人类胚胎干细胞研究述评

对人类胚胎干细胞(hESCs)的来源、培养方法、建系条件、生物学特性和鉴定方法、遗传操作及其需解决的问题进行了讨论。提出目前研究的重点在于揭示维持ES细胞多能性和自我更新的机理,进一步优化人类和其他哺乳动物类ES细胞的分离、培养、建系方法,探讨其定向分化机理,建立胚胎干细胞(ESCs)和胚胎生殖细胞(EGCs)的大规模快速扩增技术;完善hESCs向重要功能细胞(生殖细胞)分化的体系;单细胞比对分析ESCs、畸胎瘤细胞(ECSs)、EGCs、类胚体(EBs)、各级生殖细胞和成体细胞的基因及蛋白表达图谱,以探求生殖细胞、成体细胞、ESCs、ECSs、EGCs的本质区别,积极开展将ES细胞用于治疗人类疾病模型的研究。     

ICR小鼠胚胎干细胞的分离、培养及鉴定

以小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞为饲养层,收集受孕3.5 d ICR小鼠的囊胚和桑椹胚进行培养,筛选纯化ES细胞集落,使其稳定传代后,对其形态学和生物学性状进行初步鉴定。结果表明,ES细胞有其典型的形态学特征:集落呈鸟巢状,边缘清楚,表面平滑,结构致密,隆起生长,细胞之间界限不清楚;单个细胞体积小、核大;对ES细胞碱性磷酸酶进行检测,在AKP底物NBT、BCIP作用下,未分化的ES细胞显微镜下为黄褐色,分化的不着色;核型鉴定表明ES细胞具有正常的二倍体核型。     

Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts

Patient-specific, immune-matched human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are anticipated to be of great biomedical importance for studies of disease and development and to advance clinical deliberations regarding stem cell transplantation. Eleven hESC lines were established by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) of skin cells from patients with disease or injury into donated oocytes. These lines, nuclear transfer (NT)-hESCs, grown on human feeders from the same NT donor or from genetically unrelated individuals, were established at high rates, regardless of NT donor sex or age. NT-hESCs were pluripotent, chromosomally normal, and matched the NT patient's DNA. The major histocompatibility complex identity of each NT-hESC when compared to the patient's own showed immunological compatibility, which is important for eventual transplantation. With the generation of these NT-hESCs, evaluations of genetic and epigenetic stability can be made. Additional work remains to be done regarding the development of reliable directed differentiation and the elimination of remaining animal components. Before clinical use of these cells can occur, preclinical evidence is required to prove that transplantation of differentiated NT-hESCs can be safe, effective, and tolerated.     

Research on Isolation and Clone of Embryonic Stem Cell-Like in Bovine

Bovine embryonic stem cell would be invaluable for researching the aspect of animal cloning, production transgenic animal and discussion of gene function in vitro. With the object of establishing an effective culture system for isolation and clone of bovine pluripotent stem cell, we cultured bovine embryos and mouse embryos including morula blastula and hatached blastula and obtained animal ICM on Primary marine embryonic fibroblast (Primary murine embryonic fibroblast, PMEF) feeder layer with tissue medium(DMEM supplemented with 15ml/100ml NBS ,0.1μmol/L Na2SeO3, 0. 1mmol/L β-mercaptoethanol, 1 000ng/ml LIF,10 ng/ml IGF, 1mmol/L necessary amino acid and 1mmol/L L-glutamine), then, we obtained mouse ICM and bovine ICM. Moreover, we isolated and cloned the 6 passage bovine ES like cells(12 cell lines) and 9 passage marine ES like cells (52 cell lines) deriving from bovine ICM and murine ICM respectively on the feeder layer of PMEF by disaggregating ICM and ES cell clones of bovine and murine into smaller clumps through digesting with 0. 125g/100ml trypsin and 0.02g/100ml EDTA and scattering with a glass needle. The pluripotency of both murine and bovine ES like cells was identified with morphological character, histochemistry identification, karyotype analysis and differentiation of ES cells in vitro or in vivo. This result showed that bovine embryonic stem cell and murine embryonic stem cell had developmental pluripotency.     

Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells

Somatic cell nuclear transfer allows trans-acting factors present in the mammalian oocyte to reprogram somatic cell nuclei to an undifferentiated state. We show that four factors (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28) are sufficient to reprogram human somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells that exhibit the essential characteristics of embryonic stem (ES) cells. These induced pluripotent human stem cells have normal karyotypes, express telomerase activity, express cell surface markers and genes that characterize human ES cells, and maintain the developmental potential to differentiate into advanced derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Such induced pluripotent human cell lines should be useful in the production of new disease models and in drug development, as well as for applications in transplantation medicine, once technical limitations (for example, mutation through viral integration) are eliminated.     

Factors influencing the somatic cell nuclear transfer efficiency in pigs

Using a data set from our laboratory, we assessed the effects of several factors on pig cloning efficiency. The results demonstrated that cells at high confluence (>90%) used as donor cell resulted in higher pregnancy rate, delivery rate and overall cloning efficiency (number of live offspring born per reconstructed embryo transferred to recipients) compared with the cells at 60% to 79% confluence and 80% to 89% confluence. Cells with four, five and six passages compromised the pregnancy and delivery rates compared with first passage cells. The number of blastocysts transferred by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) did not significantly affect the cloning efficiency, but transfer of blastocyst derived from in vitro culture 5 d after SCNT achieved a significantly higher pregnancy rate compared with one to two cell SCNT embryos from overnight culture. The highest pregnancy rate, delivery rate and the largest litter size were obtained when Bama Miniature pig fibroblasts were used as donor cells and Landrace/Yorkshire hybrid gilts were used as recipients. Recipients treated with chemicals for estrus synchronization had higher pregnancy rates compared with untreated recipients. Our data might be helpful for improving SCNT efficiency in pigs.     

G418处理核供体细胞对猪克隆胚胎体外发育效率的影响

【目的】探索G418处理供体细胞对其核移植胚胎发育效率的影响。【方法】利用G418单独处理猪成体成纤维细胞6 d后,收集细胞,利用荧光定量PCR的方法检测处理前后细胞中抗氧化应激、细胞凋亡相关基因的表达水平,运用亚硫酸盐结合测序法分别检测基因组重复序列LINE-1、微卫星的DNA甲基化状态,以及其核移植胚胎体外发育的能力。【结果】经不同质量浓度G418处理的供体细胞的抗氧化应激酶相关基因及细胞凋亡基因表达发生显著变化(P0.05),但其DNA甲基化水平没有发生改变(P0.05);经G418处理的供体细胞的核移植胚胎的体外发育效率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。【结论】G418处理供体细胞可能对其克隆胚胎体外发育效率有抑制作用。     

生产转基因五指山小型猪重构胚条件优化

利用体细胞核移植技术是得到具有优良特征及抗病性五指山小型猪快速有效方法,因此将外源基因安全高效导入到供核细胞至关重要。利用不同转染试剂、转染方法对转染效率进行研究,确定G418筛选浓度。同时利用体细胞核移植技术生产转单体红色荧光蛋白重构胚。结果表明,使用U-023细胞核电转程序能有效介导质粒pCX-mRFP1转染猪耳成纤维细胞,转染率可达到83.33%。确定G418最佳筛选浓度为200μg.mL-1。利用转基因细胞作为核供体生产重构胚卵裂率是83.08%(221/266),囊胚率是11.65%(31/266)。研究结果为生产表达单体红色荧光蛋白五指山小型猪提供参考,从而为人类疾病发病机理研究以及生产人类疾病模型动物奠定了基础。     

通过微量细胞鉴定快速生产基因编辑猪

目的建立快速筛选猪的基因编辑阳性成纤维细胞系的方法以提高利用体细胞核移植产生基因编辑克隆猪的效率。方法通过PCR、T7EN1酶切和Sanger测序分析不同数量的已知猪基因编辑阳性细胞(20、50、100、150和200个细胞)的基因型,确定最小细胞数用于鉴定未知的基因编辑阳性细胞系以证明该方法的可行性。结果除20细胞组外,其他所有细胞组中均扩增出2条明显的T7EN1酶切条带(175和555 bp)。定量数据显示：20细胞组和50细胞组之间的条带灰度值存在极显著差异(P<0.01),因此50细胞可用于基因编辑阳性细胞系鉴定。利用CRISPR/Cas9系统构建IPO13打靶载体,转染猪胎儿成纤维细胞形成细胞克隆点后计数50个细胞来筛选阳性细胞系,再通过体细胞核移植快速生产了IPO13敲除猪,从而证实通过微量细胞鉴定快速生产基因编辑猪的可行性。筛选基因编辑阳性细胞系的一般方法大约需要33.7 d,新建立的方法细胞筛选周期仅为18.9 d (减少15 d),获得阳性细胞系的成功率也提高了约4倍。结论本研究建立了一种通过微量细胞鉴定快速生产基因编辑克隆猪的方法,该方法可行可靠。     

胚胎干细胞与胚胎生殖细胞

胚胎干细胞与胚胎生殖细胞同属于胚胎源的多潜能干细胞。胚胎干细胞是从附置前胚胎内细胞团分离而来的,而胚胎生殖细胞来自胎儿原始生殖细胞。二者在现代生命科学的各个领域都有着广阔的应用前景。对胚胎生殖细胞的特性,胚胎干细胞与胚胎生殖细胞的异同以及二者的应用前景作一综述。     

哺乳动物胚胎干细胞研究进展

胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells, ES)是指从桑椹胚或附植前囊胚内细胞团分离的多潜能细胞,它具有体外培养无限增殖、自我更新和多向分化的特性。无论在体外还是体内环境,ES细胞都能被诱导分化为机体几乎所有的细胞类型。自1981年Evans和Kaufman首次成功分离小鼠ES细胞,国内外研究人员已在仓鼠、大鼠、兔、猪、牛、绵羊、山羊、水貂、恒河猴、美洲长尾猴以及人类都分离获得了ES细胞,而且已经证明小鼠ES细胞可以分化为心肌细胞、造血细胞、卵黄囊细胞、骨髓细胞、平滑肌细胞、脂肪细胞、软骨细胞、成骨细胞、内皮细胞、黑素细胞、神经细胞、神经胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞、淋巴细胞、胰岛细胞、滋养层细胞等。人类ES细胞也可以分化为滋养层细胞、神经细胞、神经胶质细胞、造血细胞、心肌细胞等。ES细胞不仅可以作为体外研究细胞分化和发育调控机制的模型,而且还可以作为一种载体,将通过同源重组产生的基因组的定点突变导入个体,更重要的是,ES细胞将会给人类移植医学带来一场革命。     

原始生殖细胞的人类胚胎干细胞克隆

取材于妊娠终止胚胎生殖腺或生殖嵴及其周围组织,用ＤＭＥＭ＋ＮＣＳ培养液体外培养,分离由人ＰＧＣｓ转化成的类ＥＳ细胞,并将其与同源胚胎成纤维细胞一起用胰蛋白酶＋ＥＤＴＡ的无钙镁ＰＢＳ液消化传代。在原代培养１２ｈ观察到胞体较大、边缘不整、贴壁分裂增殖的ＰＧＣｓ样细胞,４８ｈ后观察到２６处紧密排列呈鸟巢状的类ＥＳ细胞集落及集落团。第６ｄ传代成功,第１６ｄ传至第４代。结果表明,体外培养附植后胚胎能够建成人的类ＥＳ细胞系。     

Stem cell research. Reports give green light in Australia, Israel

BERLIN AND MELBOURNE--After 2 years of deliberation, an Australian government committee has endorsed legislation that would allow both human embryonic stem cell research and the derivation of ES cells from unwanted embryos created during fertility treatments. And in Israel, another country at the forefront of work on ES cells, a national bioethics committee has approved both the derivation of ES cells and research into therapeutic cloning.     

