PK-15细胞的THBS3基因缺失抑制PRV复制

为探索猪血小板反应蛋白3(thrombospondin 3,THBS3)在PRV复制中的功能，利用CRISPR/Cas9系统构建THBS3基因缺失的PK-15稳定细胞株。首先，根据THBS3基因序列和CRISPR/Cas9靶点设计原则设计并合成2对sgRNA序列，退火后连接到Lenti-CRISPRv2慢病毒表达载体；与慢病毒包装质粒共转染人胚肾细胞(HEK293T)获得重组慢病毒，收集细胞上清并离心去细胞碎片后转导PK-15细胞，进行嘌呤霉素筛选获得THBS3敲除的PK-15细胞株；将重组病毒rPRV-GFP接种至野生型和缺失型细胞评价病毒复制差异。结果显示，表达sgRNA的重组质粒构建成功；将收获的慢病毒转导细胞后通过筛选获得1株无THBS3蛋白表达细胞株(PK-THBS3-KO),通过测序发现外显子3有1个碱基的插入；感染试验显示，THBS3基因缺失后抑制了PRV复制。结果表明，通过CRISPR/Cas9系统成功构建了PK-15的THBS3基因敲除的稳定细胞株，PRV感染试验显示基因缺失后抑制了病毒复制。     

无血清悬浮培养PK-15细胞及其对猪圆环病毒2型增殖的影响

【目的】 建立基于无血清悬浮培养PK-15细胞生产猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）疫苗的工艺，提高PCV2疫苗生产效率，降低PCV2疫苗生产成本。【方法】 首先采用直接驯化法对贴壁生长的PK-15细胞进行无血清悬浮培养驯化，并在无血清悬浮培养体系下，采用连续传代的方法考察驯化成功的PK-15细胞的传代和生长稳定性。研究不同感染复数（MOI）（0.10、0.05、0.01和0.001）和不同PK-15细胞接种密度（CDI）（1.0×10⁶、3.0×10⁶、5.0×10⁶/mL）对PCV2增殖的影响，同时对感染病毒前后的细胞培养液中葡萄糖、氨基酸及代谢副产物乳酸和氨进行初步分析。【结果】 贴壁PK-15细胞经过30 d的直接驯化可以快速适应无血清悬浮培养，且驯化过程中细胞平均比生长速率由0.1 d^-1增加到0.6 d^-1；悬浮PK-15细胞可以至少连续稳定传15代，连续传代过程中平均比生长速率在0.6 d^-1附近波动，且细胞活率始终>90%；以1.0×10⁶/mL接种，第4天可达到峰值活细胞密度6.2×10⁶/mL，并可维持1 d，第4天前活率均>90%，此后快速下降；病毒增殖最佳工艺参数为：感染复数为0.05，细胞接种密度为1.0×10⁶/mL，最终收获时病毒滴度可达10^6.2TCID₅₀/mL；对细胞感染前后的代谢分析发现，病毒感染后细胞对葡萄糖和多数氨基酸代谢快于感染前，且感染组在感染后72 h附近出现葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺耗竭并伴随代谢副产物乳酸和氨快速积累，之后细胞改变代谢途径并利用乳酸。【结论】 30 d的直接驯化可以获得悬浮PK-15细胞株，PK-15细胞可用于PCV2增殖，结果可为大规模无血清悬浮培养PK-15细胞生产PCV2疫苗提供一定理论和实践基础。     

伪狂犬病病毒gE/TK基因缺失突变株的构建

在伪狂犬病病毒转移载体pBdTK-Uni的多克隆位点中插入由SV40启动子控制下的IacZ基因表达盒,同时在右侧同源臂下游插入一个1.7kb的KpnI片段,构建成一个新的转移载体pUhi-LacZ.用该载体与Bartha-K61株基因组通过脂质体法共转染Vero细胞,经过10代蓝斑筛选纯化和PCR鉴定获得了一株稳定表达LacZ基因的伪狂犬病病毒gE/TK基因缺失突变株,命名为rPrV-LacZ.在不同的细胞(PK-15、IBRS-2、Vero和CEF)上,对该重组病毒与亲本病毒的增殖滴度和细胞病变进行比较,未见显著差异.结果表明转移载体pBdTK-Uni具有实用性,可用于构建伪狂犬病病毒基因工程活载体疫苗.     

