生物滤池填料及工艺参数去除鸡粪堆肥臭气效果研究

为探讨利用生物滤池法去除鸡粪堆肥臭气的可行性,对生物滤池的填料组合、填料层高度、填料初始含水率及停留时间进行了筛选,并考察了生物滤池对挥发性有机物(VOCs)的去除情况.结果表明:生物滤池在处理鸡粪堆肥臭气过程中,以腐熟鸡粪堆肥和树皮组成填料、填料层高度为50 cm、填料初始含水率为50%以及停留时间为90.0 s的处理效果最佳;处理前后臭气中VOCs的分析结果表明,生物滤池对堆肥臭气中VOCs有很好的去除效果,处理后的堆肥臭气中VOCs的种类和浓度较处理前明显减少;比较堆肥臭气中氨和VOCs的总浓度后发现,氨所占的比例高达98.70%,说明用氨浓度来表示容器式鸡粪堆肥的臭气浓度具有可行性.就地利用鸡粪堆肥及树皮组合作为生物滤池填料去除鸡粪堆肥过程中的臭气具有很好的去除效果,可以在工厂化鸡粪堆肥中推广应用.     

中试规模猪粪堆肥挥发性有机物排放特征

为监测堆肥过程挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)排放情况,该文开展了猪粪堆肥现场试验,采用苏玛罐采样,气相色谱-质谱法分析了猪粪好氧堆肥过程中VOCs浓度。结果表明:猪粪好氧堆肥过程中可以检测出的VOCs有81种,包括烷烃类34种,芳香烃类21种,卤烃类19种,胺类1种,含硫化合物3种,氟利昂类3种;其中检出率高且浓度远远超过其嗅阈值的VOCs包括三甲胺、二甲基硫、二甲基二硫和二甲基三硫,VOCs排放主要发生在堆肥的前2周。该研究将为控制猪粪堆肥过程中VOCs气体排放提供科学数据支持。     

猪粪好氧发酵过程中挥发性有机物组分分析及致臭因子的确定

为了控制猪粪好氧发酵中产生的挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds)及主要致臭物质,开展了猪粪好氧发酵试验,通过连续监测猪粪好氧发酵过程中所排放的挥发性气体,研究猪粪好氧发酵中产生的VOCs组分及其致臭因子。研究表明,在猪粪好氧发酵过程中共产生33种挥发性物质,除氨气和硫化氢外,共有31种VOCs,包括芳香烃12种,醛类8种,硫醇硫醚类4种,卤代烃4种,酮类2种,胺类1种;猪粪好氧发酵中主要致臭物质为:二甲二硫、甲硫醚、二甲三硫、乙醛和硫化氢,并建议将甲硫醚作为猪粪好氧发酵中产生的恶臭污染指示物。该研究可为猪粪堆肥过程中恶臭物质的监测、制定控制策略提供参考。     

猪粪堆肥挥发性有机物的产生规律与影响因素

堆肥是畜禽粪便处理及资源化利用的有效途径,然而堆肥过程中极易产生挥发性有机物(VOCs,volatile organic compounds),引发恶臭问题,并对人体健康带来危害。该研究以猪粪和秸秆为原料,通过堆肥试验,研究了含水率、碳氮比和通风速率等工艺参数对猪粪堆肥过程中主要VOCs产生的影响。研究结果表明:堆肥过程中TVOCs的最高体积分数可达2 000×10~(-6)以上,主要在堆肥升温期产生。二甲二硫、二甲三硫是主要的致臭VOCs,其中,影响二甲二硫排放的主要因素为物料初始含水率,影响二甲三硫排放的主要因素为通风速率。极差及方差分析结果表明,堆肥过程中采用含水率65%,碳氮比30,通风速率0.1 m~3/(min·m~3)可以有效控制VOCs的排放。     

牛粪好氧发酵挥发性物质排放特征及恶臭物质分析

不同原料好氧发酵产生的臭气物质组分和浓度存在差异。以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料研究好氧发酵过程挥发性有机物（Volatile Organic Compound，VOCs）的产排特征及主要致臭物质，开展牛粪好氧发酵试验，采用气相色谱-质谱法分析测定发酵升温期、高温期、降温期及腐熟期等不同发酵阶段的VOCs组分和浓度，硼酸溶液吸收，盐酸滴定法测定NH3，便携式检测器（Tion NH3-H2S 300 G）测定H2S，3点比较式臭袋法测定不同发酵阶段臭气浓度。结果表明，牛粪好氧发酵过程中共检出31种VOCs，其中含硫化合物42种，醇类1种，酯类1种，酮类1种，卤代烃4种，苯系物9种，烷烃类8种，烯烃3种；在好氧发酵高温期臭气浓度最高为724（无量纲），VOCs产生与排放主要在高温期。基于恶臭污染排放标准和恶臭物质气味活度值，并结合各物质检出率、GS-MS图谱及相关性分析，发现NH3、H2S、甲硫醚是牛粪好氧发酵过程的主要致臭物质；其次芳香族化合物对臭气浓度贡献也相对较大，应进行重点监测与控制。该研究可为牛粪好氧发酵过程臭气物质减控提供理论支撑。     

