Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) subgenotypes in diagnostic laboratory accessions: distribution of BVDV1a, 1b, and 2a subgenotypes

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) biotypes and subgenotypes was determined from 131 BVDV positive samples from a diagnostic laboratory. The majority of the isolates were from Oklahoma; however, other states including Kansas, Texas, and Arkansas were represented. These BVDV samples were from submissions of 76 live animals and 55 necropsy samples. There were 131 BVDV samples represented by 117 noncytopathic (NCP), 11 cytopathic (CP) and 3 cases with mixed NCP and CP biotypes. The NCP isolates were more common (P < 0.05) than the CP and NCP/CP combination. The BVDV samples were segregated into three subgenotypes by differential PCR and sequencing of a viral genomic region, 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR). There were more BVDV1b subgenotypes 60/131 (45.8%) than BVDV1a, 37/131 (28.2%) or BVDV2a, 34/131 (26.0%) (P < 0.05). The organ system involvement included the major categories such as respiratory, digestive, mixed/multiple organs, abortions, and persistent infections (PI). All three BVDV subgenotypes were found in persistently infected (PI) cattle and respiratory diseases, both major requests for BVDV diagnosis. Only one of the 131 viruses was genetically similar to the strains present in U.S. vaccines.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒间接ELISA方法的建立

持续性感染和免疫耐受是牛病毒性腹泻病的重要特征,也是该病的防控难点.本试验将2种生物型的牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV):致细胞病变(CP)型(BVDV OregonC24株)和非致细胞病变(NCP)型(BVDV Yak株),灭活、浓缩作为抗原,分别免疫家兔制备高免血清.同时,使用BVDV全病毒蛋白作为包被原,建立了检测BVDV的间接ELISA检测方法.本试验利用该方法对高免血清进行检测,探讨CP型BVDV与NCP型BVDV抗原免疫原性差异.结果显示,CP型BVDV的高免血清效价均比NCP型BVDV高免血清的效价高,平均高35%.结果表明,CP型BVDV的免疫原性优于NCP型BVDV,且CP型BVDV与NCP型BVDV的血清效价具有明显差异.这为在实践中疫苗毒株筛选及生产提供了理论指导.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒感染牛外周血单核细胞对CD80和CD86 mRNA转录的影响

用非致细胞病变（noncytopathic,NCP）和致细胞病变（cytopathic,CP）型牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）感染临床健康BVDV检测阴性的荷斯坦奶牛外周血单核细胞（PBMC）,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对感染后共刺激分子CD80和CD86mRNA转录水平的变化进行定量分析。结果表明,在NCP型BVDV感染牛PBMC后CD80在4h（P〈0.05）和12,24h（P〈0.01）出现2次转录高峰,CD86在6h（P〈0.05）出现转录高峰;CP型BVDV感染后,CD80在24h（P〈0.05）出现转录高峰,CD86在6h（P〈0.05）出现转录高峰。尽管CD80在NCP型BVDV感染后呈现较复杂的动态变化,但结果提示NCP型和CP型BVDV感染均可导致牛PBMC的共刺激分子CD80和CD86基因转录在感染早期明显受到抑制,PBMC的抗原呈递能力受到影响。     

Monoclonal antibodies to the p80/125 gp53 proteins of bovine viral diarrhea virus: their potential use as diagnostic reagents.

Monoclonal antibodies reactive to the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) protein gp53 were produced and characterized. These antibodies and our panel of anti-p80/125 monoclonal antibodies were tested for their cross-reactivity with 11 different North American and European (Danish) BVDV strains and isolates including viruses of both cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes. The four anti-gp53 monoclonal antibodies were neutralizing for the homologous Danish cytopathic isolate and cross-reacted with all BVDV strains examined except for the Draper strain. Further, anti-gp53 monoclonal antibodies neutralized the majority of BVDV strains examined. The anti-p80/125 monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted with all eleven strains and isolates tested. This indicated that various strains of BVDV have common epitopes. The broad cross-reactivities demonstrated by these monoclonal antibodies suggest that a pool of these antibodies may be used for detection of BVDV cellular contamination or for virus isolation, in place of polyclonal antiserum.     