大鼠心肌细胞条件培养基对兔胚胎干细胞分离培养效果的影响

采用大鼠心肌细胞条件培养基对兔胚胎干细胞(Embryonic stem cells,ESC)进行分离、传代培养,研究大鼠心肌细胞条件培养基对兔ESC分离培养效果的影响。结果显示,用SD大鼠心肌细胞条件培养基培养的兔ESC集落呈岛屿状生长,碱性磷酸酶染色呈强阳性,体外分化可形成类胚体状结构,贴壁的类胚体周边会出现许多分化的上皮样细胞或单个散在的细胞;常规冻存后再传代的兔ESC集落具有较为一致的生长特征,并呈现胚胎干细胞集落所特有的岛屿状生长形态;传至第5代的兔ESC集落核型正常率>75％。表明SD大鼠心肌细胞条件培养基可用于兔胚胎干细胞分离培养。     

TSA浓度及处理时间对猪体细胞核移植胚胎体外发育影响

曲古抑菌素A(Trichostatin A,TSA)是一种组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂.有研究表明TSA处理可以提高核移植胚胎的发育率.为探讨TSA对猪核移植胚胎发育的作用,试验重点研究了TSA浓度及处理时间对核移植胚胎体外发育的影响,同时也探索了TSA对不同供核细胞构建的重构胚体外发育的影响.结果表明,40 nmol·L-...     

卵母细胞和供核体细胞质量对牛体细胞核移植效率的影响

将未成熟牛卵母细胞进行体外成熟培养,挤压法去除卵母细胞核,以牛耳成纤维细胞作为供核细胞进行体细胞核移植研究,观察形成囊胚组与未形成囊胚组平均每卵巢获卵数、卵母细胞体外成熟率、供核体细胞细胞传代次数、饥饿天数的差异。结果表明:形成囊胚组平均每卵巢获卵数(4.90枚)和体外成熟率(63.9%)均显著高于未形成囊胚组(分别为4.05枚、48.4%)。形成囊胚组供核体细胞代数(4.7代)和血清饥饿天数(4.7d)与未形成囊胚组(分别为6.1代、4.4d)无显著差异。卵巢质量和卵母细胞质量是决定能否形成克隆囊胚的重要影响因素,在供体细胞传代3～8代、饥饿1～9d的范围内,供体细胞传代次数和血清饥饿处理时间对克隆效率无显著影响。     

延边黄牛体细胞核移植胚胎编码抗氧化酶的基因表达研究

为研究延边黄牛体细胞核移植(SCNT)胚胎编码过氧化氢酶(CAT)、锰超氧化物酶(Mn-SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)的mRNA表达情况,以孤雌激活(PA)胚胎为对照,利用反转录PCR扩增延边黄牛SCNT胚胎编码CAT、Mn-SOD和GPx的mRNA,琼脂糖凝胶电泳后使用计算机软件进行半定量分析。结果显示:延边黄牛SCNT胚胎编码CAT的基因在2细胞期开始表达,且与PA胚胎存在显著差异(P0.05);编码Mn-SOD的基因在8细胞期开始表达,与PA胚胎在16细胞期以上时期差异显著(P0.05);编码GPx的基因在4细胞期开始表达,与PA胚胎在4细胞期差异显著(P0.05),8细胞期以上时期差异不显著(P0.05)。与孤雌激活胚胎的差异表明SCNT胚胎抗氧化酶表达的异常可能是由核移植操作过程所引起的。     

Histocompatible embryonic stem cells by parthenogenesis

Genetically matched pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells generated via nuclear transfer or parthenogenesis (pES cells) are a potential source of histocompatible cells and tissues for transplantation. After parthenogenetic activation of murine oocytes and interruption of meiosis I or II, we isolated and genotyped pES cells and characterized those that carried the full complement of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens of the oocyte donor. Differentiated tissues from these pES cells engrafted in immunocompetent MHC-matched mouse recipients, demonstrating that selected pES cells can serve as a source of histocompatible tissues for transplantation.