白粉寄生孢寄生黄瓜白粉菌的特性研究

采用白粉寄生孢（Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces.AQ）接种离体条件下赛璐酚上黄瓜白粉菌［Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht)Poll.］和活体条件下黄瓜白粉菌后,通过棉兰染色和显微观察分析,初步明确了白粉寄生孢的侵染寄生过程。白粉寄生孢分生孢子产生芽管可入侵黄瓜白粉菌的分生孢子、菌丝、分生孢子梗;有时黄瓜白粉菌串生的分生孢子、分生孢子梗可被2~3条白粉寄生孢的菌丝寄生,随着寄生过程的进一步发展,黄瓜白粉菌的分生孢子梗基部膨大成无色的椭圆形或球形,其上逐渐产生由黄色至褐色的白粉寄生孢的分生孢子器,器内含有大量的分生孢子。     

白粉寄生孢不同菌株对控制黄瓜和苹果自粉病病菌的试验研究

为了筛选出更好的能控制白粉病病菌的白粉寄生孢生防菌株,将白粉寄生孢不同菌株对黄瓜白粉病病菌和苹果白粉病病菌分别进行了生防测定.结果显示,白粉寄生孢不同菌株对白粉病病菌的寄生效果和控制作用各异.在白粉寄生孢的不同菌株中,AQ40、AQ9、AQ117对控制温室黄瓜白粉病具有较好的效果,而AQGA-22、AQ13、AQB15-20对控制苹果白粉病的效果较好.表明这些菌株对黄瓜白粉病和苹果白粉病具有一定的选择性和较好的生防应用潜力.     

白粉寄生孢生物学特性及其生防应用研究进展

白粉寄生孢Ampelomyces quisqualis是寄生在白粉菌上的一种重寄生菌,作为白粉菌的生防因子,一直受到人们普遍关注。本文从白粉寄生孢的生物学形态、分类、寄主范围、最佳生长条件、分离鉴定以及生防效果和应用前景等方面进行论述,提出了目前白粉寄生孢研究中存在的一些问题以及今后的研究重点,并对白粉寄生孢的生防效果及应用前景进行讨论。     

秦岭地区白粉寄生孢的自然分布和生物学特性

为了明确我国秦岭地区白粉菌寄生孢的资源状况并进一步筛选开发对植物白粉病具有生防潜力的菌株,作者于2002～2003年对秦岭地区陕西境内的秦岭北坡、渭河两岸及渭北旱原三个不同生境内白粉菌侵染植株标样上的白粉寄生孢Ampelomyces quisqualis进行了自然分布和生物学特性研究。在白粉菌侵染的旋花科、伞形科、唇型科、菊科、车前科、蓼科、十字花科、豆科、鸭跖草科、凤仙花科、葫芦科、锦葵科、玄参科、蔷薇科、大戟科、茄科、卫矛科、葡萄科、木通科、槭树科、蝶形花亚科等21科(亚科)植物的1145份标样中发现白粉寄生孢菌株39个。白粉寄生孢分离菌株在不同温度、pH值、碳及氮源等条件下的生物学特性测定结果表明:温度为20℃,pH为6.0,采用葡萄糖作碳源及L-甘氨酸作氮源时菌株生长较好。调查结果显示秦岭地区有丰富的白粉寄生孢自然资源,可以进行开发利用,同时生物学特性测定显示出其存在的多种生理类群也为进一步从分子角度研究白粉寄生孢遗传机制,进而从大量菌株中开发用于防治白粉菌的生防制剂提供依据。     

凤仙花白粉寄生孢的生物学特性

对凤仙花白粉寄生孢生物学特性研究表明：凤仙花白粉寄生孢生长温度为10～30℃，pH值为5～10；最适生长及产孢温度为20℃，pH值为7。有利于菌落生长的碳、氮源分别为葡萄糖、乳糖和蛋白胨；乳糖和牛肉膏最适于其产孢。光照对菌落生长及孢子产生有明显促进作用。以乳糖作为碳源，牛肉膏作为氮源的察氏培养基有利于孢子的产生。     

白粉菌重寄生菌的分离鉴定及其生防效果初评

从新疆石河子地区3种花卉上采集的150份白粉病株样本中分离出白粉菌重寄生真菌,对代表性菌株进行形态特征观察与ITS-rDNA序列分析：分离物的分生孢子器深棕色,多聚生,大小为（40.66～82.92）μm×（34.65～63.05）μm;分生孢子单胞、无色,两端含油球,大小为（3.88～5.67）μm×（2.19～2.75）μm;菌株的ITS-rDNA序列与Ampelomyces quisqualis序列的同源性达94%～100%,由此将其鉴定为白粉寄生孢（A. quisqualis）。测定该菌对荷兰菊白粉病菌的重寄生效能及控病效果,发现供试的12个菌株均可寄生于荷兰菊白粉病菌上,平均重寄生指数为26.21;菌株As-81和Rh-60对白粉病的防效较好,分别为46.62%和46.15%。     