地方品种HR土鸡不同亚型禽白血病病毒的共感染

为研究HR土鸡中存在的不同亚型禽白血病病毒(ALV)共感染的情况,本实验分别采集46只HR土公鸡的泄殖腔棉拭子和455枚鸡蛋卵白样品,采用ELISA试剂盒检测p27抗原;并采用相应的ELISA试剂盒分别检测卵黄中J亚型ALV(ALV-J)和AB亚型ALV(ALV-AB)抗体。结果表明:HR土公鸡泄殖腔棉拭子样品中p27检出阳性率为87%(40/46),卵白检出率为74.7%(340/455);而卵黄中ALV-J和ALV-AB抗体阳性率分别为0(0/30)和80%(24/30)。无菌采集初步筛选p27抗原检测为阳性的5只HR土公鸡的抗凝血接种CEF,采用抗ALV-J和ALV-A的单克隆抗体进行IFA检测,结果显示5份样品中ALV-A和ALV-J的阳性率均为100%(5/5)。同时选取HR土鸡分离株HR332进行PCR扩增鉴定,结果表明分离株HR332存在ALV-J(HR332J)和ALV-A(HR332A)。其中,HR332J与11株ALV-J国内外参考株的同源性为92.4%～97.9%;HR332A与ALV-A参考株RSA-A、MQNCSU的同源性分别为90.1%和89.7%,与国内分离株SDAU09E2的同源性为99.0%。本研究显示,地方品种HR土鸡存在不同亚型ALV共感染,同时ALV-A和ALV-J共感染同一个鸡的现象已经存在。     

Coccidia in sheep in South Australia

Faecal samples from 136 sheep from four different locations in South Australia were examined to determine the types and numbers of Eimeria spp. present. Coccidian oocysts were detected in 80% of the sheep and 11 different species of Eimeria were identified. The species detected (and their prevalence) were E. crandallis/E. weybridgensis (76%), E. ovina (55%), E. ovinoidalis (54%), E. granulosa (49%), E. parva/E. pallida (44%), E. intricata (37%), E. ahsata (31%), E. faurei (24%), and E. punctata (1%). No major differences were observed in the patterns of infection between the four locations examined. Faecal samples were also collected each month for a year from 48 lambs at two of the locations and oocyst counts were found to decrease markedly in all lambs after 6 months of age but to persist at low levels until the end of sampling at 17 months of age.     

广西畜禽产品中沙门氏菌血清型、耐药性及耐药基因调查

试验旨在了解广西部分地区畜禽产品中沙门氏菌血清型分布和耐药状况,以及β-内酰胺酶bla_TEM、bla_CTX-M基因和氟喹诺酮类抗生素耐药基因qnrA、oqxA、oqxB、aac（6'）-Ⅰ b-cr的流行情况。对沙门氏菌进行分离鉴定与血清型分型,采用K-B纸片法对其中随机挑选的80株分离株进行24种抗菌药物敏感性试验,并采用PCR方法进行耐药基因检测。结果显示,从零售生鲜畜禽肉中分离的176株沙门氏菌分属5个血清群,共26种血清型,主要优势血清群为B群60.23%（106/176）、E群18.75%（33/176）和C群15.91%（28/176）,主要优势血清型为德尔卑沙门氏菌35.23%（62/176）、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌11.93%（21/176）和伦敦沙门氏菌9.66%（17/176）。80株分离株对24种抗菌药物均产生不同程度的耐药,其中对复方新诺明、林可霉素、利福平的耐药率最高,均高于90.00%,对青霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、强力霉素、头孢拉啶、头孢氨苄、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、阿奇霉素的耐药率介于50.00%~90.00%之间,对环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、氟苯尼考的耐药率小于10.00%;所有分离株均为多重耐药株,其中最少为2重耐药,最多为17重耐药,多重耐药性主要集中在10~16重耐药,共占总数的78.75%（63/80）。PCR结果显示,80株分离株各基因的检出率分别为：bla_TEM 98.75%（79/80）、bla_CTX-M 26.25%（21/80）、oqxA 26.25%（21/80）、oqxB 21.25%（17/80）、qnrA 16.25%（13/80）、aac（6'）-Ⅰb-cr 50.00%（40/80）。结果表明,广西畜禽产品源沙门氏菌血清型呈多样性分布,分离株的耐药情况严重,临床日益严重的耐药现象与耐药基因的普遍存在有很大的关系。     

