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通过田间小区试验评价了前期筛选的几种适用“播喷同步”的封闭除草剂对水稻的安全性及对直播田杂草的防效, 明确了“播喷同步”技术与常规播后4 d封闭的差异, 以及施药时期×除草剂种类交互作用及对控草效果的影响, 优化水稻直播田杂草防控策略?试验结果表明, 播种当天(播喷同步)或播种后4 d(常规方法)喷施120 g/L噁草酮EC 360 g/hm2+10%苄嘧磺隆WP 30 g/hm2(有效剂量, 下同)?33%嗪吡嘧磺隆WG 74.25 g/hm2+300 g/L丙草胺EC 450 g/hm2?60%丁草胺EC 1 350 g/hm2+10%吡嘧磺隆WP 30 g/hm2?35%吡嘧·嘧草·丙OD 525 g/hm2?300 g/L丙草胺EC 450 g/hm2+10%苄嘧磺隆WP 30 g/hm2, 5组除草剂处理对直播稻均无可见药害, 各“播喷同步”处理的杂草防除效果不低于常规播后4 d用药; 同步喷施33%嗪吡嘧磺隆WG+300 g/L丙草胺EC防效最高, 药后35 d对禾本科?莎草科?阔叶草防效达到98.3%及以上; 水稻直播4 d后喷药, 水稻成苗率提高但 35 d 的禾本科杂草防效低, 33%嗪吡嘧磺隆WG+300 g/L丙草胺EC处理受喷药时间影响小; 复合双因子方差分析表明, 单一因子会对水稻安全性?杂草防效产生显著影响, 用药时期×除草剂种类交互对水稻安全性无显著影响, 对控草效果影响显著?因此, 直播田封闭除草剂宜尽早施药提高防治效果, 同时应选用安全高效的除草剂, 33%嗪吡嘧磺隆WG+300 g/L丙草胺EC处理, 可于播种当天到播种后4 d内用药, 保障直播田杂草防治效果的同时兼顾水稻安全? 相似文献
3.
研究了新型环烷基磺酰胺类化合物N-(2,4,5-三氯苯基)-2-氧代环己烷基磺酰胺(简称化合物108)对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长、孢子形成和萌发以及菌核产生等不同生育阶段的抑制作用及其对菌丝致病力和形态结构的影响。结果表明:化合物108对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长和孢子形成及孢子萌发具有明显的抑制作用,其EC50值分别为6.90、4.70和4.11μg/mL;菌核形成受到明显抑制,当药剂质量浓度达20μg/mL时,无菌核产生。经化合物108处理后的灰葡萄孢菌丝致病力下降,40μg/mL处理的菌丝致病力显著低于对照。超微结构观察结果表明,化合物108能导致灰葡萄孢菌丝萎缩、塌陷和变形,菌体细胞壁增厚、皱缩及分层。 相似文献
4.
不同生育阶段黄瓜菌核病菌对几种三唑类杀菌剂的敏感性 总被引:3,自引:4,他引:3
采用菌丝生长速率法测定了6种三唑类杀菌剂和4种其他杀菌剂抑制黄瓜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.)de Bary菌丝生长的毒力,同时测定了其对菌核形成及萌发的抑制作用。结果表明,甲基硫菌灵抑制菌丝生长的毒力最低,EC50值为65.75 μg/mL;己唑醇和戊唑醇的抑制活性较高, EC50值分别为0.09和0.16 μg/mL,毒力分别是甲基硫菌灵的763.7和423.4倍;其次是丙环唑、氟硅唑、腈菌唑,毒力是甲基硫菌灵的137.3~286.6倍;再次为三唑酮,毒力仅为甲 基硫菌灵的20.6倍;腐霉利、菌毒清抑制菌丝生长的毒力较低,EC50值均大于10 μg/mL。在EC50值 浓度下,所有供试药剂对菌核形成及其数量均没有影响,但三唑类杀菌剂对菌核单重影响较大,各处理所形成的菌核单重降低率均在70%以上;而当药剂浓度在10 μg/mL以下时,己唑醇等三唑类杀菌剂对菌核萌发均没有影响。 相似文献
5.
三种除草剂对大型溞Daphnia magna存活、生长和繁殖的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了制定除草剂在水环境中的允许浓度和排放标准,参照美国公共卫生协会等编著的《水和废水标准检验法》以及我国制定的大型溞Daphnia magna毒性测定方法,进行了丁草胺、吡嘧磺隆、苄嘧磺隆 3种稻田常用除草剂对大型溞的21 d慢性毒性试验。结果发现:随着除草剂浓度的升高,大型溞的产前发育期、产幼间隔期均缩短,每胎产幼数量先增加后减少;丁草胺各浓度处理组中,内禀增长率(rm)在0.157 2~0.314 0 d-1之间,变化较大;吡嘧磺隆各个浓度组的rm相对平稳, 为0.206 6~0.276 8 d-1;大型溞在苄嘧磺隆处理组中的rm比在其他两种除草剂中的高,为0.334 1 ~0.397 1 d-1。在丁草胺处理组中,大型溞的日生殖量较少,低于吡嘧磺隆和苄嘧磺隆处理组。 相似文献
6.