桑里白粉病菌重寄生真菌的分离与鉴定

为了解桑里白粉病菌的重寄生真菌种类,通过分离和寄生性验证,获得2个桑里白粉病菌重寄生真菌菌株HP8和HP9,这两个菌株寄生闭囊壳后,子囊及子囊孢子溃解.菌株HP8菌落绿色,菌丝体无色至褐色,菌丝有隔膜,分生孢子梗结节状膨大,分生孢子椭圆形、单胞、褐色或无色,ITS序列(MT463536)与尖孢枝孢Cladosporiu...     

白粉病菌重寄生物——粉霉芽枝孢

寄生于枫杨白粉病菌上的重寄生物,经过调查研究,确定为芽枝孢(Cladosporium)的一个种。经与近似的重寄生芽枝孢比较,存在形态上和培养特性方面的区别,因此,确定应另立新种,称为粉霉芽枝孢(C.erysiphicola sp.nov.)。该菌不但能寄生于枫杨白粉病菌上,还能侵染枸杞白粉病菌及小麦白粉病菌等。对上述几种白粉病菌分生孢子的侵染,出现穿入孢子、缠绕菌丝、腐蚀孢子及使孢子萎缩等现象,有希望作为一种生物防治剂。该菌在培养基PSA及PDA上生长繁殖良好,其分生孢子除在不同营养液中萌发外,在蒸馏水中也能萌发。萌发的温度在27℃左右。     

河南省西部山区小麦白粉菌群体遗传多样性分析

为揭示河南省小麦白粉菌群体遗传结构、起源及进化关系,采用简单重复序列区间(inter-simple sequence repeats,ISSR)和扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)分子标记技术对河南省西部山区4个小麦产区的35个小麦白粉菌单孢分离菌株进行了群体遗传多样性分析。结果显示:ISSR和AFLP分析均将35个菌株分为3个组,组Ⅰ包括来自卢氏和灵宝的大部分菌株;组Ⅱ包括来自栾川、卢氏和巩义的菌株;组Ⅲ由4个地区的个别菌株组成,同时包含1个闭囊壳释放子囊孢子获得的菌株。ISSR分析出菌株遗传距离分布在0.0139～0.6592之间,扩增多态性比率为64.83%,各菌株间的Shannon指数为0.2749;而AFLP分析所得的各菌株遗传距离变化幅度在0.1257～0.9322之间,扩增多态性比率为82.68%,各菌株间的Shannon指数为0.5100。可见,河南省小麦白粉菌具有丰富的遗传多样性,研究所用的2种方法均可用于遗传多样性分析,其中AFLP分析小麦白粉菌群体表现出更为丰富的遗传多样性。     

河南省小麦白粉病菌生理小种及其致病性测定

1990—1991年,于小麦生长季节从河南省14个县(市)采集了126个白粉菌株。根据9个鉴别寄主的抗感反应进行小种划分,并用毒性公式和八进制法编码。结果表明,15号小种的频率最高,达17.46%,与国内其它地区的结果基本一致。但对鉴别寄主毒力频率分析发现不同年份及地区间,小麦白粉菌群体有较大差异;而且同小种不同菌株对豫麦2号等10个推广品种的致病性存在明显差异。原因在于传统小种鉴定方法存在较大弊端,现行鉴别寄主中与生产基本无关的高抗品种较多,缺乏代表性的生产品种,不能准确反映当地小麦品种与当地白粉菌群体问的互作。提出应对鉴别寄主予以修改,或用病菌群体毒性基因结构测定代替优势小种分析,以提高研究结果的实用性。     

Assessing the virulence of four bark beetle-associated bluestain fungi using Norway spruce seedlings

The virulence of two isolates of each of four different bark beetle-associated bluestain fungi was evaluated by wound-inoculating 2- and 4-year-old Norway spruce seedlings. One isolate of Ceratocystis polonica killed 40% of the 2-year-old plants and 20% of the 4-year-old plants, whereas the other fungi ( Ophiostoma piceae , Ophiostoma sp., an unidentified fungus with dark sterile mycelium) and the control treatments (inoculation with sterile agar and unwounded plants) did not kill any plants during the 11-week incubation period. Only C. polonica and the Ophiostoma sp. caused any bluestain of the sapwood. The two C. polonica isolates caused significantly deeper bluestain penetration into the sapwood and longer necrotic lesions on the sapwood surface than all other isolates. The symptoms caused by the other fungi were similar to those on the sterile inoculated control plants. The virulence of the fungal isolates tested in this study agrees largely with results from a previous mass inoculation study using the same isolates inoculated into 40-year-old Norway spruce trees. Thus, inoculation of seedlings seems to be a reliable, inexpensive and convenient bioassay for determining the virulence of bark beetle-associated bluestain fungi.     