Monoclonal antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus: cross-reactivities to field isolates and hog cholera virus strains.

Monoclonal antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were examined for binding with a large number of North American BVDV isolates and eight strains of the serologically related pestivirus, hog cholera virus (HCV). No single BVDV monoclonal antibody reacted with all BVDV isolates. The most cross-reactive monoclonal antibody was an anti-p80/p125 antibody which showed a positive reaction with 173 of 180 (96%) North American isolates. From a fewer number of isolates tested, one anti-gp53 monoclonal antibody also showed a high cross-reactivity (94%). All BVDV isolates showed a positive reaction with at least one of the seven monoclonal antibodies in the panel. Thus, the results indicated that a pool of these monoclonal antibodies may be used in place of polyclonal antisera for the detection of BVDV contamination of cell lines or for virus isolation. For HCV, all three anti-p80/p125 monoclonal antibodies reacted positively with all eight virus strains. In contrast, none of the anti-gp53 monoclonal antibodies were reactive to HCV strains. Thus, the anti-gp53 monoclonal antibodies may be useful for distinguishing between usually innocuous BVDV infections and the highly significant HCV infections in swine for foreign animal disease surveillance.     

Serological comparison of cytopathogenic and non-cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease viruses isolated from cattle with mucosal disease

Ten cattle that died with mucosal disease were examined for bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) viruses. Both cytopathogenic (CP) and non-cytopathogenic (NCP) BVD-MD viruses were isolated concomitantly from 9 of them, and only a CP virus was recovered from the other. Then each pair of CP and NCP viruses was compared serologically by a serum neutralization test. Each pair of CP and NCP viruses from the same cattle was found to be serologically indistinguishable, although a minor antigenic difference was observed among the groups of the paired viruses. These results seem to support the hypotheses that mucosal disease occurs in persistently infected cattle which were induced by in utero infection with NCP virus when they are superinfected with CP virus, and the antigenic homology in CP and NCP BVD-MD viruses may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the disease.     

Classification of beef calves as protein-deficient or thermally stressed by discriminant analysis of blood constituents

Linear discriminant functions hold promise for identifying either protein-deficient or cold-stressed calves based on blood constituents. For each of 2 yr 60 artificially bred Angus heifers were assigned randomly to a 2 x 2 factorial nutritional plan consisting of .32 or .96 kg/d of maternal CP and 8.7 or 12.2 Mcal/d of ME. The calves from these heifers were assigned randomly to environmental chambers set at either 0 or 21 degrees C in a repeated measures design. Linear discriminant functions were computed for 1 yr (training data) and then used to predict the classification of calves for the other year (validation data). Using the original data, the correct classifications of calves to the protein groups were 96, 80, 60, 59, 54, and 51% for blood samples obtained at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h of age, respectively. Using normalized data, corresponding correct classifications to protein groups were 94, 91, 80, 56, 54, and 52%. Results indicate that protein classification should use blood samples obtained within 12 h of age for reasonable success. For cold-stressed calves, correct classifications using original data were 47 (pre-exposure), 72, 54, 70, 67, and 66% for calves at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h of age, respectively. Corresponding correct classifications using normalized data were 54 (pre-exposure), 74, 70, 72, 69, and 77%. Cold stress could be detected after only 12 h of exposure; the time window for testing was much wider than for protein classification, but the classification generally was less discriminative.     