猪瘟病毒Erns基因的克隆与序列分析

为了解山东地区猪瘟病毒的变异情况,将6份经RT-PCR方法鉴定为猪瘟病毒(CSFV)阳性的山东地区患病猪的病料接种PK-15细胞,分离得到6株猪瘟病毒.对该6株猪瘟病毒的Erns基因主要抗原编码区序列进行了RT-PCR扩增、克隆、测序,并经DNA Star软件对测序结果与HCLV疫苗株、Shimei株及Alfort株E...     

PK-15细胞培养条件的优化

PK-15细胞，又称猪肾传代细胞，主要用于病毒的培养，尤其是猪圆环病毒对此细胞特别敏感。本试验通过研究细胞的复苏方法、培养基种类、细胞接种密度和消化液浓度与PK-15细胞生长的关系，观察培养过程中的限制性因素对PK-15细胞生长的影响。为获得状态良好的高密度的PK-15细胞培养提供依据，结果表明，用换液法复苏PK-15细胞成活率高，用0.05%胰蛋白酶：0.02% EDTA消化细胞，接种密度2×105cells／mL-2.5×105cells／mL，用DMEM-LG培养基培养，细胞生长快，形态好。     

PK-15细胞的TPL2基因敲除有利于口蹄疫病毒和塞内卡病毒复制

旨在构建TPL2（MAP3K8/COT）基因敲除PK-15细胞系PK-15-TPL2^-/-,评估该基因敲除前后对口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）和塞内卡病毒（SVA）复制的影响及产生影响的原因,为研究TPL2在病毒感染过程中的作用机制提供良好的生物材料,也为疫苗生产过程中进一步提升FMDV和SVA产量指明方向。筛选2条针对TPL2基因的单向导RNA（sg RNA）,合成sg RNA并将其插入到含有GFP标签的慢病毒表达载体,构建sg RNA/Cas9慢病毒表达质粒,包装慢病毒并感染PK-15细胞,通过流式细胞仪分选出已被转入sg RNA的单细胞。通过测序确认细胞系中TPL2的DNA序列,通过蛋白质印迹（Western blot）方法检测细胞系中TPL2表达情况。使用FMDV和SVA感染构建好的细胞系,利用IFA、RT-qPCR、Western blot和TCID₅₀评估FMDV和SVA在PK-15-TPL2^-/-细胞中的复制水平,在此基础上通过测定干扰素（IFN）和IFN刺激基因（ISG）的mRNA表达水平,研究了FMDV或SVA感染的PK-15-TPL2^-/-细胞中干扰素途径的激活状态。TPL2基因敲除PK-15细胞系中TPL2基因发生了碱基插入突变和碱基缺失突变,构建的细胞系中均未检测到TPL2蛋白质表达。测定并比较了FMDV和SVA感染的PK-15和PK-15-TPL2^-/-细胞中病毒含量,表明TPL2基因敲除显著促进了FMDV和SVA的复制。同时,RT-qPCR进一步表明与FMDV和SVA感染期间的PK-15细胞相比,PK-15-TPL2^-/-细胞中IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、ISG15、ISG54和ISG56的mRNA表达明显降低。综上所述,本研究成功构建了TPL2基因敲除的PK-15细胞系,与对照细胞相比,TPL2基因的敲除更利于FMDV和SVA的复制,这可能与IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、ISG15、ISG54和ISG56表达的抑制有关。本研究提示CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术可以作为在动物和疫苗开发过程中编辑细胞系以提高病毒产量的有效工具,本结果为进一步提升FMDV和SVA产量指明了方向,也为研究TPL2在病毒感染过程中的作用机制提供了良好的生物材料。     

鸡胚成纤维细胞培养鸭瘟病毒的试验

将鸭瘟病毒强毒（DPV34）经12日龄鸭胚连续传2代，收获的尿囊液DPV34F2作为细胞培养的病毒接种于鸡胚成纤维细胞，连续传代5次。结果，从第2代开始，接种DPV的鸡胚成纤维细胞出现细胞病变，随首代次的增加，细胞病变愈加明显。经电镜观察，第5代细胞培养物中有典型的DPV病毒粒子；将第5代培养物接种鸭胚，出现典型鸭瘟病变；用PCR方法检测培养物，也出现DPV的特征DNA带。     