华南瓜类疫霉种群的致病力及其寄主嗜好性

2007—2010年从广西、广东两省(区)9个样区采集冬瓜、黄瓜疫病显症植株,经分离纯化鉴定共获得193株瓜类疫霉。采用菌丝块无伤接种法,将菌株接种冬瓜和黄瓜,测定、比较其对供试寄主植物的致病力及其寄主嗜好性。结果表明,病原群体对寄主植物冬瓜和黄瓜的致病力均存在明显分化现象,可分为强致病力、中等致病力及弱致病力3大类群;来自不同地区的瓜类疫霉对寄主植物冬瓜和黄瓜的致病力明显不同,多数样区以强致病力菌株占优势。瓜类疫霉种群中存在3种寄主嗜好型菌株,A型菌株对冬瓜和黄瓜均表现强致病力,与原始分离寄主无关;B型菌株仅对原始分离寄主冬瓜表现强致病力,而对黄瓜则表现为弱或中等致病力;C型菌株仅对原始分离寄主黄瓜表现强致病力,而对冬瓜则表现为弱或中等致病力。     

苎麻疫霉寄生专化性研究

 从棉铃、棉苗、构树、苧麻等植物上分离的苧麻疫霉(Phytophthora boehmeriae)菌株对上述各寄主植物进行交互接种测定致病性结果表明,分离自上述寄主植物的苧麻疫霉菌株对上述3种植物均能致病,表明不同寄主来源的苧麻疫霉菌株间致病性不存在对寄主植物的寄主专化性,但对各寄主植物的致病力有一定差异。此外,分离自棉苗和棉铃的苧麻疫霉各菌株对棉苗和棉铃具有相似的致病力;分离自构树的菌株多次接种棉苗后致病力逐渐增强,初步认为构树是棉疫病菌的野生寄主。     

Molecular characterization and biological response to respiration inhibitors of Pyricularia isolates from ctenanthe and rice plants

The molecular profile and the biological response of isolates of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara obtained from ctenanthe to two strobilurins (azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl) and the phenylpyridinamine fungicide fluazinam were characterized, and compared with isolates from rice plants. Five different isozymes (alpha-esterase, lactate, malate, isocitrate and sorbitol dehydrogenases) and five random decamer primers for RAPD-PCR were used to generate molecular markers. Using unweighted pair-group with arithmetic average analysis, ctenanthe isolates were found to form a separate group distinct from that of the rice isolates for both sets of markers. Amplified polymorphic sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b that were digested with Fnu4HI or StyI revealed no differences among Pyricularia isolates at amino acid positions 143 or 129 which confer resistance to strobilurins in several fungi. In absence of the alternative respiration inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) the three fungicides showed inferior and variable efficacy, with a trend toward the rice isolate being less sensitive. The addition of SHAM enhanced the effectiveness of all fungicides against isolates regardless of their origin. Appressorium formation was the most vulnerable target of action of the respiration inhibitors and azoxystrobin the most effective. This is the first report of a comparison between the molecular profiles and sensitivities to respiration inhibitors for Pyricularia oryzae isolates from a non-gramineous host and from rice.     

Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with desert ephemeral plants in Gurbantunggut Desert

Previous studies documented that most desert plants can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi,however,little is known about how the dynamics of AM fungi are related to ephemerals in desert ecosystems.The dynamics of AM fungi with desert ephemerals were examined to determine the effects of host plant life stages on the development of AM fungi.Mean colonization of ephemeral annual plants was 45% lower than that of ephemeral perennial plants.The colonizations were much higher in the early part of the growing season than in later parts,peaking at flowering times.The phenology of AM fungi in root systems varied among different ephemerals.The density of AM fungal spores increased with the development of ephemeral annual plants,reached its maximum at flowering times,and then plateaued about 20 days after the aboveground senescence.A significant positive correlation was found between AM fungi spore density and biomass of ephemeral annual plants.The life cycles of AM fungi associated with desert ephemerals were very short,being about 60-70 days.Soil temperature and water content had no direct influence on the development of AM fungal spores.We concluded that the development of AM fungi was in response to desert ephemeral phenology and life history strategy.     

