Prokaryotic infection associated with a mass mortality of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus

Abstract. A mass mortality of the deep sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus , which occurred in the autumn and winter of 1979–80, in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island was studied. Grossly the animals possessed greyish, flaccid adductor muscles and histologically they showed myodegeneration. Eighty-eight per cent of the 34 animals examined were infected with intracellular prokaryotes on the gills, plicate membranes and other epithelial surfaces of the body. The morphology of this prokaryotic organism is suggestive of rickettsia. Heavy infection was positively correlated with extensive myodegeneration.     

Chlamydia-like organisms in the digestive diverticula of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians (Lmk)

Abstract. The morphology of a chlamydia-like organism from the digestive diverticula of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians (Lmk), is described. This organism was found in about 40% of bay scallops introduced to the quarantine unit at Ellerslie, Prince Edward Island, Canada and also in about 40% of the F₁ and F₂ generations. Procaryote infections were also found in the northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria (L.), the soft-shelled clam, Mya arenaria L., and the Atlantic deepsea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin).     

虾夷扇贝动态能量收支生长模型

本研究旨在建立虾夷扇贝的动态能量收支(Dynamic Energy Budget,DEB)数值模型,为进一步构建北方海域虾夷扇贝养殖容量评估模型奠定基础。根据DEB理论,以水温和叶绿素浓度作为强制函数,基于现场及室内实验收集DEB模型参数,针对桑沟湾养殖环境和虾夷扇贝生长的数据,利用STELLA软件构建了虾夷扇贝的DEB模型,以长海县养殖环境和1龄、2龄、3龄虾夷扇贝生长的数据对模型进行验证。模型的模拟结果显示:(1)构建的DEB模型能够很好地模拟虾夷扇贝软体部干重的生长,反映了不同时间的能量分配情况;(2)在桑沟湾,6月1日至9月25日期间水温的限制性强于食物限制;在长海海域,9月15日至次年的6月20日期间食物的限制性强于水温的限制,由此推断,长海海域虾夷扇贝的养殖密度过大,可能超出了海域的养殖容量。另外,敏感性分析结果显示,能量分配系数k以及食物摄食能力参数–最大体表面积吸收率PAM、半饱和常数Xk,对虾夷扇贝生长模拟结果有着较大的影响,例如,PAM提高10%,生长模拟结果可增加13%。因此,这些敏感性较大的参数需要通过室内实验或者现场实验准确测定,谨慎赋值。     

Complete nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding a myosin heavy chain from mantle tissue of scallop Patinopecten yessoensis

ABSTRACT: It has been reported that the amino acid sequences of striated and catch muscle myosin heavy chains from two scallop species ( Argopecten irradians and Placopecten magellanicus ) are almost identical, but that the ATPase activities between these myosins vary several-fold. These myosin sequences have been useful for identifying the region that modulates the ATPase activity of scallop myosin. In the present study, a cDNA encoding a myosin heavy chain was isolated from the mantle tissue of scallop Patinopecten yessoensis . The cDNA is composed of 6067 base pairs (bp) including an open-reading frame of 5841 p, which encodes an amino acid sequence of 1947 residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of P. yessoensis mantle myosin had a high identity of 90%, 92%, and 91% to P. magellanicus , A. irradians , and Pecten maximus striated muscle myosins, respectively. Interestingly, while the deduced amino acid sequences of around adenosine triphosphate-binding and actin-binding sites of the mantle myosin are homologous to those of A. irradians striated muscle myosin, the subfragment 2 hinge region and the non-helical tail region are similar to those of catch muscle myosin.     

Digenean (Bucephalidae) infections in commercial scallops, Pecten fumatus Reeve, and doughboy scallops, Chlamys (Mimachlamys) asperrima (Lamarck), in Jervis Bay, New South Wales

Sympatric populations of the hermaphroditic scallop, Pecten fumatus Reeve, and of the dioecious scallop, Chlamys (Mimachlamys) asperrima (Lamarck), from Jervis Bay, New South Wales, Australia, were sampled between October 1991 and December 1994. Over the first 2 years, 5.1% of adult P. fumatus and 4.5% of adult C. asperrima were infected with a trematode, Bucephalus sp., that causes parasitic castration. A significant increase in the numbers of infected scallops occurred in spring 1993, teaching 63% in P. fumatus and 24% in C asperrima in May and March 1994, respectively. The prevalence of infection increased with scallop size, reaching 66% in P. fumatus greater than 80 mm in shell height and 40% in C. asperrima greater than 75 mm in 1994. Seasonal and interannual variations in parasitism for the P. fumatus recorded over a continuous period of 5 years in Jervis Bay are discussed, as are interspecies differences and the potential impact of the parasitic castration on reproductive potential and marketability of P. fumatus and C. asperrima.     