PK-15细胞的TPL2基因敲除有利于口蹄疫病毒和塞内卡病毒复制

旨在构建TPL2(MAP3K8/COT)基因敲除PK-15细胞系PK-15-TPL2~(-/-),评估该基因敲除前后对口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)和塞内卡病毒(SVA)复制的影响及产生影响的原因,为研究TPL2在病毒感染过程中的作用机制提供良好的生物材料,也为疫苗生产过程中进一步提升FMDV和SVA产量指明方向。筛选2条针对TPL2基因的单向导RNA(sg RNA),合成sg RNA并将其插入到含有GFP标签的慢病毒表达载体,构建sg RNA/Cas9慢病毒表达质粒,包装慢病毒并感染PK-15细胞,通过流式细胞仪分选出已被转入sg RNA的单细胞。通过测序确认细胞系中TPL2的DNA序列,通过蛋白质印迹(Western blot)方法检测细胞系中TPL2表达情况。使用FMDV和SVA感染构建好的细胞系,利用IFA、RT-qPCR、Western blot和TCID_(50)评估FMDV和SVA在PK-15-TPL2~(-/-)细胞中的复制水平,在此基础上通过测定干扰素(IFN)和IFN刺激基因(ISG)的mRNA表达水平,研究了FMDV或SVA感染的PK-15-TPL2~(-/-)细胞中干扰素途径的激活状态。TPL2基因敲除PK-15细胞系中TPL2基因发生了碱基插入突变和碱基缺失突变,构建的细胞系中均未检测到TPL2蛋白质表达。测定并比较了FMDV和SVA感染的PK-15和PK-15-TPL2~(-/-)细胞中病毒含量,表明TPL2基因敲除显著促进了FMDV和SVA的复制。同时,RT-qPCR进一步表明与FMDV和SVA感染期间的PK-15细胞相比,PK-15-TPL2~(-/-)细胞中IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、ISG15、ISG54和ISG56的mRNA表达明显降低。综上所述,本研究成功构建了TPL2基因敲除的PK-15细胞系,与对照细胞相比,TPL2基因的敲除更利于FMDV和SVA的复制,这可能与IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、ISG15、ISG54和ISG56表达的抑制有关。本研究提示CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术可以作为在动物和疫苗开发过程中编辑细胞系以提高病毒产量的有效工具,本结果为进一步提升FMDV和SVA产量指明了方向,也为研究TPL2在病毒感染过程中的作用机制提供了良好的生物材料。     

第46代鸡贫血病病毒细胞凋亡素基因的体外扩增、克隆、序列比较

通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增了第46代鸡贫血病病毒（CAV）Cux株的细胞凋亡素（Appoptin)基因，并克隆入pGEX－5X－3质粒载体中，通过限制性内切酶分析、序列测定，验证了克隆的正确性。细胞凋亡素基因全长为363bp，编码121个氨基酸。与Meehan.等发表的CAV Cux株序列相比，第46代细胞适应毒的细胞素基因的第209个核苷酸由C→T，与澳大利亚株，美国株CVA序列分别有5个和2个碱基的差别，并且均匀分布在5'端前210碱基区，而在3'端序列较为保守。与同处欧洲的英国株CAV序列相比，序列较为一致，本研究对所克隆的凋亡素编码蛋白进行了疏水性分析和抗原表位优势分析。     

Derivation and characterization of a live attenuated equine influenza vaccine virus

OBJECTIVE: To develop and characterize a cold-adapted live attenuated equine-2 influenza virus effective as an intranasal vaccine. ANIMALS: 8 ponies approximately 18 months of age. PROCEDURES: A wild-type equine-2 virus, A/Equine/Kentucky/1/91 (H3N8), was serially passaged in embryonated chicken eggs at temperatures gradually reduced in a stepwise manner from 34 C to 30 C to 28 C to 26 C. At different passages, infected allantoic fluids were tested for the ability of progeny virus to replicate in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells at 34 C and 39.5 C. Virus clones that replicated at 26 C in eggs and at 34 C in MDCK cells, but not at 39.5 C in MDCK cells, were tested for stability of the cold-adapted, temperature-sensitive (ts), and protein synthesis phenotypes. A stable clone, P821, was evaluated for safety, ability to replicate, and immunogenicity after intranasal administration in ponies. RESULTS: Randomly selected clones from the 49th passage were all ts with plaquing efficiencies of < 10(-6) (ratio of 39.5 C:34 C) and retained this phenotype after 5 serial passages at 34 C in either embryonated eggs or MDCK cells. The clone selected as the vaccine candidate (P821) had the desired degree of attenuation. Administered intranasally to seronegative ponies, the virus caused no adverse reactions or overt signs of clinical disease, replicated in the upper portion of the respiratory tract, and induced a strong serum antibody response. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A candidate live attenuated influenza vaccine virus was derived by cold-adaptation of a wild-type equine-2 influenza virus, A/Equine/Kentucky/1/91, in embryonated eggs.     

