中草药复方添加剂对肉仔鸡血液生化指标的影响

选用225只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡,随机分为5组,每处理3个重复,每重复15只。基础日粮为玉米-豆粕型,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的中草药复方添加剂,进行为期6周的饲养试验,观察其对肉仔鸡血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加该方剂对肉仔鸡血液生化指标均有不同程度地影响,能不同程度地降低肉仔鸡的血清GPT、GOT活性及UN浓度,但均未达显著水平;显著降低了UA浓度;显著影响了血液中TC、TG3、HDL-C和LDL-C的含量,且随着中草药添加水平的升高,TC、TG3、LDL-C含量有下降的趋势,而HDL-C则显著升高。     

紫苏醇对肉仔鸡生长性能、腹脂沉积、肝脏脂质代谢及屠宰性能的影响

试验旨在研究高脂饲粮中添加紫苏醇对黄羽肉仔鸡生长性能、腹脂沉积、肝脏脂质代谢及屠宰性能的影响。选取1日龄肉仔鸡45只,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复5只鸡。3组分别饲喂基础饲粮、高脂饲粮以及添加1 g/kg紫苏醇的高脂饲粮。预试期7 d,正式试验期15 d。结果显示,与高脂饲粮组相比,添加紫苏醇对肉仔鸡末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比及肠道长度无显著影响（P>0.05）;紫苏醇显著降低了肉仔鸡的腹脂率（P<0.05）,使脂肪细胞变小;紫苏醇显著降低了肝脏中甘油三酯（TG）和胆固醇（TC）含量（P<0.05）,提高了血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）含量（P<0.05）,降低了血清TG、TC和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量（P<0.05）;紫苏醇提高了肝脏脂质代谢相关基因过氧化物酶增殖激活受体α (Pparα)、肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1 (Cpt1)和载脂蛋白A1 (Apoa1)的相对表达量,降低了载脂蛋白B (Apob)基因的相对表达量（P<0.05）;紫苏醇显著提高了肉仔鸡的屠宰率、胸肌率和瘦肉率,降低了皮下脂肪厚度和肌间脂肪宽度（P...     

姜黄素对肉鸡生产性能和生化指标的影响

将商品代艾维茵肉仔鸡120只,随机分成4组,每组设3个重复,每个重复10只,通过饲喂添加姜黄素的日粮(对照组饲喂基础日粮)研究试验鸡生产性能及各项生化指标的影响。试验期为6周。研究结果表明,在肉仔鸡日粮中添加适量姜黄素能提高肉仔鸡活重、全净膛重、屠宰率、及胸肌、腿肌的增重,降低料重比,并且添加适量的姜黄素能显著降低肉鸡血清总脂、TC、TG、LDL-C含量,降低鸡肌肉和肝脏中TC、TG的含量。在3个试验组中尤以200 mg/kg姜黄素添加量作用效果最为明显。     

赶黄草提取物对肉仔鸡生长性能及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究赶黄草提取物对肉仔鸡生长性能及血液生化指标的影响。试验选用1日龄肉仔鸡300只,随机分为5组,每组 3个重复,每个重复20只,试验Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅱ组在基础日粮中添加0.1%麝香草酚,试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.1% 、0.2%、0.4%的赶黄草提取物,试验期35 d,分别于21、35 d测定肉仔鸡的生长性能和血液生化指标。结果表明,赶黄草提取物可使21 d以后肉仔鸡的日增重提高,效果优于麝香草酚。21 d时,与试验Ⅰ组相比,添加0.4％赶黄草提取物可显著提高血清球蛋白(GLO)含量(P<0.05),降低谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活性(P<0.05),极显著降低胆固醇(TC)含量(P<0.01)。35 d时,试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ组分别显著提高血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、尿酸(UA)含量(P<0.05),极显著提高球蛋白(GLO)、高密度脂蛋白含量 (HDL-C)(P<0.01),极显著降低血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG3)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C) 及谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活性(P<0.01)。     

中草药方剂对肉仔鸡肌肉营养成分的影响

试验选择270羽1日龄艾维茵肉鸡,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复15羽。基础日粮为玉米-豆粕型,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加杆菌肽锌0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的中草药复方添加剂,进行为期6周的饲养试验,观察其对肉仔鸡肌肉营养成分的影响。结果表明,该中草药方剂能不同程度地提高肉仔鸡的肌肉营养成分及肌苷酸的含量,降低肉中胆固醇含量,以1.5%添加效果最佳。     

苜蓿总甙对肉仔鸡生长性能、血脂及胴体品质的影响

本文研究了苜蓿总甙对肉仔鸡生长性能、血脂及胴体品质影响。试验选择健康1日龄商品代AA肉鸡96只,随机分成对照、试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组,每组4个重复,每个重复8只鸡。试验期49天。0～3周龄阶段,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组均饲喂基础日粮+0.1%苜蓿总甙;4～6和7周龄阶段,Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮+0.1%苜蓿总甙,Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮+0.2%苜蓿总甙。试验结果表明:(1)添加苜蓿总甙除4～6周龄Ⅰ组肉仔鸡采食量显著低于Ⅱ组(P<0.01)和对照组(P<0.05)外,其它各组各阶段生长性能差异均不显著(P>0.05);(2)添加苜蓿总甙显著降低肉仔鸡血清TC、TG和LDL-C水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),显著提高HDL-C水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),而两个苜蓿总甙添加水平之间未见显著差异(P>0.05);(3)添加苜蓿总甙显著降低肉仔鸡腹脂率(P<0.05),并不同程度地提高肉仔鸡屠宰率、胸肌率和腿肌率。     