病死猪辅热好氧发酵尾气中的恶臭物质分析

为了明确病死猪辅热好氧发酵过程中产生的恶臭气体的种类及其排放规律,为控制恶臭气体排放浓度、降低病死猪无害化处理过程对环境的污染提供基础依据,该研究以病死猪为发酵原料,玉米秸秆为辅料,开展病死猪辅热好氧发酵试验,发酵过程中,采集处理槽排放的尾气,分析尾气中的有机恶臭物质组分并测定其排放浓度,同时测定其中的氨气浓度,并对不同发酵阶段尾气中气味活度值大于1的恶臭物质进行相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明：在病死猪辅热好氧发酵过程中共检出36种恶臭物质,其中能准确定性与定量检测的有19种,包括3种含硫化合物,1种烷烃化合物,12种芳香烃化合物,1种酚类化合物,1种胺类化合物和1种无机气体;发酵全程或部分时间点超过其嗅阈值的有3-乙基甲苯、4-乙基甲苯、二甲基二硫醚、二甲基硫醚、氨气、对甲酚、甲硫醇、三甲胺8种,达到的最高浓度依次为0.241、0.350、0.247、0.280、69.06、0.041、0.314、0.033 mg/m3,与其嗅阈值的比值依次为2.745 7、8.634 7、29.325 6、36.981 5、66.669 1、173.314 5、374.77、432.471 1;各发酵阶段的主要致臭物质成分存在差异：在0～12 h的发酵阶段,三甲胺、甲硫醇、二甲基硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、氨气、对甲酚、3-乙基甲苯、4-乙基甲苯为主要致臭物质,在12～36 h的发酵阶段,三甲胺、甲硫醇、二甲基硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、氨气、对甲酚为主要致臭物质,在36～72 h的发酵阶段,三甲胺、甲硫醇、二甲基硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、氨气为主要致臭物质;不同发酵阶段的臭气强度存在较大波动：在0～72 h内的发酵过程中,0～3 h内臭气强度缓慢增强,但第6小时臭气强度有明显下降,在6～18 h时再次增强,第18小时臭气强度达到峰值,18～72 h内持续下降直至平稳。该研究可为病死猪辅热好氧发酵过程中恶臭物质的减控策略提供理论参考。     

蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵挥发性有机物排放特征

为研究蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵过程产生的挥发性有机物(volatile organic compound,VOCs)及主要致臭物质,开展了蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵试验,采用气相色谱-质谱法和三点比较式臭袋法分析了好氧发酵升温、高温和降温阶段产生的VOCs种类和浓度及臭气浓度。结果表明,蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵过程共检出34种VOCs,其中芳香烃类化合物11种、烷烃7种、含硫化合物4种、酮类4种、卤烃类化合物3种、醇类2种、酯类2种、醛类1种;发酵升温期臭气浓度最大,达72 443,而在降温期产生的VOCs种类最多为29;在联合好氧发酵过程中主要致臭物质为甲硫醚、二甲二硫醚、二硫化碳、NH3和H2S,羰基硫、乙醛和苯乙烯仅在高温期产生且浓度较高;根据嗅阈值比值大小与最大浓度,需重点监测和控制恶臭物质的顺序是二甲二硫醚H2SNH3甲硫醚。该研究结果为蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵过程中恶臭物质的监测和控制策略研究提供理论依据。     