鸡病毒性关节炎弱毒疫苗的研制Ⅰ．弱毒株的筛选及其对雏鸡的安全性

将鸡病毒性关节炎病毒（ＡＶＡＶ）鸡胚毒Ｊ─１株适应于鸡胚细胞和Ｖｅｒｏ细胞，经连续传代，通过４０．５℃、３７℃、３２℃的交替升降培养温度培养，筛选出１株毒力较弱的克隆株，该克隆株蚀斑大小为２．７～３．１ｍｍ。以１０５．７２５ＴＣＩＤ５０注射于１日龄敏感雏鸡的足掌皮下和以１０４．７２５～１０６．７２５ＴＣＩＤ５０注射于１日龄敏感雏鸡胸部肌肉内，对雏鸡无致病性。该克隆株在敏感雏鸡内连传３代，无毒力返强现象。这一结果表明，本试验筛选出的ＡＶＡＶ弱毒株对雏鸡具有良好的安全性和遗传稳定性。     

Equine rhinopneumonitis virus (herpesvirus type 1): attenuation in stable monkey cell line.

An isolate of virulent equine herpesvirus (EHV) type 1 was adapted to Vero stable cell line by 13 serial passages at 37 C and 50 serial passages at 26 C. Characteristics of the attenuated EHV-1 were found to be avirulent, but immunogenic in horses if injected intramuscularly. The attenuated virus was regularly isolated from peripheral leukocytes in inoculated horses, but was not recovered from nasal turbinate tissues. A mild leukopenia was noticed. The attenuated virus produced characteristic large syncytia on primary isolation in rabbit kidney (RK13) or Vero cells at 37 C in contrast to cell rounding observed with virulent EHV-1. The syncytial marker was stable through 20 serial passages in Vero cells at 37 C. New application of double immunodiffusion test for distinguishing between EHV-1 and EHV-2 also is described.     

Virulence and in vitro growth of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia virus after serial passage in ponies

Five serial passages of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus were conducted in Shetland ponies. The 13 recipient ponies became agar-gel immunodiffusion test-positive by 25 days after they were inoculated. The virulence of the cell-adapted strain of EIA virus markedly increased through 3 serial passages, although individual variation within passages was high. The 1st serial-passage recipient remained afebrile through 200 days, whereas a febrile episode occurred about every 185, 44, 35, and 33 days in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th serial-passage recipients, respectively. Severe clinical signs of EIA were noted in the ponies at each serial passage, but the mean virulence rating of each passage, graded on frequency of febrile episodes and number of clinical signs evident within 200 days after ponies were inoculated, increased from 0 through 4, 21, 24, and 29 for the 1st through 5th serial passages, respectively. Isolates of EIA virus, made in fetal equine kidney cells, were obtained from plasma of 75% of the samples of blood collected during febrile episodes and from 45% of the samples collected during afebrile periods, indicating that the cell culture growth capacity of this strain of EIA virus may be relatively stable through 5 serial passages in Shetland ponies.     

Genome analysis of Marek's disease virus strain CVI-988: effect of cell culture passage on the inverted repeat regions.

The genomes of different derivatives of Marek's disease virus (MDV) strain CVI-988, a low oncogenic isolate of a serotype 1 MDV, were analyzed by restriction enzyme analyses to detect whether alterations occurred after passages in cell culture. DNA molecules of strain 988 isolated directly from blood cells contained mainly two copies of the 132-bp repeat sequence previously reported within BamH1-H and -D fragment as previously reported for more virulent MDV strains. Although a minority of virus particles showed repeat amplification was already at the fifth passage level, amplification mainly occurred between passages 17 and 34 in cell culture. In addition, a 400-bp deletion was detected within the BamH1-A fragment of two derivatives of CVI-988, 988C and 988C/R6.     

Establishment of an attenuated strain of bovine respiratory syncytial virus for live virus vaccine

To develop a live virus vaccine for the prevention of bovine respiratory syncytial (BRS) virus infection in calves, an attempt was made to produce an attenuated virus. The RS-52 strain of BRS virus, isolated from the nasal secretions of a naturally infected calf, was subjected to serial passages in adult hamster lung established (HAL) cells at 30 degrees C and the attenuated rs-52 strain as a live virus vaccine was established. The rs-52 strain multiplied better at 30 degrees C than at 34 or 37 degrees C in HAL cells. The differences in the highest virus titers of this strain between the culture temperature of 30 degrees C and that of 34 or 37 degrees C were more than 2.25 log TCID50. Colostrum-deprived newborn calves and 2 approximately 4 months old calves inoculated with the rs-52 strain manifested no abnormal clinical sings at all. However, all inoculated calves produced serum neutralization antibody. When the colostrum-deprived newborn calves immunized with the rs-52 strain were challenged with the virulent NMK7 strain of BRS virus, they exhibited no pyrexia or other abnormal clinical signs at all. An attempt was made to recover the virus from nasal secretions of these calves, but in vain. On the other hand, a nonimmunized control colostrum-deprived newborn calf developed slight fever, mild cough, and slight serous nasal discharge after challenge exposure. The virus was recovered from nasal secretions of this calf. From these results, it was considered that the rs-52 strain could be used as an attenuated live virus vaccine for prevention of BRS virus infection.     

