的耕地利用状况，定量评价了其耕地利用方式的可持续性。     

中国循环经济发展论坛2004年会在上海召开

中国循环经济发展论坛2004年会于2004年11月在上海召开，并原则通过了《上海宣言》，200多位与会者在《上海宣言》中共同呼吁，各级人大和政府要加强对循环经济的宏观指导，将循环经济评价指标纳入政府政绩考核。《上海宣言》指出各级人大和政府要开展循环经济法律、法规和相关政策的研究探索，启动循环经济法律、法规和相关政策的制定工作。各级政府应综合运用财税、投资、信贷、价格等政策手段，调节市场主体的行为，建立循环经济发展的有效政策机制。     

基于能值理论的西安市浐灞生态区生态系统可持续性分析

[目的]对西安市浐灞生态区生态系统的可持续性进行分析评价,为该区生态系统的健康、可持续发展提供理论支持。[方法]基于能值理论,从社会经济和生态环境两方面选取相应的指标对浐灞生态区2004,2009,2014年的3个重要发展阶段进行对比研究。[结果]西安市浐灞生态区基于能值可持续指数(ESI)在2004—2009年由0.003 4下降到0.002 4,但在2014年又增加到0.005 1,研究区可持续性总体上呈现上升趋势;从能值富集的角度分析研究区的可持续性,能值富集度指标(EIE)2004,2009,2014年的结果分别是0.82,0.82和0.59,反映研究区是一个能值高度富集的区域。[结论]由于西安市浐灞生态区是高度发展的消费导向型经济且存在地域面积狭小,自然资源匮乏,过度依赖外界能值等问题导致其可持续发展能力处于较低水平,但同时能值可持续指数(ESI)表明浐灞生态区可持续性在提升,浐灞生态区是一个能值高度富集的区域,浐灞生态区能值财富的持续高度富集是其能够快速发展的重要原因。     

Criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management in Canada

Sustainable forest management is an international as well as a Canadian domestic concern. Sustainability is characterised by a framework of criteria and associated indicators which identify its principal attributes and the parameters which can be measured to assess the extent to which sustainability is being achieved. Canada is developing a set of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management for domestic purposes, and is participating in a number of similar international initiatives which will establish international norms for sustainability. Harmonisation of these various initiatives will ensure international acceptance and understanding amongst global regions of similar and dissimilar forest zones. Implementation, a follow-up goal, will ensure that the principal objectives of sustainable forest management, as espoused by the National Forest Strategy for Canada, are achieved.     

Utilising biomass crops as an energy source: A European perspective

Biomass can be grown to act as a carbon (C) store, or as a direct substitute for fossil fuels (with no net contribution to atmospheric CO₂ if produced and used sustainably). There is great potential for the modernisation of biomass fuels to produce convenient energy carriers such as electricity and liquid fuels. Bioenergy accounts for about 15% of primary energy used throughout the world, and 4% of energy used in Western Europe. Several European countries plan to significantly increase their use of bioenergy and some already obtain over 10% of their energy from biomass fuels. The European Community (EC) is planning to implement policies which will more than double the use of biomass by 2005, with biofuels taking 5% of the motor vehicle fuel market, and a resultant reduction in CO₂ emissions of about 180 million tonnes (Mt), equivalent to 50 Mt C/yr. The potential contribution of biofuels is even greater, especially with all the ‘setaside’ land being taken out of production. Use of 15–20 million hectares (Mha) of agricultural land for biomass crops could represent an annual sink of some 90–120 Mt C or else offset between 50 Mt C and 120 Mt C from fossil fuel emissions, depending on the fuel displaced (7–17% of total EC carbon emissions). Policies are needed that will encourage the penetration of biofuels into the market such as increased support for research, development and demonstration, subsidies for biofuels, and carbon taxes on fossil fuels.     

生物质直燃发电CDM项目可持续性的能值评价

生物质直燃CDM（清洁发展机制）项目的可持续发展评价需要对系统的经济、社会和环境效益等方面进行定量分析。该文应用能值理论,对生物质直燃发电CDM项目进行了能值分析,建立了能表明其功能特征的能值可持续性评价指标,并以华中某地25 MW生物质直燃发电CDM项目为案例,评价了系统的可持续发展性能。结果表明：该CDM项目每年获得的2.51×106美元温室气体减排效益,不仅可有效增大系统的能值产出率,降低环境负荷,使生物质直燃发电系统更具有竞争力;还能使系统能值可持续指标提高到6.45,使之富有活力和发展潜力,可维持较长时间内的可持续发展。     

影响能源植物产量和燃烧质量的农田管理因素

随着经济的快速发展,化石燃料短缺日益成为困扰国际社会的重大问题。开发利用生物质能源植物是解决能源危机的有效途径之一。能源植物的产量和燃烧质量是决定其能量产出的关键;然而,国内尚未见有关能源植物生产影响因素的系统分析和报道。该文在分析生物质能源植物的特性、类型和燃烧质量的基础上,结合近年来国内外能源植物的相关研究,重点讨论了水分、养分和收获时间等农田生产措施对能源植物产量和燃烧质量的影响,以期为中国生物质能源植物的生产管理提供参考。     

Agricultural chemistry and bioenergy

Renewed interest in converting biomass to biofuels such as ethanol, other forms of bioenergy, and bioenergy byproducts or coproducts of commercial value opens opportunities for chemists, including agricultural chemists and related disciplines. Applications include feedstock characterization and quantification of structural changes resulting from genetic modification and of the intermediates formed during enzymatic and chemical processing; development of improved processes for utilizing chemical coproducts such as lactic acid and glycerol; development of alternative biofuels such as methanol, butanol, and hydrogen; and ways to reduce greenhouse gas emission and/or use carbon dioxide beneficially. Chemists will also be heavily involved in detailing the phytochemical composition of alternative energy crops and genetically improved crops. A resurgence of demand for agricultural chemistry and related disciplines argues for increasing output through targeted programs and on-the-job training.     