中草药对肉仔鸡胆固醇代谢的影响

选取 1日龄AA鸡 2 16只 ,随机分为 6组 ,对照组饲喂基础日粮 ,试验组日粮分别为基础日粮添加 1%陈皮、1%山楂、1%决明子、1%绞股蓝和 5 0mg/kg大蒜素。结果表明 :决明子和大蒜素使 6～ 8周龄肉仔鸡的活重、全净膛重和日增重显著提高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;山楂、决明子和大蒜素能明显降低肉仔鸡血清TC ,TG ,VLDL和LDL(P <0 .0 5 ) ,显著升高血清HDL(P <0 .0 5 ) ;决明子和大蒜素显著降低肉仔鸡胸腿肌TC和TG(P <0 .0 5 ) ;决明子和大蒜素抑制肉仔鸡胆固醇代谢作用最显著 ,可作为本试验所选目的中草药。     

树舌液体深层发酵浸膏对肉鸡胆固醇影响的研究

为了研究树舌液体深层发酵浸膏(GAC)对肉鸡血清、肌肉、肝脏、粪便中胆固醇含量及胆汁酸排出量的影响,试验选用225只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为5组,分别是空白组(基础日粮)、抗生素组(基础日粮中添加5 mg/kg黄霉素)及3个GAC剂量组(基础日粮中添加0.05%、0.1%和0.2%多糖含量的GAC),每组设3个重复,每个重复15只肉鸡,试验期为42 d。结果表明:肉鸡饲料中添加不同剂量的GAC可显著降低血液总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平(P0.05),显著升高血液高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平(P0.05);显著降低肉鸡腿肌、胸肌和肝脏中胆固醇含量(P0.05),增加肉鸡粪便中胆固醇含量和胆汁酸的排泄量。说明在肉鸡饲料中添加GAC可通过增加肉鸡粪便中胆固醇和胆汁酸的排泄,从而降低肉鸡胸肌、腿肌和肝脏中胆固醇含量,其中GAC的最佳添加量为0.1%。     

高能量低蛋白质日粮中添加生物素对蛋鸡脂类代谢的影响

选用300日龄健康海蓝褐蛋鸡90羽,随机分为对照组、病理组、防治组3组（每组3个重复,每个重复10只）,分别饲喂正常日粮（代谢能11.30MJ/kg,粗蛋白质17.00%）、高能量低蛋白质日粮（代谢能12.81MJ/kg,粗蛋白质12.90%）和添加0.3mg/kg生物素的高能量低蛋白质日粮,试验期60d,分别于试验的1,30,60d,每组选取体质量相近的试验蛋鸡6羽,采血制备血清和采集肝脏样品及腹脂,测定血脂含量、肝脂率和腹脂率,观察其病理学变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验30,60d,高能量低蛋白质日粮组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C含量显著降低,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著升高,肝脂肪变性明显。试验30d,与对照组比较,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C、TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率差异不显著,肝脏脂肪变性不明显;与高能量低蛋白质日粮组比较,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C含量显著升高,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著降低。60d时,与对照组相比,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C显著降低,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著升高,肝脏呈现一定的脂肪变性;与高能量低蛋白质日粮组比较,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C含量显著升高,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著降低。结果提示,采用高能低蛋白日粮饲喂蛋鸡可以成功的建立蛋鸡脂肪肝出血征病理模型;在高能量低蛋白质日粮中添加0.3mg/kg生物素后,可显著影响蛋鸡的脂肪肝出血征蛋鸡脂类代谢,一定程度上对其具有预防作用。     

溶血卵磷脂对肉仔鸡脂类代谢的影响

选200羽1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分成对照组和试验组(每组10个重复),试验组日粮添加0.1%溶血卵磷脂,研究溶血卵磷脂对肉鸡脂类代谢的影响。结果表明:溶血卵磷脂降低肝脏系数和肝脂率(P>0.05)、血清总甘油三酯与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)(P>0.05)、LDL-C/HDL-C和葡萄糖含量(P<0.05),提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和游离脂肪酸含量(P<0.05),上调肉仔鸡肝脏载脂蛋白B(P<0.01)和脂肪酸合成酶(P=0.155)mRNA表达水平;而对肉仔鸡的42日龄体重、腹脂率、皮下脂肪厚、肌间脂肪厚、腿肌和胸肌含脂率以及血清总胆固醇、三碘甲腺原氨酸、四碘甲腺原氨酸、促甲状腺激素刺激激素和胰岛素含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示:溶血卵磷脂对肉仔鸡有减少肝脂肪沉积及降血脂作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein