柳州地区降雨中营养元素含量

对降雨中养分含量的研究,国外做得较早,较多,欧洲曾联合进行了130年的连续测定^〔1-3〕。我国在这方面的工作有一些报道^〔4,5〕,但较少。为了研究广西柳州地区雨水中营养元素对作物、土壤及生态环境的影响,从1984年4月1日到1985年3月31日我们对广西柳江县和来宾县的雨水进行了收集和分析。     

山地林火烧迹地水土流失动态变化的研究

根据我国大兴安岭地区森林火灾频繁发生、火烧迹地面积逐渐扩大的实际情况,在日本冈山县备前市久久井地区的一片森林火烧迹地,设立了三块不同样地进行调查研究,对火烧后由于降雨引起的水分及土壤养分的动态变化进行了实验分析,发现三块样地的水分和土壤养分的流失程度不同,同时参照国内外其他地区的研究结果,寻求减少土壤养分流失的最佳方法,从而选择最适植被恢复方式,为我国大兴安岭地区火烧迹地的植被恢复提供理论依据。     

黔北烟区夏玉米的养分利用与径流损失

利用渗漏池和量雨器收集降雨和径流,并测定雨水、径流、土壤、植株养分,研究黔北烟区烤烟季玉米的养分利用与径流损失。结果表明,在玉米生长季节,地下径流量随降雨量增加而提高,但地下径流量/降雨量前期较高,中后期较低。雨水中的养分浓度表现为铵态氮>钾>硝态氮>磷;养分浓度的变异系数因养分种类和玉米生育期不同而表现出多样性。在玉米生育期间,降雨输入氮、钾分别占玉米吸收量的13.51%和19.67%,对玉米营养有重要作用。在地下径流的养分浓度表现为硝态氮>钾>铵态氮,未检测到磷。地下径流损失的养分主要是硝态氮和钾,并主要发生在玉米生育前期。在玉米移栽前、收获后,养分输入总量/输出总量略有降低,土壤有机质和全效养分未发生明显变化,碱解氮和速效钾含量收后比栽前显著降低。     

水泥混凝土路面集雨产流特征研究

在我国雨水资源缺少地区,把雨水收集起来加以利用成为提高城市道路雨水利用效率的关键.作为雨水收集面的道路,其产流特性对于雨水收集利用起着重要作用.利用人工水泥混凝土处理集雨面进行了道路路面产流特性模拟试验研究.水泥混凝土路面在干燥情况下的临界产流降雨量为1.55 mm,只有降雨量达到或接近1.55 mm,集雨面才会产生径流,次径流系数随着次降雨量增大而增大,产流时间与降雨时间相比存在着明显滞后性,并且径流强度明显小于降雨强度.     

最近30年河龙区间降雨侵蚀力的时空演变特征

为准确定量评估代表降雨引起土壤侵蚀潜在能力的指标——降雨侵蚀力,收集黄河中游河龙区间各县共96个气象站点1981—2010年的日降雨资料,基于半月降雨侵蚀力模型对区间半月、月、季节、年尺度上降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征进行评价。结果表明：1）7月下半月、8月和夏季的降雨侵蚀力分别在相应的时间尺度上最大,年均降雨侵蚀力在空间上从西北到东南呈增加趋势;2）河龙区间年降雨侵蚀力总体呈下降趋势,减少的面积占区间总面积的68．45％,7月上半月降雨侵蚀力的减少对区间年降雨侵蚀力的减少贡献最大;3）年降雨侵蚀力增加的地区主要集中于河龙区间西北部和东南部,7月上半月降雨侵蚀力呈增加趋势的面积仅占总面积的1．12％。     

酸雨的现状及其对土壤的影响

一、降雨成分的实况1.关东地区的调查结果。从1975年—1979年五年间对关东地区一都六县的代表性地点的雨水、大气成分、气溶胶组分等进行了监测,1981年以后增加了山犁县,1983年于包括新潟县在内的一都八县辽阔的地域进     

基于日水量平衡模型的城市小区雨水池计算分析

随着我国城市雨洪利用工程的快速发展,关于雨水池设计理论及计算也有了较多的探讨和研究,但仍需进一步完善.针对雨水池设计现状,以及半干旱地区的降雨情况,通过对天津市日降雨量的分析,建立了日降雨—用水平衡模型.利用计算机编程计算出不同用水需求条件下,城市小区雨水蓄水池的合理规模.该模型可为雨水池修建提供设计依据,同时也可为源头污染控制以及雨水洪峰调蓄提供数据支持.     

肯尼亚雨水集流利用现状及思考

雨水集流作为一项古老技术,已有上千年的历史。由于干旱缺水和缺乏天然的储水介质,雨水集流在肯尼亚具有非常重要的特殊意义。本文从庭院集雨、农田集雨、流域集雨及集雨的区域差异等方面,对肯尼亚的雨水集流现状进行了分析;并从区域水循环与水量平衡的角度,探讨了降雨、入渗、径流及蒸发的关系。最后指出,通过不同形式的雨水集流,减少无效蒸发,特别是无效的水面蒸发,是增加水资源总量的关键;而科学利用天然的储水介质与合理开发人工的储水介质,是提高水资源可利用量的关键。雨水集流利用在肯尼亚生活用水方面已相当普遍,技术也相对较为成熟,但是在年降雨量不足500 mm的旱区农业生产方面,还有很大的发展空间,目前面临的主要问题是,如何解决旱区降雨集流效率偏低,以及有限降雨资源的合理储蓄与高效利用。鉴于农田土壤对降雨再分配调蓄能力较低的缘故,通过在农田内开挖沟槽,进行降雨资源的短期储蓄与调控,将生育期前段多余的降雨资源留到无降雨的后段使用,是实现作物生育期内水分供需平衡的关键。本研究为充分发挥雨水集流在肯尼亚旱区农业生产中的积极作用提供了参考。     

辽宁省降雨侵蚀力计算方法及空间分布特征研究

降雨侵蚀力因子估算结果会直接影响土壤侵蚀模型预报精度。采用EI3 0经典算法与章文波日雨量模型分别计算降雨侵蚀力并进行比较,发现日雨量模型适用于辽宁省降雨侵蚀力计算。采用辽宁省及周边省份共39个气象站1961—2015年日降雨资料,计算得到辽宁省降雨侵蚀力均值为3 316.02 MJ·mm/(hm~2·h·a),空间分布上呈由东向西、从南到北逐渐减小的趋势,降雨侵蚀力最小值出现在朝阳市建平县,最大值出现在丹东市宽甸县。     

我国南方地区降雨侵蚀力指标R的建立研究——以江西鹰潭地区为例

利用我国南方亚热带地区江西省鹰潭市农田生态系统国家实验站自建气象站1997-2003年的自然降雨观测资料,研究了不同雨强对计算我国南方地区降雨侵蚀力的影响。结果表明：试验区不同雨强计算的降雨侵蚀力差异达到显著水平,且各年降雨侵蚀力R值总趋势为：I10〉I15〉I30〉I60,说明为了提高鹰潭地区水土流失预报精度,找出一个适合该地区降雨特征的雨强计算降雨侵蚀力是十分必要的。进一步通过对鹰潭地区3种典型类型土壤流失量与降雨侵蚀力密切相关的降雨动能E和雨强I相关分析得出15min最大雨强是该地区计算降雨侵蚀力的最佳雨强。     

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FORMS ON THE GROWTH AND POLYAMINE CONTENTS IN DEVELOPING SEEDS OF VEGETABLE SOYBEAN

A pot culture experiment of nitrogen forms [nitrate (NO^? ₃ ): ammonium (NH ⁺ ₄ )] with four ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) in nutrient solutions was conducted to examine the effect of nitrogen forms on the growth and polyamine contents of developing seeds of vegetable soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. ‘Li-xiang 95-1′]. Results showed that the best plant growth vigor was observed in (75%), and then in (50%). However, the fresh and dry weight of biomass decreased when a high concentration of either (100%) or (75%) was the primary nitrogen source in the nutrient solution. The numbers of flowers and pods in (75%) were significantly decreased compared with other ammonium-nitrate ratios in which the numbers of flowers and pods were not influenced by nitrogen forms. During the development of seeds, levels of free Put and Spd decreased, and the decrease extents were more marked in 100:0 and 25:75 (:), but the change of free Spm was opposite. Levels of conjugated and bound polyamines in all nitrogen forms increased, but the increases in 75:25 and 50:50 (:) were not so obvious as in 100:0 and 25:75 (:) treatments. The possible roles of polyamines in the adaptive mechanism of vegetable soybean seeds to different nitrogen forms were discussed.     

THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER ON THE BULK AND TRUE DENSITIES OF SOME UNCULTIVATED PODZOLIC SOILS

Organic matter content was found to have a dominant effect on both the bulk and true densities of soil in the organic and eluvial horizons of the podzolic soils examined. The soils were stone-free, structureless, and of similar texture. The effects of organic matter on bulk density were described by the equation: A similar equation was devised for true density. Use of these equations indicated that, in the soils examined, total pore space could be predicted from organic matter content measured as per cent loss on ignition.     

聚类分析在太湖地区水稻土物质分类上的应用

近十余年来,数理统计中的多元分析发展很快,并在科学技术的各个领域广泛应用.土壤数值分类,就是多元分析引进土壤分类学的结果.土壤物质分类,可用数值分类为其表达形式.聚类分析(Cluster analysis)是研究“物以类聚”的数学方法.它属于多元分析的重要分支.数学研究者对聚类分析作过比较详尽的介绍.     

KINETICS OF ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE OF PHOSPHATE ADSORBED ON GIBBSITE

An Elovich-type equation has been used to describe the kinetics of isotopic exchange of phosphate adsorbed on the surface of gibbsite. The equation is where A and B are parameters; θ=bF/[b+a(I-F]; a and b are the molar concentrations of the phosphate on the crystal surface and in solution respectively and F is the fraction exchange of the radio-isotope at time t. First-order rate constants were obtained from the equation. The reference state for the first-order rate constants, and the distribution of activation energies, for exchange can be related to the Elovich equation parameters. The kinetic results are consistent with S_N1 dissociation or S_N2 bimolecular solvolysis for the phosphate ligand. The eschange reaction is subject to an acid-base catalysis the exact nature of which could not be determined from the available data.     

Nitrate uptake by Eriophorum vaginatum controls N2O production in a restored peatland

The clear dependence of N₂O production through denitrification on available nitrate in soil has been shown in many studies. Since N availability similarly limits the growth of plants, the resource competition with vegetation limits the activity of denitrifying microbes and may consequently moderate the N₂O emissions from peatlands. We used uptake by Eriophorum vaginatum L. as a vegetation competition factor for microbes. The species was selected for the experiment because it has high nutrient use efficiency in low-nutrient conditions and high nutrient uptake efficiency in luxuriant nutrient conditions. We measured gaseous N flux as N₂O (end product of denitrifier activity) in a restored peatland in central Finland with acetylene inhibition technique over a growing season from sample plots with varying addition levels and E. vaginatum cover. The resource competition effects were analysed with a model that used exponential decay dependence of N₂O flux on the leaf area of E. vaginatum, and saturating response of N₂O flux to addition level. The model explained the variation in N₂O fluxes well (R²=0.86). The model simulation showed that the increasing nutrient uptake of E. vaginatum decreased the N₂O fluxes exponentially. Simultaneously, denitrification appeared to saturate even in conditions with high availability of and low level of competition by vegetation. Thus, E. vaginatum is an effective competitor for in sedge-dominated peatlands that controls the availability of for denitrification, and consequently moderates the N₂O emissions from peatlands.     

SATURATION PERCENTAGE AS A MEASURE OF SOIL TEXTURE IN THE LOWER INDUS BASIN

The saturation percentage is related to the mechanical constituents of a soil: and is therefore a quantitative expression of soil texture. Profiles may be described in terms of the S.P.; thus Maps may be drawn showing quantitative changes in texture, and associated statements of the reliability of an S.P. estimate and the probable error of the position of a textural contour be made. Decomposition of the calcium carbonate component should be avoided in routine soil survey work.     

Impact of harvesting and logging slash on nitrogen and carbon dynamics in soils from upland spruce forests in northeastern Ontario

