苯醚甲环唑与克菌丹混配防治苹果斑点落叶病的增效作用

为丰富防治苹果斑点落叶病的药剂种类,研究苯醚甲环唑与克菌丹混配对其室内抑制效果与田间防治效果。结果表明:室内生测试验中,苯醚甲环唑和克菌丹的有效成分配比在1:1至1:8均表现增效作用,其中配比1:4增效作用明显,增效系数达4.04,为最佳配比;40%苯醚甲环唑·克菌丹可湿性粉剂1 000~1 500倍液田间防治苹果斑点落叶病取得了与常规药剂相当的防效,且减少制剂用量50.55%以上,降低农药投入成本35.37%以上。综上,40%苯醚甲环唑·克菌丹可湿性粉剂1 000~1 500倍液可作为防治苹果斑点落叶病的农药品种。     

苯醚甲环唑与2-巯基苯并噻唑锰锌混配对苹果斑点落叶病的联合毒力及田间防效

为了明确苯醚甲环唑与2-巯基苯并噻唑锰锌混配对苹果斑点落叶病菌的联合毒力,采用菌丝生长速率法测定苯醚甲环唑、2-巯基苯并噻唑锰锌及其不同配比对苹果斑点落叶病菌的毒力,以Waldy公式进行评价,并通过田间试验验证其对苹果斑点落叶病的防治效果。室内试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑与2-巯基苯并噻唑锰锌按质量比以1∶50进行复配时,增效作用最明显,增效系数为3.29。田间药效结果表明,10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和80%苯噻锰锌可湿性粉剂以有效成分1∶50进行混配后,600倍稀释防效最高为91.06%,显著高于10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂600倍稀释和80%苯噻锰锌700倍稀释的防效。     

两种药剂混配对苹果斑点落叶病的防治研究

为筛选有效的防控苹果斑点落叶病杀菌剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了苯醚甲环唑、吡唑醚菌酯单剂以及不同比例的混配制剂对病原菌的室内毒力,并选取相应的混配制剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明：室内毒力试验中,苯醚甲环唑与吡唑醚菌酯的配比在1∶3时,对病原菌的增效作用最为显著,共毒系数为137.15。田间药效试验中,30%苯醚甲环唑·吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂120 mg/kg对苹果斑点落叶病的防治效果最佳,为86.14%,显著优于其他对照处理的防效。分析认为,苯醚甲环唑和吡唑醚菌酯的混配制剂可作为防控苹果斑点落叶病的有效药剂,进行示范推广。     

25%苯醚甲环唑乳油防治梨果实轮纹病药效试验

对25%苯醚甲环唑乳油进行防治梨果实轮纹病的田间药效试验.结果表明,对防治梨果实轮纹病安全有效.2000倍液的防效可达89.7%,效果显著.与对照药剂10%氟硅唑水乳荆3 000倍液(防效96.1%)相当.生产上可推广应用.安全使用浓度为2 000～3000倍液.     

苯醚甲环唑与克菌丹混配对苹果轮纹病的增效作用研究

经室内外试验,研究了苯醚甲环唑与克菌丹混配对苹果轮纹病的抑制效果与防治效果。室内生物测定试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和克菌丹的有效成分配比为1∶2~8时均表现增效作用,其中有效成分配比1∶4增效作用明显,增效系数达1.73,为最佳配比。田间防治试验结果表明,40%苯醚甲环唑·克菌丹可湿性粉剂1 000、1 500、2 000倍液对苹果轮纹病均表现出良好的防治效果,防效在90.90%以上,且分别减少制剂投入量50.55%、67.04%、75.27%,分别减少农药成本35.37%、56.92%、67.69%。苯醚甲环唑与克菌丹混配制剂可作为防治苹果轮纹病的农药品种。     

30%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂防治西瓜炭疽病田间药效试验

采用不同用量30%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂防治西瓜炭疽病,田间药效试验结果表明,30%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂每公顷有效成分60g、75g、90g的处理具有较好的防效,药后14d防治效果分别为59.76%、62.39%、67.59%,中高剂量30%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂与对照药剂的防治效果相当,生产上建议每公顷使用剂量（有效成分量）为75～90g。     

几种农药对苹果斑点落叶病的防治效果试验

对几种农药防治苹果斑点落叶病的效果进行田间试验。结果表明：6月10日至8月20日,每隔10天喷药1次,共喷8次430g／L戊唑醇水悬浮剂3000倍液和10％苯醚甲环唑可湿性粉剂1500倍液。6-8月的平均防治效果分别达87．13％和85．80％,防治效果好于80％代森锰锌可湿性粉剂800倍液和20％多菌灵·异菌脲悬浮剂400倍液。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌与九种农药的相容性及对苹果斑点落叶病田间防效的评价

以解淀粉芽孢杆菌HMQAU140045为研究对象,将其与苹果园常用9种杀菌剂进行了相容性试验,并分析了田间防治苹果斑点落叶病的效果。结果表明:在最高田间推荐剂量下多菌灵、醚菌酯、腐霉利均可促进解淀粉芽孢杆菌的生长;异菌脲、甲基硫菌灵、代森锰锌、多抗霉素轻微抑制其生长;苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇强烈抑制其生长。田间药效试验结果表明,1×107 cfu·mL~(-1)解淀粉芽孢杆菌HMQAU140045菌悬液与70%代森锰锌WP500倍液、60%醚菌酯WDG 4 000倍液、80%多菌灵WP 800倍液、50%异菌脲WP 1 250倍液交替施用可有效控制苹果斑点落叶病的危害,秋梢停止抽生后防效达71.78%以上,对苹果树安全,提供了一条防治苹果斑点落叶病减量控害的有效手段。     

苯醚甲环唑在香蕉中的残留及消解动态

采用田间试验和气相色谱ECD检测方法,研究了苯醚甲环唑在香蕉中的残留降解动态和最终残留量。结果表明,苯醚甲环唑在云南、海南和广东香蕉中的半衰期为17.2～22.4 d。最终残留量与苯醚甲环唑施药剂量、施药次数和采收至最后一次施药间隔时间有关。苯醚甲环唑25%乳油按推荐剂量施药3次,距最后一次施药间隔42 d,收获的香蕉全果中苯醚甲环唑留量小于0.33 mg·kg-1,蕉肉中残留量小于0.046 mg·kg-1,低于我国规定的最大残留限量标准(MRL值)1.0 mg·kg-1。栽培措施香蕉断蕾后套袋能显著减少苯醚甲环唑在香蕉中的残留量。     

不同杀菌剂防治苹果褐斑病试验

试验处理设：①真彩2000倍液;②喜瑞600倍液;③氟硅唑5000倍液;④丙环唑8000倍液;⑤异菌脲1000倍液;⑥多抗霉素1000倍液;⑦代森锰锌600倍液;⑧苯醚甲环唑5000倍液;⑨空白对照喷清水。试验在苹果褐斑病发病盛期进行,共施药2次,分别在8月6日和11日。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.