锈菌效应子的研究现状与展望

锈菌是最大的一类植物病原真菌,由其引起的病害严重威胁着全球农业生产安全。锈菌作为活体营养寄生菌,在其与寄主互作过程中会分泌大量效应子以促进其侵染。开展病菌效应子调控寄主免疫机制的研究将为锈病持久绿色防控提供理论依据。该文主要针对锈菌效应子的功能及其调控寄主免疫机制方面的研究进行了概述,并对锈菌效应子今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

Most Colletotrichum species associated with tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) and mango (Mangifera indica) crops are not host‐specific

An important constraint for crop production in Colombia is the high incidence of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species. Although several studies have focused on these fungi, the relationship between the different fungal species within the genus and their hosts and whether they display any host preference or host specificity has yet to be examined. In Colombia, diseases caused by Colletotrichum species are particularly severe in mango (Mangifera indica) and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) crops. In a previous investigation, the Colletotrichum phylogenetic species attacking these crops were identified. The present study aimed to determine whether isolates collected from tree tomato and mango showed host preference or host specificity by assessing aggressiveness, spore density, latent period, and fitness of each strain on the two hosts. In the departments of Cundinamarca and Tolima, Colombia, isolates were collected from plants that presented typical anthracnose symptoms and were identified as C. acutatum, C. asianum, C. boninense, C. gloeosporioides, C. tamarilloi and C. theobromicola. Inoculation of conidia of each isolate onto both hosts showed isolates had no host preference and only the C. gloeosporioides isolate showed host specificity. However, in general, isolates produced a higher spore density when inoculated on the alternate host, which may indicate a difference in the degree of adaptation to each host. Statistical analyses of the assessed parameter values revealed that isolates use different infection strategies when infecting each host. In light of these results, the implications of using quantitative estimations of fitness when studying fungal pathogens are discussed.     

Molecular characterization of fungal endophytic morphospecies isolated from stems and pods of Theobroma cacao

Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy stems and pods of cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) trees in natural forest ecosystems and agroecosystems in Latin America and West Africa. These fungi were collected for screening as a potential source of biocontrol agents for the basidiomycetous pathogens of cacao in South and Central America, Moniliophthora roreri (frosty pod rot) and Moniliophthora perniciosa (witches' broom). Many of these isolates were morphologically unidentifiable as they failed to form fruiting structures in culture, or only produced arthrosporic stages. Affinities with basidiomycetes were suspected for many of these based on colony morphology. Fifty-nine of these morphologically unidentifiable isolates were selected for molecular identification by DNA extraction and sequence analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The large subunit (LSU) was chosen for initial sequencing because this region has been used most often for molecular systematics of basidiomycete fungi, and comprehensive LSU datasets were already available for sequence analyses. Results confirmed that the majority of the isolates tested belonged to the Basidiomycota, particularly to corticoid and polyporoid taxa. With LSU data alone, identification of the isolates was resolved at varying taxonomic levels (all to order, most to family, and many to genus). Some of the isolates came from rarely isolated genera, such as Byssomerulius , whilst the most commonly isolated basidiomycetous endophyte was a member of the cosmopolitan genus Coprinellus (Agaricales). The role of these fungi within the host and their potential as biological control agents are discussed.     

Pathogenicity,host specificity and anastomosis groups ofRhizoctonia spp. isolated from soils in Israel

One hundred and twenty-nine isolates ofRhizoctonia spp. were obtained from soil samples in Israel and from culture collections in the U.S.A. and Japan. The isolates varied in host range and disease severity when tested on six to eleven different host plants. Approximately 30% of the isolates were nonpathogenic to all the host plants tested. Mycelial growth rate of the nonpathogenic strains did not differ significantly from that of the virulent isolates. The 107 Israeli isolates represented anastomosis groups (AG) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ofR, solani, two groups ofR. zeae, and three groups of binucleateRhizoctonia AG: A, F and K.     

基于环介导等温扩增技术检测雪松疫霉根腐病菌

雪松疫霉根腐病菌(Phytophthora lateralis Tucker et Milbrath)是一种重要的毁灭性植物病原菌,也是我国进境植物检疫性有害生物。目前,我国未有该病害发生的报道,为了防止P.lateralis的传入和扩散,需对其进行快速、准确的检测。本文利用环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP),以Ypt1基因为靶标序列,设计LAMP特异性引物,建立LAMP反应体系,并对灵敏度和特异性进行检测。结果表明:整个检测过程仅需80 min,即可通过肉眼观察直接判定检测结果。在特异性检测中,P.lateralis菌株都能观察到天蓝色的阳性反应,而其他疫霉菌和真菌供试菌株均呈阴性反应。在灵敏度检测中,最低检测限为100 pg/μL。该方法的建立为P.lateralis的检疫鉴定及其所致病害的快速诊断提供了新技术。