Detection of bluetongue virus in bovine fetuses using the avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase method

The avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase technique was adapted for use in detecting bluetongue virus (BTV) antigens in BTV serotype 11-infected bovine fetuses. Fetuses were infected with BTV serotype 11 at 120 days of gestation and then removed 20 days later by Cesarean section. Blood and tissue samples were collected from each animal and used for virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs, the immunofluorescent antibody test, and the avidin-biotin complex test. The avidin-biotin complex method successfully identified BTV antigens in both fresh and autolyzed fetal brains. Thus, the avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase method has potential as a possible procedure for diagnosing bluetongue disease in aborted bovine fetuses.     

Detection of bovine virus diarrhea virus in a live bovine herpes virus 1 marker vaccine

In February 1999, 12 Dutch herds were vaccinated with a live bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccine from which bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) could be isolated. All vaccine batches that were on the Dutch market and that had not yet reached the expiry date were tested for BVDV. In total, seven of 82 batches tested were found positive. Batch numbers TX3607, VB3914, VB3915, VB4046, TW3391, and TV3294 were positive for BVDV type 1, and batch number WG4622 was positive for BVDV type 2. This latter batch induced clinical signs of BVDV in an animal experiment with susceptible animals.     

Use of an immunoperoxidase stain for the demonstration of bovine viral diarrhea virus by light and electron microscopies

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus-specific antiserum eluted from an immunoabsorbent column was conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The immunoperoxidase (IP) conjugate was used to stain BVD virus-inoculated and control tissue cultures processed for light and electron microscopies. Infected cells (in the inoculated cultures) viewed by light microscopy had diffuse staining of the cytoplasm of nonvacuolated cells and a more predominant staining associated with vacuoles as vacuolation occurred. The peroxidase label as demonstrated by electron microscopy was associated primarily with nonenveloped and membrane-associated viral particles. Viral particles 20 to greater than 100 nm (diam) were observed. Some of the particles which were greater than 30 mm in diameter contained multiple nuclear cores. The most intensely stained viral particles were outside of the cells.     

Detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 via an immunoperoxidase method, using monoclonal antibodies

The sensitivity and specificity of the immunoperoxidase technique, using monoclonal antibodies, for the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) was assessed and compared with viral isolation methods. In this study, BHV-1 antigens were detected in impression smears of brain obtained from calves in which BHV-1 was isolated. False-positive results were not observed after double-blind examination. Preliminary identification of isolates as antigenic variants was possible by use of 3 monoclonal antibodies reactive with neurotropic and/or pneumotropic strains of BHV-1. Results were consistent with previous work in which characterization was performed by use of immunofluorescense and ELISA. The immunoperoxidase technique, using monoclonal antibodies, was determined to be specific and sensitive, compared with viral isolation, for the diagnosis of BHV-1 encephalitis. In addition, it has operative advantages in that the assay does not require tissue culture facilities, and results can be obtained within hours after specimens are obtained.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立

将牛病毒性腹泻病毒超免疫血清以常规方法提取IgG，采用过碘酸钠法标记辣根过氧化物酶（HRP），建立了从粪样中检测牛病毒性腹泻病毒抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA。结果，抗体的最佳包被量为150μg／mL，酶标抗体最适工作浓度为1：200；封闭液为50mL／L的兔血清；待检粪样及酶标抗体的感作时间为37℃ 120min；底物显色时间为室温15min。应用建立的检测方法对河北省8个大中型奶牛场298份乳牛腹泻粪样进行了检测，结果，阳性检出率为42．6％。     

Detection of rabies viral antigens in non-autolysed and autolysed tissues by using an immunoperoxidase technique

The objectives of this study were to determine the potential of an immunoperoxidase technique involving the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) stain for the diagnosis of rabies in fresh tissues and compare it with other standard methods, including the fluorescent antibody test (FAT), haematoxylin and eosin and Seller's stain, and to investigate its capacity to detect rabies antigen in autolysed tissues. Samples of non-autolysed brain from 81 domestic and wild animals suspected of having rabies were examined. Rabies antigen was detected by FAT in 41 of these samples and Negri bodies were detected in 40 (97.6 per cent) of them by the immunoperoxidase technique, in 25 by haematoxylin and eosin and in 22 by Seller's stain. The sensitivity of the immunoperoxidase technique decreased as the tissues were left to autolyse; after two days it was 91.2 per cent, after four days 70.6 per cent, and after seven days 11.8 per cent.     