Comparison of a tissue-culture virus-neutralization test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of antibodies t infectious bronchitis

Two serological tests, the virus-neutralization (VN) test in tissue culture using a tissue-cell-adapted virus and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were compared to detect antibodies against Massachusetts 41 and Connecticut 46 strains of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV). The VN test was conducted in wells of microplates by the usual procedure. The two strains of IBV were adapted after 20 serial passages to induce CPE in 24 hours in chickens embryos kidney cells (CEKC). The ELISA test was carried out using partially virus following ultracentrifugation of each stain of IBV as antigen. The ELISA test detected higher geometric mean antibody titers (GMT) against both strains of IBV than did the VN test. One hundred four serum samples taken at 1, 3, 5, 9, 22, 24, and 26 weeks of age from a flock of chickens vaccinated with the Mass strain three times and the Conn strain of IBV two times during the growing period showed higher antibody titer responses to the Conn 46 than to the Mass 41 strain. Maternal antibodies in chicks one week of age were readily detected by the ELISA test, whereas low or insignificant titers were found by the VN test. Sera of vaccinated chickens collected following challenge with Mass 41 or Conn 46 strain of IBV showed that the ELISA was more sensitive and showed higher titers than did the VN test. Although the VN test showed no rise in GMT in the same sera tested with the heterologous virus, the ELISA showed a slight increase or cross-reaction. The serum samples from the unchallenged control group showed no change in GMT with either test or IBV strain.     

遗传背景和胎儿日龄对猪类胚胎生殖细胞培养的影响

本试验研究了遗传背景和胎儿日龄对猪类胚胎生殖细胞(embryonic germ cells,EG)培养的影响,分别利用五指山猪(WZSP)和微型白猪胎儿为试验材料,比较了2种猪胎儿在EG培养方面的异同。试验结果表明,在相同条件下,2种猪均得到了可以传代的EG细胞集落,得到的EG集落AP染色呈阳性,体外培养能形成类胚体,类胚体继续培养能分化成多种细胞。试验比较了5个指标:平均第1次出现EG集落时间(T1)、第1次出现大批EG集落时间(T2)、第1次传代时间(T3)、平均传代间隔(T4)及传代情况(P),结果显示,WZSP和微型白猪2个品系差异不显著(P>0.05),表明WZSP和微型白猪都可以用来作为猪EG细胞建系的材料;分别采集第26、27、28天胎儿比较日龄对EG培养的影响。试验测量了不同日龄胎儿中肾大小,比较以上5个指标,观察胎儿日龄对建立猪EG细胞系方面的影响,结果表明第26、27、28天胎儿在EG培养方面差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

微载体悬浮培养ST细胞增殖猪瘟兔化弱毒的工艺研究

从细胞接种密度、病毒接毒量、培养基三个方面进行研究和优化,并进行放大培养,建立了猪瘟病毒的微载体悬浮培养工艺:细胞接种密度为每个微载体15个细胞,病毒接毒量0.05 MOI,采用DMEM/F12培养基进行培养和细胞消化瓶批式消化分散细胞,培养的细胞可以完成生物反应器10 L到50 L的放大,培养的病毒含量达到7.6 l...     

The effects of the multiplicity of infection on viral subpopulations during passage of Newcastle disease viruses

When mixtures of two clones of the Italy-Milano strain of Newcastle disease virus were inoculated so that one clone was present in quantities 20 times greater than the other, maintenance of that population ratio through six serial passages in 10-day-old embryonating chicken eggs depended on the multiplicity of infection of the first passage. The initial ratio was preserved when the eggs were inoculated at low multiplicity, 10(1) virions inoculated, but not at high multiplicity, 10(6) virions inoculated. In the latter situation, the clear plaque clone, which comprised 1/20 of the initial population of the inoculum, increased in numbers to parity with the red plaque clone after only six serial passages in embryonating eggs. Explanations for the competitive advantage of the clear plaque clone at high multiplicity of infection are discussed.