An estimator of episodic mortality in bivalves with an application to sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus)

In marine invertebrate populations natural mortality events tend to be episodic in nature. The impact of these episodic mortality events can be estimated from the decline in catch rate of live animals over time obtained through successive population sampling. However, the high variability of catch rates makes them relatively insensitive indicators of mortality. For bivalve mollusks another means to estimate mortality is to assess the change in abundance of recently dead animals, called clappers, which are gaping shells still hinged together. We present a change in ratio estimator and its associated variance of the proportion of animals dying due to an episodic mortality event. This estimator is more sensitive to mortality events and may be preferable to a traditional estimator based upon changes in catch rates of live animals. When applied to a scallop population in Narragansett Bay, RI, the change in ratio estimator indicated that a 72% reduction in the population occurred after an intense mortality event associated with an epizootic of a rickettsia-like organism.     

胶州湾栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的流行病学调查

2 0 0 0年 1月 - 12月 ,跟踪调查了胶州湾养殖栉孔扇贝大规模死亡情况 ,对养殖海域环境因子进行了测定 ,并对大规模死亡期间发病栉孔扇贝进行了病理学观察。调查结果显示 ,胶州湾养殖栉孔扇贝大规模死亡呈暴发性并集中在 7月下旬的高水温期。发病高峰期在 7月 2 1日至 7月 2 7日 ,最高时点患病率达 14 .5 % ,7月份的月死亡率为 5 8.0 %。至 8月 3日累积死亡率达 90 .0 % ,患病贝死亡率接近 10 0 %。发病期扇贝壳高平均为 5 .0± 0 .9cm。,养殖栉孔扇贝半数死亡时间在 7月 2 3日。通过对水环境因子、病原性生物因子的调查分析及病理学观察表明 ,栉孔扇贝的大规模死亡可能是由生物性因子 (病毒 )所致 ,而与环境中理化因子可能无直接的相关关系     

微酸性电解水对活品虾夷扇贝存活率的影响及杀菌效果

以活品虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)为实验对象,用不同理化性质的微酸性电解水(slightly acidic electrolyzed water,SAEW)处理受试扇贝,并用副溶血性弧菌人工浸染经微酸性电解水处理过的扇贝,检测其存活率、微酸性电解水杀菌效果、副溶血性弧菌的变化规律,以及虾夷扇贝在不同电解水处理阶段的菌相。结果显示,微酸性电解水处理1 min、2 min、4 min,扇贝存活率均为80%,处理8 min存活率为82%,均高于染菌组和对照组;电解水处理时间与细菌总数和大肠菌群呈显著负相关(P0.05),与处理时采用的电解水有效氯浓度没有显著性关系(P0.05)。采用电解水处理8 min后,活品虾夷扇贝体内染上的副溶血性弧菌数量从1 100 MPN/g降至28 MPN/g。扇贝初期主要菌群为假单胞菌和弧菌,在经过微酸性电解水处理后,其体内的菌群趋于复杂化,优势菌群有所改变,细菌总数有所下降。24 h后经电解水处理或者未处理的虾夷扇贝体内优势腐败菌均为假单胞菌。研究表明,SAEW在虾夷扇贝净化中具有一定的应用潜力。     

Possible cytotoxic effects of the dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium aureolum, on juvenile bivalve molluscs