风干预处理对堆肥腐熟度及臭气排放量的影响

该研究以风干猪粪堆肥为处理,以新鲜猪粪堆肥为对照,在秸秆调理相同C/N基础上,对两个处理腐熟度和臭气排放进行比较分析。从温度、p H值、电导率和发芽率来看,利用新鲜猪粪和风干猪粪堆肥所得的产品均能达到腐熟和无害化标准;在硫化氢、羰基硫、二硫化碳、甲硫醚、乙硫醚、二甲二硫、甲硫醇和乙硫醇几种含硫臭气中,甲硫醚和二甲二硫占96%以上;风干猪粪堆肥比新鲜猪粪堆肥少排放71.09%的氨气,66.11%的甲硫醚和9.66%的二甲二硫。在不考虑风干环节存在的问题条件下,与新鲜猪粪堆肥相比,风干猪粪堆肥堆肥时间短,在堆肥品质提高的基础上,堆肥产品产量增加60%。通过降低水分和体积风干猪粪运输成本降低1/3,且对环境影响小,是远距离资源化处理畜禽粪便的较好途径。     

冬季死猪与猪粪同步堆肥运行效果

为了探明猪粪与死猪同步堆肥在外界低温环境条件下的运行效果及其处理负荷,试验设置双层死猪处理组、单层死猪处理组和无死猪对照组,采用有效体积0.95 m3堆肥箱、供以100 L/(m3·min)的通风率对4.6~21.4 kg保育期死猪进行冬季堆肥处理,每层3头死猪,总质量在28.0~30.0 kg。结果表明:试验期间外界环境日平均温度为-11.2~2.7℃、最低温度为-17.8℃,堆肥箱内温度在试验启动后3~5 d上升到50℃以上,双层死猪和单层死猪处理组的箱内日平均温度超过50℃的天数分别为32和23 d,满足相关国家标准的无害化要求;堆肥6和8周后死猪降解率分别为(93.6±3.5)%和(96.8±0.8)%,死猪仅剩下部分骨骼,单层与多层死猪堆肥的降解率差异不显著,高1 m的堆肥箱中可同时处理两层死猪。因此,将猪粪堆肥的原料制作方法用于死猪堆肥,动物尸体降解需要时间在6~8周,该方法可使猪场的猪粪堆肥与死猪处理同步进行,即使在中国北方也能实现周年运行。     

通风方式对猪粪堆肥主要臭气物质控制的影响研究

为控制堆肥过程中产生的臭气,开展了3种不同通风方式下的猪粪和秸秆堆肥试验,通过连续监测堆肥过程中氨气、硫化氢、总挥发性有机物(total volatile organic compounds,TVOCs)和二甲二硫、二甲三硫排放浓度的变化,优化堆肥通风方式。研究表明,在鼓风5 min间隔30 min、鼓风5 min间隔15 min和连续通风下,硫化氢和TVOCs的最大排放质量浓度和体积分数分别为29.4、18.9和10.3 mg/m~3以及420.3×10~(-6)、382.7×10~(-6)和326.5×10~(-6),每千克干物料硫化氢和TVOCs累积排放量分别为14.3、13.5、31.5 mg/kg以及1.26、2.00和6.08 L/kg;二甲二硫和二甲三硫的最大排放质量浓度分别为1 730.1、3 646.2和3 971.8 ng/L以及991.4、6 678.8和1 883.4 ng/L,每千克干物料中二甲二硫和二甲三硫的累积排放量分别为1.5、4.3和10.6 mg/kg以及0.37、4.37和4.94 mg/kg,增加通风频次有助于降低硫化氢和TVOCs的最高排放浓度,但会增加堆肥过程中硫化氢、TVOCs以及二甲二硫和二甲三硫的累积排放量,增加环境危害程度。该试验以降低臭气累积排放量为工艺优化目标,发现通风5min,间隔30min是最佳通风方式。研究结果可为有机肥生产过程中臭气的控制提供参考依据。     

Control of Composting Odor Using Biofiltration

While composting transforms manure wastes into useful fertilizer, it also produces odors during the decomposition process. Biofiltration is a desirable method to control composting odor. This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of using compost as a biofilter. A mixture of cattle manure and fresh compost was composted in a bin equipped with a suction-type blower. The exhaust gas was filtered through the biofilter of fresh compost. The composting temperature affected the ammonia emission. When the composting temperature was relatively high, the highest ammonia emission appeared in two experiments. The biofiltering properties were investigated according to flow rates and filter depths for two different types of fresh composts (experiment I and II). At the flow rate of 30 L/min, ammonia removal rate was 80.5% for biofilter A(detention time 56.5 s) and 99.9% for biofilter B (detention time 113 s). At the flow rate of 50 L/min, the ammonia removal rate was 82.5% for biofilter A (detention time 33.9 s) and 97.4% for biofilter B (detention time 67.8). The fresh compost could be used as a biofilter medium for odor control during composting process. The moisture content(MC) of the biofilter material increased by absorbing moisture from the exhaust gas, while the pH was decreased due to the degradation of nitrogenous compounds. As the moisture in the exhaust gas increased the MC of the biofilter, there was no need to spray water to the biofilter medium to control moisture content. While the total nitrogen(T-N) of the biofilter increased by absorbing ammonia, the total carbon (T-C) remained unchanged resulting in decrease of the C/N ratio.     