Noncytopathogenic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viruses Detected and Titrated by Immunofluorescence

Noncytopathogenic (NCP) bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) disease agents can be detected and titrated in tissue culture systems by a method employing immunofluorescence. Cytopathogenic (CP) and NCP viruses cross react with fluorescein-conjugated serum globulins produced against either CP and NCP viruses, but the fluorescence is more intense in the homologous system. Serum neutralization titers of sera against both CP and NCP groups were compared for both groups of viruses, and results of cross reactions were in agreement with results from immunofluorescence tests. Results of these two tests were discussed as to possible antigenic groupings of CP and NCP viruses. Use of immunofluorescence as a diagnostic test for BVD and as an alternate method of titrating NCP viruses in tissue culture systems is proposed.     

广西凭祥斗鸡禽白血病病毒检测及分离株env基因分析

为了解广西凭祥市特有家禽品种斗鸡禽白血病病毒(ALV)的感染情况,采集了该市3个鸡场斗鸡的肛拭子、血清、血浆样品共344份,用禽白血病ELISA检测试剂盒进行检测。结果显示,斗鸡ALV感染情况严重,其中肛拭样品ALV-p27抗原阳性率高达39.13%,血清样品病毒分离阳性率为12.97%,ALV-J和ALV-A/B抗体阳性率分别为22.39%和7.46%;对从2只斗鸡获得的病毒分离株DJ-3-18和DJ-45进行病毒囊膜蛋白基因env的扩增、序列测定及比较分析,结果显示2株病毒的gp85基因与ALV-A亚群参考株之间氨基酸的同源性为88.2%~96.5%,gp37基因与ALV-A亚群参考株之间氨基酸的同源性为91.4%~98.0%,其中与台湾A亚群蛋鸡源分离株TW-3577的亲缘关系最近,而与ALV其他亚群毒株的同源性则较低。结果表明,首次获得的2株斗鸡源ALV分离株属A亚群。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. from various organ systems of horses, dogs and cats as determined in the BfT-GermVet monitoring program 2004-2006

A total of 120 isolates of Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. collected from horses and small animals (dogs and cats) were screened for their susceptibility to 24 different antimicrobial agents. Klebsiella spp. were included from infections of the genital tract (GT) of horses (36 isolates) and the urinary/genital tract (UGT) from dogs and cats (17 isolates), while Proteus spp. were from small animal (dogs and cats) infections of the UGT (37 strains) and the skin (incl. ear/mouth) (30 isolates). In Klebsiella spp. resistance appeared most frequently to ampicillin (53-67%), sulfamethoxazole (19-29%) and potentiated sulfonamides (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 1/19 combination) (19-24%). A further 29% of enrofloxacin resistant Klebsiella isolates were observed for the UGT of small animals. From the GT of horses for this antimicrobial agent there was no isolate detected with a comparably high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value. In Proteus spp. highest percentages of resistance occurred against tetracycline (90-92%). Due to drug efflux proteins, high MIC values against this antimicrobial agent have been frequently reported in literature. In Proteus spp. relevant resistance percentages also occurred for potentiated sulfonamides (27-37%), sulfamethoxazole (24-37%) and chloramphenicol (24-37%).     

Variation in immunogenicity of ruminant pestiviruses as determined by the neutralisation assay

Immunogenicity in naive three-month-old Friesian bull calves of nine ruminant pestiviruses, three each of type 1 bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV), type 2 BVDV and border disease virus (BDV) was directly compared in reciprocal cross-neutralisation tests using sera obtained eight weeks after intranasal and intravenous inoculation with live virus. Cytopathic (CP) type 1 BVDV strain C86, non-cytopathic (NCP) type 2 BVDV strain 890 and NCP BDV strain V2536/2 were found to elicit significantly broad cross-neutralising antibodies against viruses in other species whereas other virus strains in all three species produced a much more pronounced homologous and/or species specific response. Results are clearly relevant in the selection of strains for vaccines against diseases caused by these successful, economically important ubiquitous viruses.     