Juveniles of eight commercially important species of bivalve molluscs (Spisula solidissima, Argopecten irradians, Crassostrea virginica, Mytilus edulis, Mya arenaria, Ostrea edulis, Mercenaria mercenaria, Placopecten magellanicus) were exposed in the laboratory to the commonly occurring dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium aureolum. Histological analyses of gut tissues indicated that the impact of G. aureolum on the shellfish was species-specific. High rates of mortality were noted in the bay scallop, A. irradians, but not in other molluscan species. There were no pathological differences between control animals and animals fed G. aureolum in S. solidissima, M. arenaria, or M. mercenaria. The most severely affected molluscs were C. virginica and A. irradians. C. virginica did not exhibit differences in digestive gland parameters between control and experimental animals; however, several animals did show significant mantle and gill lesions. Bay scallops exhibited decreased height of absorptive cells and increased lumen diameter after exposure to Gyrodinium suggesting, at least, poor food quality of Gyrodinium. Evidence of toxic effects was not identified in the digestive gland. Several bay scallops also showed variable amounts of inflammation in the kidney associated with protozoal infestations and variable amounts of predominately rod-shaped bacteria within the urinary space. Aquaculturists, especially of scallop species, should monitor for the presence of G. aureolum. Given its large size (25-30 m), G. aureolum could be filtered from incoming water to hatcheries, thus avoiding mass mortalities of spat and juvenile scallops.     

两个海区栉孔扇贝感染AVNV的比较分析

急性病毒性坏死病毒(acute viral necrosis virus,AVNV)是一种能导致栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的DNA病毒,研究通过检测不同养殖模式和不同苗种来源的栉孔扇贝样本携带AVNV的情况,以寻找合理的养殖模式和苗种,降低疾病的发生。以扇贝单一养殖的青岛流清河海区和贝藻间养的荣成桑沟湾海区为采样点,每月(2010年3月—2011年4月)定期采集2个海区野生苗养殖和人工苗养殖的栉孔扇贝样品各10只,共得到扇贝样本480只。取扇贝外套膜组织,提取DNA,采用巢式PCR检测扇贝感染AVNV的情况,并对2个海区2类栉孔扇贝AVNV感染率进行比较。结果显示,在2个海区的2类栉孔扇贝体内均检测到AVNV,流清河海区野生苗和人工苗养殖栉孔扇贝AVNV感染率分别为21.1%和18.9%,桑沟湾海区2类扇贝AVNV感染率分别为11.1%和5.6%;2个海区AVNV感染扇贝均集中在7、8月份,其中,流清河海区最高可达80%,桑沟湾海区最高仅40%。研究表明,贝藻间养和选用人工苗能有效减少AVNV对养殖扇贝的感染,是控制养殖扇贝发病死亡的有效措施。     

桑沟湾养殖海域营养状况及其影响因素分析

桑沟湾营养现状调查结果表明，桑沟湾营养状况不仅受沿岸排放水的影响，而且大面积的海带和扇贝养殖对于营养盐的补充与消耗也有较大的影响，特别是在扇贝养殖区水域，富营养化水平较高。由Ｎ／Ｐ比值计算结果表明，从整个海湾看，冬季无机氮显得相对紧缺，而其他季节无机磷则显得相对紧缺。但从局部海域看，各季节扇贝养殖区无机磷显得相对紧缺。而在扇贝和海带混养区的１月，以及在海带单养区养殖海带期间的１月和４月无机氮显得相     

石膏法测定海水流速

为了测量浅海扇贝养成笼内、外环境因子的变化差异，利用石膏法测定了桑沟湾扇贝养殖海区、养成笼内的海水流速变化，并与挪威产SD6000型自动记录海流计进行了比较。同时，时影响石膏块溶解的因子进行了探讨，得出了石膏块的溶失与水体积、温度、盐度、时间、水流之间的相关曲线。结果表明，石膏块的溶失与水流流速之间具有很好的相关性(R^2=0．982)，经校正后石膏法测得的笼外平均海流流速与海流计测得的流速之间没有显著性差异(P=0．411)。     

(钅止)锚湾扇贝养殖水域富营养化现状与评价

根据2006-2007年(钅止)锚湾海湾扇贝养殖水域富营养化现状调查资料,分析了该水域表层营养盐类的分布特征并对其富营养化现状进行了评价.调查结果表明,该水域2006年水环境质量好于2007年.2年来均表现为 5、6月水质较好, 8月水质较差,2007年8月水质最差,水体已呈富营养化状态,并开始受到有机物污染.     