The potential impact of timber harvesting in the boreal forest on aquatic ecosystem water quality and productivity depends in part on the production of nutrients within the soil of the harvested catchment. Nitrogen supplied by organic matter decomposition is of particular interest because of the important role that N plays in biotic processes in surface waters, and in forest nutrition in general. Logging slash quality and input to the forest floor has the potential to influence N availability after harvest on clearcut sites. Net production of organic and inorganic-N and microbial biomass C and N concentrations were determined during a 90-day laboratory incubation at constant temperature and moisture. Incubated soils included F horizon and shallow mineral soil horizons (0-5 cm) from unharvested and full-tree harvested (2 and 12 growing seasons since harvest) boreal forest sites at the Esker Lakes Research Area (ELRA), in northeastern Ontario, Canada. In an ancillary experiment, black spruce foliage was added to unharvested forest floor material after 30 days during a 90-day laboratory incubation to simulate the influence of logging slash from full-tree harvesting on C and N dynamics. Twelve-year old clearcut F horizon material released on average 75 and 5 times more -N and 3 and 2 times as much inorganic-N than soil collected from unharvested and 2-year-old clearcuts, respectively. This increase in -N accumulation during the incubation was accompanied by decreases in both exchangeable -N and microbial biomass C and N levels. Net daily changes in microbial biomass N were significantly related to organic and inorganic-N accumulation or loss within the F horizon. Mineral soil release of inorganic-N was lower than release from the forest floor. Nitrate-nitrogen accumulation was lower, and -N accumulation was higher in mineral soil from unharvested sites when compared to 12-year-old clearcuts. Calculated harvest response ratios indicated that incubated mineral soil from the 12-year-old clearcut sites released significantly greater amounts of -N than 2-year-old clearcuts. Incorporation of black spruce needles into F horizon material reduced the production of organic and inorganic-N and increased microbial biomass N. Laboratory incubations of F horizon and shallow mineral soil from 12-year-old clearcuts suggested that these boreal soils have the capacity for increased inorganic-N production compared to uncut stands several years after harvesting. This has the potential to increase N availability to growing boreal forest plantations and increase N leaching due to greater -N levels in the forest soil.     

Verteilung von Stickstoff auf Sproß und Wurzel bei jungen Bohnenpflanzen nach der Aufnahme von NO und NH

Translocation of nitrogen to the shoot of young bean plants after uptake of NO and NH by the root Phaseolus vulgaris plants (var. nana, cv. Saxa) at the primary leaf stage (without nodules) were fed during 6 hours with ¹⁵NO and ¹⁵NH, respectively. 24 hours after the absorption period more ₁₅N from the absorbed NO was translocated from the root to the shoot. The presence of NH in the nutrient solution enhanced the translocation of ¹⁵NON, probably by an inhibition of nitrate reductase. NH_4-⁺¹⁵N is mainly retained in the root by a high incorporation into the root protein. It can be concluded that nitrogen from newly absorbed NO is not retained and used for protein synthesis in the root according to the root's potential to synthesize protein. Nitrate reduction in the root is considered to be the limiting factor. This is supported by the fact that withdrawal of NO in the nutrient solution prior to the ¹⁵N-experiment increased NOtranslocation to the shoot as a consequence of a lowered level of nitrate reductase. In an experiment with ¹⁴NOsupply to the roots and ¹⁵NOapplication to the primary leaves (infiltration method) a considerable amount of ¹⁵N was translocated from the leaves to the roots. This indicates that an insufficient NOreduction in the root can be substituted by a retranslocation of reduced N-compounds from leaves to the roots. The proportion of NO reduced in the root influences also the pattern of primary distribution of nitrogen in the shoot of plants at the 4 leaf stage. At a concentration of 0,2 meq/l NO in the nutrient solution as compared to 20 meq/l NO during 10 hours a relative higher amount of ₁₅N was transported from the root to the younger, growing leaves i.e. via the phloem to metabolic sinks.     

Oxygen exchange with water alters the oxygen isotopic signature of nitrate in soil ecosystems

Combined oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope analyses are commonly used in the source determination of nitrate . The source and fate of are studied based on distinct O and N isotopic signatures (δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁵N) of various sources and isotopic effects during transformation processes, which differ between sources like fertilizer, atmospheric deposition, and microbial production (nitrification). Isotopic fractionation during production and consumption of further affects the δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁵N signal. Regarding the δ¹⁸O in particular, biochemical O exchange between O from and H₂O is implicitly assumed not to affect the δ¹⁸O signature of . This study aimed to test this assumption in soil-based systems. In a short (24 h) incubation experiment, soils were treated with artificially ¹⁸O and ¹⁵N enriched . Production of from nitrification during the incubation would affect both the ¹⁸O and the ¹⁵N enrichment. Oxygen exchange could therefore be studied by examining the change in ¹⁸O relative to the ¹⁵N. In two out of the three soils, we found that the imposed ¹⁸O enrichment of the declined relatively more than the imposed enrichment. This implies that O exchange indeed affected the O isotopic signature of , which has important implications for source determination studies. We suggest that O exchange between and H₂O should be taken into consideration when interpreting the O isotopic signature to study the origin and fate of in ecosystems.