不同时期苹果渣提取高甲氧基果胶的特性研究

以苹果渣为原料,采取酸提醇沉法,研究酸类选择、脱色方法及不同类型果渣对制取高甲氧基果胶特性的影响。结果表明:不同酸液中以柠檬酸提取的产品得率最高;各种常规脱色方法对果胶脱色的效果不明显。以不同时期、不同干燥方法的苹果渣为原料提取果胶并进行检测分析发现,早期果渣较其它各时期的果渣所提取的高甲氧基果胶得率高,是提取高甲氧基果胶的较好原料。     

苹果渣的利用研究现状

苹果渣是苹果汁生产中的废弃物,具有较高的营养和利用价值。本文综述了苹果渣利用的研究进展,特别是果渣中果肉的分离与神经酰胺、科罗索酸等高附加值活性成分的提取利用,以期为提高苹果综合利用率、开发苹果渣的潜在价值提供参考。     

苹果渣的营养价值及综合利用

苹果是世界四大水果之一,是最常见的水果。我国是苹果加工大国,苹果渣是苹果深加工的主要副产物之一,这些副产物腐败变质快,缺乏较好的处理办法,造成大量有用物质的浪费,并对环境造成严重污染,每年都有上百万吨的苹果渣资源急需再利用。本文介绍了苹果渣中的营养成分及其提取方法,总结了近年来对苹果渣的综合利用途径,展望了苹果渣的应用前景,以期对苹果的开发提供参考。     

苹果渣的综合利用

苹果加工的副产物主要是苹果渣。它包括加工苹果汁所得的果渣以及在加工苹果酱或苹果片时所得的果皮和果核。这些苹果渣都可以被综合利用,目前利用的途径有:发酵生产乙醇、发酵生产柠檬酸、生产沼气、提取食用纤维及果胶物质,另外还可以考虑用于生产果胶酶等等。下面就简单介绍一下苹果渣的几种利用方法。     

苹果渣也可制作青贮饲料

苹果渣的选择苹果渣的选择必须严格按青贮原料的条件进行,这是青贮成败的关键。苹果渣一般要求是:新鲜多汁,最好选用果品加工厂1～2天内生产的新鲜果渣,随运随用,不可久置。果渣要求无污染,无霉变,凡被农药、化肥等有害物质污染的、颜色变成黑褐色或灰白色、发臭变质的均不可用。对混入土石块、瓦片、塑料薄膜等杂质的果渣,须进行清杂处理后方可使用。苹果渣的初步处理新鲜苹果渣一般含水量在80%以上,比青贮原料适宜含水量60%～70%要高,故而不能直接装填,需调低水分含量。一般采用的方法:依靠自体重量或增压重物压挤,使果渣中一部分水分流失…     

果渣袋料栽培黑木耳试验

为有效利用农业废弃资源,使用苹果渣进行袋料栽培黑木耳(Auricularia auricula-judae)试验。根据栽培料中苹果渣比例(20%、35%、50%、65%、78%)的不同设置5个处理,以无苹果渣为对照。结果显示,栽培料中添加苹果渣替代木屑栽培黑木耳是可行的。当苹果渣含量为35%时,菌丝生长速度、产量及绝对生物学效率最高,污染率较低,耳片黑厚,无"流耳"现象,商品价值高;其黑木耳子实体的主要营养成分与对照相比,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、总糖的含量有所升高,灰分、钙、磷、铁的含量有所下降。     

苹果渣高产栽培鸡腿菇的研究

本试验以果品加工产生的苹果渣为主要原料栽培鸡腿菇 (Coprinus comatus)。结果表明 :以苹果渣栽培鸡腿菇是可行的 ;采用灌大水和二次覆土的管理措施 ,其产量高 ,生物转化率高达 2 16%,并为合理利用苹果渣找到了一条新途径     

苹果渣栽培平菇配方对比试验

果汁厂在用苹果榨汁过程中,产生了大量果渣,其中含有大量的糖分、氨基酸、维生素及矿质元素等营养成分,是栽培平菇的一个很理想的原料。为了更好地推广这项技术,提高菇农的经济效益,我们进行了几种苹果渣不同配方栽培平菇试验,以期初步选出适合苹果渣生料栽培平菇的高产、稳产配     

更正

果汁厂在用苹果榨汁过程中，产生了大量果渣，其中含有大量的糖分、氨基酸、维生素及矿质元素等营养成分，是栽培平菇的一个很理想的原料。为了更好地推广这项技术，提高菇农的经济效益，我们进行了几种苹果渣不同配方栽培平菇试验，以期初步选出适合苹果渣生料栽培平菇的高产、稳产配方。     

影响三门峡苹果加工业发展的因素及对策

目前,三门峡苹果加工业的规模和水平位居全国领先地位,苹果加工体系比较健全.自1997年以来,先后建成了三门峡湖滨果汁有限公司、灵宝阿姆斯果汁有限公司、中美合资河南嘉百利酒业有限公司、灵宝远村苹果醋天然食品公司、三门峡新湖滨果渣饲料有限公司、三门峡富达果胶工业有限公司等10余家果品加工企业,可以生产果汁、果酱、果浆、果醋、果酒、果胶及果渣饲料等一系列加工产品,产品远销到美国、日本和西欧等国家和地区.其中,湖滨果汁公司通过在山西临猗等地联营建厂,实现跨省经营,并在全国同行业中首家实现境外上市.2005年全市浓缩果汁生产能力达16.3万吨,果酱、果浆11.5万吨,果汁饮料达9万吨,年消化鲜苹果30万吨,全市果品加工企业年出口创汇达2000万美元.苹果生产一加工已经形成了独具特色的果品产业链条,有力地促进了我市苹果产业和农村经济的发展.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.