Wood Chip Biofilter Performance of Ammonia Gas From Composting Manure

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of wood chip biofilter properties and the depth of biofilter media, on ammonia emissions during high rate composting of dairy manure mixed with bulking agents. The composting and biofiltration process consisted of two series of tests. Experimental trials lasted three weeks and were composted in a 605 L pilot-scale reactor vessel. Initial conditions of composting and biofiltration process between each of two sets appeared to be similar. The experimental design used replication of three biofilter vessels of wood chips in two series of biofilter medium(total of six tests). The ammonia laden emissions from the composting mixture were passed through biofilter media and collected in the boric acid trap from the compost reactor and biofilter vessels. Temperatures in the compost and biofilter, ammonia emissions, and pressure drop across the biofilter media were monitored throughout all runs. Material masses, moisture contents, pH and various chemical properties were determined for initial and final samples from all runs. Results indicated that ammonia emission was influenced by the depth of biofilter media. Optimum biofilter media depth in a closed wood chip biofilter was 40 cm for the ammonia concentration of allowable condition of less than 50 ppm.     

SE—Structures and Environment: Biofiltration of Odour and Ammonia from a Pig Unit—Biofiltration of Odour and Ammonia from a Pig Unit—a pilot-scale Study

A pilot-scale biofiltration unit was constructed at a pig finishing building on the University College Dublin research farm. The biofiltration system was investigated over three trial periods. Exhaust air from a single pen was extracted by a variable speed centrifugal fan and passed through a humidifier and biofilter. A 0·5 m depth of woodchips of over 20 mm screen size was used as the biofilter medium. The moisture content of the medium was maintained at 64±4% (wet weight basis) for trial one and 69±4% (wet weight basis) for trials two and three using a load cell method. The volumetric loading rate varied from 769 to 1898 m³ [air] m⁻³ [medium] h⁻¹ during the three trial periods. Odour and ammonia removal efficiencies ranged from 77 to 95% and 54 to 93%, respectively. The pH of the biofilter leachate remained between 6 and 8 throughout the experimental periods. The pressure drop across the biofilter ranged from 14 to 64 Pa. It is concluded that a wood chip media particle size >20 mm is suitable for use in biofiltration systems on intensive pig production facilities. This will minimize the pressure drop on the system fans to reduce overall operation costs. It is recommended that a filter bed moisture content (wet weight basis) of greater than 63% be used to maintain overall efficiency. An efficient air moisturizing system (humidification and bed sprinkling) along with a properly designed air distribution system must be incorporated in the overall design when operating at such high volumetric loading rates.     

Application of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry to the assessment of odorant removal in a biological air cleaner for pig production

There is an urgent need to develop odor reduction technologies for animal production facilities, and this requires a reliable measurement technique for estimating the removal of odorants. The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the application of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) for continuous measurements at a biofilter from SKOV A/S installed at a pig production facility. PTR-MS was able to handle the harsh conditions with high humidity and dust load in a biofilter and provide reliable data for the removal of odorants, including the highly odorous sulfur compounds. The biofilter removed 80-99% of carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and indoles and ca. 75% of hydrogen sulfide. However, only ~0-15% of methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide was removed. In conclusion, PTR-MS is a promising tool that can be used to improve the development of biological air cleaning and other odor reduction technologies toward significant odorants.     

生物质颗粒燃料成型的黏弹性本构模型

为研究生物质颗粒成型燃料压缩成型机理,该文用玉米秸秆、花生壳、小麦秸秆、大豆秸秆、棉花秸秆、木屑等6种生物质原料,采用生物质颗粒燃料成型机进行压缩成型,研究生物质颗粒燃料压缩成型过程,采用黏弹性理论,建立生物质颗粒成型燃料的本构模型,从力学角度提出生物质颗粒成型燃料的压缩成型机理,并研究对比不同种类生物质原料压缩的最大应力与能耗.结果表明,6种生物质原料中棉杆和木屑的最大应力较高,其余4种原料略低;木屑的压缩能耗最高,其次为棉秆、花生壳和豆秸,小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆较小.该研究结论为解决生物质颗粒成型燃料成型加工能耗高,关键部件受力磨损导致寿命低等问题提供一定参考.