The use of the direct immunoperoxidase test to detect the multiplication of rinderpest virus in bovine kidney cell culture

The direct immunoperoxidase test has been used to detect rinderpest virus antigens in infected bovine kidney cell cultures to study the multiplication of the virus. Infected bovine kidney coverslip cultures were sequentially tested with peroxidase-labelled, anti-rinderpest globulins at 3, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h post-infection. The progressive virus-specific cytopathic changes compared well with the increase in the number of cells showing the presence of viral antigens when tested by the direct immunoperoxidase test. The specificity of the reaction was confirmed by using negative and antiserum-blocked BK cell cultures on coverslips.     

Detection of cattle infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus using nucleic acid hybridization.

A ribonucleic acid (RNA) hybridization assay to identify cattle infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is described. The RNA probe was derived from the coding region at the 3' end of the genome of the NADL strain of BVDV. Total RNA from infected cell cultures or peripheral blood leukocytes from suspect animals was extracted and applied to nylon membranes with a slot blot apparatus. Peripheral blood leukocytes were tested concurrently for BVDV by virus isolation. The results of hybridization and virus isolation were in agreement for 92% of the cases. When compared with virus isolation, hybridization had a sensitivity of detection of 59.5% and a specificity of 95%. Cross-reactivity to RNA extracts of border disease virus-infected cells was noted. No cross-reactivity was detected to other common bovine viruses (bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, and bluetongue virus), to viruses classified in related families (equine arteritis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), or to viruses having similar genomic organization (dengue virus type 2 and Japanese encephalitis virus).     

Detection of leptospires in tissue using an immunoperoxidase staining procedure

An immunoperoxidase technique for the localisation of leptospires in sections of formalin fixed paraffin embedded kidney tissue is described. The procedure utilises a two-layered antibody sandwich with rabbit anti-leptospiral immunoglobin. Using antiserum to specific leptospiral serovars the presence and distribution of specific serovar in the tissue could be determined. The technique was also used to detect leptospires of given serovars in smears made from infected tissues and fluids. There was good correlation between culture results and results of the immunoperoxidase staining method on kidneys infected with leptospires. The diagnostic possibilities of the technique on formalin fixed tissue specimens are discussed.     

The optimal time to stain for noncytopathic bovine virus diarrhea field sample virus using indirect fluorescent antibody technique

The use of an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique has been further explored to determine the optimum day(s) to stain for a noncytopathic bovine virus diarrhea virus from pooled and individual field samples. The IFA test further confirmed that under the experimental conditions of this study, somewhere between days 4 and 5 would be an optimum time to stain for a noncytopathic BVD virus which was present in tissues of suspected animals and diluted with minimal essential media.     

Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in seropositive cattle

Detection of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in one vaccinated beef cattle and three non-vaccinated dairy herds was investigated on peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) with or without previous treatment followed by a capture ELISA (cELISA). Using the combination of PHA and polycation treatment, PBL from 229 seropositive cattle were studied and could be classified in four different states of BVDV infection. Lysed PBL from four animals were directly positive in cELISA (Category I), PBL of 17 animals were positive after PHA stimulation (Category II), 15 animals were positive only after PHA stimulation plus polycation treatment (Category III), while virus could not be detected in 193 seropositive cattle. Wild-type BVDV strains were isolated by co-culture on polycation-treated MDBK cells from 11 of these seropositive animals. BVDV antibodies of these same animals were able to neutralize their own virus, indicating that virus persists in PBL in spite of strain-specific antibodies. No apparent change of leukocyte subpopulations could be detected in any category of virus-positive animals. Thus, BVDV may be present in the PBL of some cattle, even in the presence of a specific active immune response.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒和牛轮状病毒TaqMan二重实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）5′端非编码区和牛轮状病毒（BRV）VP6基因序列,设计特异性引物和探针。通过对引物和探针浓度、Mg2＋浓度、dNTP浓度和Taq酶用量以及反应条件等因素的优化筛选,建立了能同时鉴别BVDV和BRV的二重荧光RT-PCR方法。该方法特异性好,与其他病原如CSFV、MB和IBRV不发生交叉反应;敏感性高,能够检测100个BVDV RNA和100个BRV RNA;稳定性好,批内重复和批间重复变异系数小;干扰性试验表明该方法能同时检测2个模板的不同浓度组合。本研究建立的二重荧光RT-PCR方法可用于BVDV和BRV检测,具有特异、敏感、快速、稳定等优点,是BVDV和BRV基础研究、流行病学调查和临床检测的良好工具。     

Diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection using monoclonal antibodies

The monoclonal antibody (MAb) D89 against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was used in conjunction with fluorescein-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin in an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) procedure on frozen tissue sections and cell culture. During the 2-year study, BVDV was isolated from specimens submitted in 460 cases. The D89 Mab detected all but 2 BVDV isolates, both cytopathic. In 316 of the cases in which BVD virus was detected by IFA, specimens were inoculated on bovine turbinate cells and examined for BVDV antigens at 3-5, 10, and 20 days postinoculation. The BVDV was detected in 238/316 cases (75%) after 3-5 days incubation. The remainder were not detected until 10 or 20 days postinoculation. Virus isolation was enhanced in the early test if plates were centrifuged at the time of inoculation. Results suggest that D89 monoclonal antibody is a suitable diagnostic reagent for the detection of BVDV isolated from diagnostic specimens. The D89 MAb can be used for the detection of BVDV in both cell culture and tissues. Combination of D89 with another BVDV MAb (C17) did not improve the ability to detect BVDV in tissues compared to using D89 only, and the combined Mab's resulted in an increase in nonspecific fluorescence when used on tissues. Although pooling of different BVDV monoclonal antibodies may be necessary to detect all strains of BVDV in cell culture, pooling should be used with caution on tissues. Early detection of BVDV in cell culture by this IFA procedure permits faster confirmation of BVDV diagnosis when compared to the usual routine testing for noncytopathic BVDV at termination of first passage in cell culture.     

江西部分地区猪瘟疑似病例中牛病毒性腹泻病毒感染情况的初步调查

参照资料选择并验证了一对牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus,简称BVDV)特异性引物,摸索了检测BVDV的RT-PCR方法的不同反应条件,选择出了最佳条件,建立了特异性的RT-PCR检测方法。并对已做过CSFV检测的52份病料进行BVDV的回归性检测,其中BVDV检测结果为阳性的病料7份,表明江西省部分猪群存在BVDV的感染,结合之前做过的猪瘟病毒(CSFV)检测结果,可说明江西省部分猪群存在BVDV的单纯感染和BVDV与CSFV的混合感染。     

Detection of C-type virus by immunoferritin technique in bat lung cell line chronically infected with bovine leucosis virus

Reported in this paper are morphological studies and tests for the detection of Type-C particles from a line of bat lung cells chronically infected with bovine leucosis virus. The immunoferritin technique was used. Ferritin labelling of Type-C particles was regularly accompanied by black-spot arrangement of ferritin around the virus envelope, which provided evidence to the specificity of this immunochemical technique.     

Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus, using degenerate oligonucleotide primers and the polymerase chain reaction.

A technique for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from circulating blood leukocytes, using the polymerase chain reaction, is described. The published nucleotide sequences of 2 strains of BVDV and that of hog cholera virus were aligned and the information was used to design oligonucleotides coding for 2 regions of amino acid homology. The oligonucleotides were a mixed population including all possible codons for the conserved amino acids. These degenerate oligonucleotides were used in the polymerase chain reaction to detect viral RNA in cells infected in vitro, or in circulating blood leukocytes from infected animals. Virus was detected in over 60 samples from diverse isolates. The detection of BVDV by the polymerase chain reaction is a rapid, sensitive, and specific technique, which represents an improvement over existing technology.