家兔对玉米秸能量及主要营养成分消化率的测定

为了探讨玉米秸对家兔的饲用价值，进行了玉米秸能量及主要营养成分在家兔的消化率测定。结果，总能（ＧＥ）消化率为５９．６４％，消化能（ＤＥ）含量９．１７ＭＪ／ｋｇ，粗蛋白（ＣＰ）、粗脂肪（ＥＥ）、无氮浸出物（ＮＦＥ）、灰分（ａｓｈ）、干物质（ＤＭ）和有机物（ＯＭ）消化率分别为４０．３９％、２３．４９％、８３．３％、７６．５４％、３８．３４％、５３．０９％和５３．５２％。玉米秸对家兔有较高的ＤＥ含量及ＮＦＥ和ＣＦ消化率，但ＣＰ消化率较低，家兔日粮中使用玉米秸时要注意补加蛋白质饲料     

Effect of linseed cake supplementation on digestibility and faecal and haematological parameters in dogs

The experiment was conducted with a 6 x 4 cyclic changeover design. Six adult Alaskan huskies were assigned to diets containing 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% linseed cake. A linear decrease in the apparent digestibilities of organic matter (OM) (p < 0.020), ether extract (EE) (p < 0.003), neutral detergent fibre (p < 0.015), nitrogen-free extract (NFE) (p < 0.001) and crude carbohydrates (p < 0.001) was noted. Digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were unaffected by the treatment. Wet weight of faeces increased (p < 0.001) and DM of faeces decreased (p < 0.001) linearly as the percentage of dietary linseed cake increased. Serum cholesterol concentration tended to decrease (p = 0.094) as the proportion of linseed cake increased. Apparent OM, EE, CP and NFE digestibility coefficients for linseed cake were 52%, 77%, 54% and 37%, respectively, and the digestible energy (DE) value was 13.22 MJ/kg DM. Our results showed that working and racing dogs fed the extruded and kibbled diet can utilize up to 4.2% linseed cake of diet DM as a fibre source without severe reductions in nutrient digestibility or feed consumption. Even higher levels of linseed cake, up to 8.5% of diet DM, can be used for normal or obese dogs, but more faeces will be excreted.     

Comparison of four serologic tests for the detection of antibodies to bovine leukemia virus

Four tests for detection of antibodies to bovine leukemia virus (BLV) were compared. The sera that were tested came from cattle in naturally infected commercial dairy herds, cattle that were infected under experimental conditions, and cattle in an isolated BLV-free herd. The tests that were compared included a radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIA) with p24 antigen, a RIA with glycoprotein (gp) antigen, an agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test with gp antigen, and a virus-neutralization (VN) test that was based on inhibition of BLV-induced syncytia in cell culture. Results of the 4 serologic tests agreed for 96.8% of the sera from cattle in commercial herds. The gp RIA detected the greatest number of positive sera (188); it was followed in turn by the p24 RIA (187), the VN test (183), and the AGID test (176). The gpd RIA titers of the 12 sera that gave negative AGID results were 175 or less. In RIA, the percentage of precipitation of labeled antigen by positive sera was almost always higher with gp antigen than with p24 antigen. Satisfactory sensitivity in the p24 RIA required the acceptance of a low level of antigen precipitation, 15%, as a positive test. In the gp RIA, however, almost all positive sera precipitated at least 50% of the labeled antigen. Nonspecific precipitation of antigen in the RIA by sera from BLV-free cattle ranged from 4% to 10%. Examination of sequential serum samples from 17 experimentally infected cattle showed that BLV antibody was first detected 2 to 8 weeks after inoculation. In 9 cattle, seroconversion was detected simultaneously by all of the tests. Results from the other 8 cattle indicated that seroconversion could be detected first by p24 RIA, followed by the gp RIA and the VN test. The longest interval between RIA seroconversion and AGID seroconversion was 10 days. Monthly tests of sera from 10 laboratory cattle that were infected by contact exposure showed that 7 animals seroconverted in all tests at the same time. Two cattle were positive first in RIA, but the next month they were also positive in the VN and AGID tests. One animal was positive in the RIA and the VN test for 2 months before antibody was detected by AGID.