几种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对核盘菌的抗菌活性 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
采用菌丝生长速率法测定了5种阳离子表面活性剂对从染病黄瓜植株上分离的核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum菌丝生长的毒力,及其对菌丝形态、生物量、菌核形成及萌发和菌体细胞膜透性的影响。结果表明,十二烷基苄基二甲基氯化铵抑制菌丝生长的毒力较高,EC50值为3.92 μg/mL,与杀菌剂乙霉威毒力相当;经阳离子表面活性剂处理后,菌丝粗壮且呈念珠状;随药剂浓度的增大,菌丝生长受抑制的程度增加,菌丝生物量降低率可达90%以上;在阳离子表面活性剂的作用下,菌核的数量与空白对照相比有所减少,但质量略有增加,而腐霉利处理菌核数量无明显变化,但质量明显减少;5种阳离子表面活性剂在10 000 μg/mL浓度下均不能完全抑制菌核萌发,而对照药剂腐霉利和嘧霉胺在200 μg/mL即可完全抑制菌核萌发。 相似文献
7.
三种杀菌剂对牡丹黑斑病菌菌丝生长及分生孢子萌发的影响 总被引:8,自引:5,他引:3
为筛选防治牡丹黑斑病的化学药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法和涂布平板法分别测定了多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯对牡丹黑斑病菌菌丝生长的抑制活性及对分生孢子萌发和形成的影响。结果表明:苯醚甲环唑对菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,有效中浓度EC50仅为0.30 μg/mL,其次为嘧菌酯6.34 μg/mL和多菌灵92.18 μg/mL;多菌灵可显著降低分生孢子的萌发速率,而苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯对孢子萌发的抑制作用较弱,可使分生孢子及芽管发生畸形,并改变分生孢子的萌发方式;3种药剂均可显著抑制芽管的伸长生长,推迟病菌分生孢子梗的形成时间,但对分生孢子的产生数量无显著影响。多菌灵可作为保护剂在病害发生前期使用,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯可在病害发生期轮换使用。 相似文献
8.
嘧菌酯对油菜菌核病菌的抗菌活性及抗菌机制研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
测定了嘧菌酯对油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum菌丝生长、菌核产生和菌丝呼吸作用的影响。结果表明,嘧菌酯对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长具有明显的抑制作用,且药剂处理浓度在1.0 μg/mL 时能显著抑制其菌核产量。旁路氧化酶专化抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)对嘧菌酯的抗菌活性有显著的协同作用,协同增效系数达到3.27~14.13倍。药剂处理后48 h内,嘧菌酯抑制菌丝生长的剂量曲线与抑制菌丝呼吸的耗氧速率曲线趋势相似;48 h以后,单位质量菌丝耗氧速率上升,且高于空白对照,而菌丝的生长量并没有增加,表明菌丝体正常呼吸作用受嘧菌酯抑制48 h 后会发生耗氧增强的生理应急反应。水杨肟酸在嘧菌酯处理后1 h内对菌丝呼吸没有抑制作用,但在嘧菌酯处理1 h后对菌丝呼吸表现为抑制作用,表明油菜菌核病菌菌丝在以细胞色素为载体的呼吸链的电子传递受到嘧菌酯阻断后,可以诱导耗氧更高的旁路氧化途径。 相似文献
9.
《广西植保》2017,(4)
采用菌丝生长速率法,测定70%甲基硫菌灵WP、80%代森锰锌WP、250g/L吡唑醚菌酯EC、10%苯醚甲环唑WG、250 g/L咪鲜胺EC、250 g/L嘧菌酯SC和250 g/L丙环唑EC 7种杀菌剂对樟树溃疡病病原菌的菌丝生长抑制效果。结果表明,当有效成分浓度为0.80μg/m L时,供试药剂对樟树溃疡病病原菌的菌丝生长均有抑制作用,其中250 g/L咪鲜胺EC的效果最好,抑制率达100%,显著高于其他药剂的效果。甲基硫菌灵、吡唑醚菌酯、嘧菌酯、丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑和代森锰锌的抑菌效果分别为59.64%、57.22%、46.40%、36.54%、19.27%和2.62%。 相似文献
10.
从2004年开始,延边地区稻田大量发生抗磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆的抗药性生态型雨久花。为解析其抗药性突变机制,采用离体法测定了抗、感性雨久花乙酰乳酸合成酶活性。结果表明,抑制抗、感性雨久花乙酰乳酸合成酶活性50%的苄嘧磺隆剂量为253.44×10-7mol/L和2.80×10-7mol/L;抑制抗、感性雨久花乙酰乳酸合成酶活性50%的吡嘧磺隆剂量为1802.15×10-7mol/L和20.85×10-7mol/L。抗药性雨久花对苄嘧磺隆和吡嘧磺隆的抗性系数(RI50/SI50)值分别为90.6和86.5,并存在交互抗药性。确认抗药性突变系由其乙酰乳酸合成酶对磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆反应钝化所致。 相似文献
11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
12.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented,
including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006. 相似文献
14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
David R. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(3):195-219
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. 相似文献
15.
M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
16.
B. Blanco-Urgoiti M. Tribodet S. Leclere F. Ponz C. Pérez de san román F.J. Legorburu C. Kerlan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):811-819
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5
end within the PVYN strain. 相似文献
17.
L. Blommers H. Helsen F. Vaal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(2):95-103
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed. 相似文献
18.
Paul W. J. Taylor Rebecca Ford 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):127-133
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection
in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However,
where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas.
Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based
on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences
in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes
is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult
for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs
to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for
each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within
populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes. 相似文献
19.
F. K. Crutcher M. A. Henry‐Gregory H. H. Wilkinson S. E. Duke T. Wheeler C. M. Kenerley 《Plant pathology》2018,67(4):839-847
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population. 相似文献
20.
Pedro W. Crous J.Z. Groenewald Walter Gams 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(8):841-850
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov. 相似文献