中国发展能源农业的环境效益的定量评价和地理分布格局分析

在总结现有估算方法的基础上,从减少大气污染物排放、减少农村面源污染和生态效益3个方面建立环境效益的评价模型,利用已有统计资料和数据,定量评价了我国发展能源农业的潜在环境效益,并分析了其地理分布格局。研究表明：（1）中国农村生物质能蕴藏丰富,2007年我国农村生物质能源总蕴藏量和理论可利用量分别达30.88×108tce（折标煤,t）和5.98×108tce。生物质能源的利用理论可以减少排放SO21674.33万t,NOX246.57万t,CO215.50亿t,CH47524.35万t,总N626.01万t,总P467.96万t,通过使用沼气从而减少砍伐森林2123.99万hm2。（2）中国发展能源农业的环境效益总体上分布不均,省际差异较大。西南、东北地区及河南、河北、山东等省是环境效益较大的地区,效益最少的地区主要分布在上海、北京、天津、青海、宁夏和海南。     

开发生物能促进环境保护

生物能是一种代替常规能源的理想能源，对生物能的开发是解决能源危机的重要途径之一。本文结合现代生物技术概括地叙述了生物能的发展现状，分析了利用生物能对环境保护的有利之处，并对生物能发展中所需要注意的问题和发展方向提出了作者的观点     

Remediation of Fly Ash Dumpsites Through Bioenergy Crop Plantation and Generation: A Review

Utilization of fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants, is a sustainable use of waste for power generation. Discarding fly ash as waste in landfills/ash ponds may not only be regarded as a loss of valuable land and essential nutrients, but also pose a significant health hazard due to fine air-borne particles and leaching of heavy metals. The presence of essential macro- and micronutrients and its porosity make fly ash an excellent soil amendment for plant growth as an organic nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) supplementation. As harmful heavy metals make fly ash unsafe for agronomy, bioenergy crop plantation and energy generation from different thermochemical conversions of the biomass would be an ideal method for coal fly ash utilization through which carbon-neutral fuel can be generated from fossil fuel, thus reducing climate change impact. This review summarizes the development of bioenergy plantation and silviculture at fly ash dumpsites with an integrated phyto-bio-rhizo-mycoremediation approach and assesses utilization of the valuable biomass for thermal energy, electricity, and biofuel generation with inclusion of a SWOT analysis (a strategic technique typically used to help identify the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threat). Bioenergy crop production through integrated phytomanagement can generate billions of dollars of wealth from waste and provides a sustainable solution for fly ash management, with environmental, economic, and social benefits.     

低碳视角下的城市圈土地可持续利用评价

资源环境与经济发展的矛盾日益突出,低碳视角下的资源节约集约利用是增强发展可持续性的根本途径。以武汉市为例,采用文献资料法等结合已有研究成果,立足低碳视角,与城市圈土地利用特点相结合,建立低碳视角下的城市圈土地可持续利用评价指标体系。综合CSDEA(指标凝聚法)和熵值法对各指标值进行分析综合,在获得评价结果后进一步计算得到各评价对象的改进方案。结果显示,黄石市、黄冈市、咸宁市、潜江市为土地可持续利用CSDEA有效,仙桃市、天门市、孝感市、武汉市、鄂州市为土地可持续利用CSDEA无效,综合评价值分别为0.9849,0.9791,0.9725,0.9574,0.8082,评价值最低的是鄂州市,在地均农业产值等9个指标上均存在不足,需要降低的指标包括农村恩格尔系数、地均碳排放量等,其中地均碳排放量应降低97.33 t/hm²。综合来看鄂州市仍需较大提升。评价结果和改进方案客观反映了城市圈土地利用的现状和不足,经济发展应更加注重对环境的保护和资源的节约和集约利用,不断提高可持续发展能力。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from Silphium perfoliatum and silage maize cropping on Stagnosols

Background

The sustainability of bioenergy is strongly affected by direct field-derived greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and indirect emissions form land-use change. Marginal land in low mountain ranges is suitable for feedstock production due to small impact on indirect land-use change. However, these sites are vulnerable to high N₂O emissions because of their fine soil texture and hydrology.

Aims

The perennial cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) might outperform silage maize (Zea mays L.) on cold, wet low mountain ranges sites regarding yield and ecosystem services. The aim of this study was to assess whether the cultivation of cup plant also provides GHG mitigation potential compared to the cultivation of maize.

Methods

A t-year field experiment was conducted in a low mountain range region in western Germany to compare area and yield-scaled GHG emissions from cup plant and maize fields. GHG emissions were quantified using the closed chamber method.

Results

Cup plant fields emitted an average of 3.6 ± 4.3 kg N₂O-N ha^–1 year^–1 (–85%) less than maize fields. This corresponded to 74.0 ± 94.1 g CO_2-eq kWh^–1 (–78%) less emissions per produced electrical power. However, cup plant had a significantly lower productivity per hectare (–34%) and per unit of applied nitrogen (–32%) than maize.

Conclusion

Cup plant as a feedstock reduces direct field-derived GHG emissions compared to maize but, due to lower yields cup plant, likely increases emissions associated with land-use changes. Therefore, the increased sustainability of bioenergy from biogas by replacing maize with cup plant is heavily dependent on the performance of maize at these sites and on the ecosystem services of cup plant in addition to GHG savings.