栉孔扇贝大规模死亡致病病原的研究

对2000-2002年山东沿海6个疫区患病栉孔扇贝进行电镜观察，在消化腺、外套膜、肾和肠的结缔组织细胞和间质细胞中发现一种球形病毒．并引起相直的病理学变化。该病毒具囊膜，直径为130～170nm，核衣壳直径为90～140nm。病毒分离纯化后．观察到的病毒囊膜表面覆有长20nm的纤突。病毒在细胞质中的囊泡样结构内完成装配，其内未发现包涵体存在。从发病疫区栉孔扇贝组织中分离出病毒毒种对键康扇贝进行人工感染。结果显示，各感染实验组发病扇贝表现出与自然海区发病扇贝相同的临床症状。病毒注射组死r二率为?5％，病毒浸浴组死亡率为68．7％．灭活病毒注射组和空白对照组死亡率皆为12．5％。病毒注射、浸浴组与灭活病毒注射组、空白对照组死亡率差异显著。电镜复检结果显示，各感染实验组发病扇贝组织中分布有大量病毒粒子，与自然海区发病扇贝组织所观察到的病毒粒子在形态特征和病理学特征上完全一致。以上结果证明，病毒是导致栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的直接病原。     

附着生物对栉孔扇贝生长及存活的影响

2003年6-10月附着生物附着盛期对桑沟湾扇贝养殖笼上附着生物的种类组成、消长规律、附着生物量的季节变化以及附着生物对扇贝生长存活的影响方面进行了调查研究。结果表明：8月份附着生物总生物量达到最高峰,9月份开始逐渐下降;倒笼次数对栉孔扇贝的生长有较大影响,以每2个月倒换网笼1次、高温季节不倒笼为最佳。     

A model to explain the formation of catarina scallop, Argopecten circularis (Sowerby, 1835), beds, in Magdalena Bay, Mexico

Abstract. During the years of 1989 and 1990, the yield of the commercial fishery for the catarina scallop, Argopecten circularis (Sowerby, 1835), in Magdalena Bay, was 750 million organisms (5186t of muscles), which were gathered by diving at 12–30m depth. This production is the largest registered to date and accounted for 53% of the total Mexican scallop production since 1981. The formation of large beds in that area is a sporadic phenomenon which needs to be studied. In the present paper, a model to explain the formation of such beds is drawn, in which the bentho-pelagic red crab, Pleuroncodes planipes (Stimpson, 1860), plays a role as primary substrate for the recruitment of the spat and simultaneously is the active transporter of juveniles into the Bay during the winter months of cold years. Apparently exploitable beds are formed only when temperatures of 16°C or lower, are registered deep inside the Bay for at least 2 months. Relating these findings with short and long-term temperature fluctuations, it seems possible to predict future exploitable stocks in the area.     

Histopathology of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.

Abstract. The histopathology of an atypical Aeromonas salmonicida found in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., is described. Unlike members of the Salmonidae, the cod showed a well-developed host reaction to A. salmonicida involving encystment of the bacteria. When Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were given an intramuscular injection with suspensions of cultures of this strain of A. salmonicida no cellular host reaction was observed. When cod were given a similar injection the bacteria showed degenerative changes, leucocytes accumulated, and cyst formation was seen in the spleen and kidney. Since cod can be infected by this organism the possibility exists that they could act as carriers, a source of infection for salmonids in saltwater cage culture or in the wild.     

海湾扇贝一种球形病毒的形态发生及细胞病理学观察

2001年3-5月,青岛海区养殖海湾扇贝发生外套膜"糜烂病"并导致约50%亲贝死亡,主要表现为外套膜糜烂;严重者,约2/3的外套膜溃烂呈胶水状.电镜检测发现病贝体内感染有病毒等病原微生物.本文报道了该病毒粒子的形态、发生及宿主细胞由此所产生的细胞病理学变化.成熟的病毒粒子近球形,直径150～180nm,具囊膜,在细胞核附近的溶酶体内发生和增殖.发生初期溶酶体内形成板层髓样结构,随后形成块状、泡状、絮状等多形态的病毒发生基质及具有正方形花样的蛋白质晶格结构.最后,大量的病毒粒子装配形成,填充在溶酶体内.该病毒粒子主要存在于消化盲囊上皮细胞及结缔组织细胞的胞质中.受感染的宿主细胞线粒体肿胀、嵴溶解,内质网肿胀、核糖体脱落,溶酶体数量增多,核膜膨胀、溶解等,大部分细胞器受损.     

基于围隔实验研究虾夷扇贝与龙须菜养殖对浮游植物群落结构的影响

2015年秋季在桑沟湾开展围隔实验,研究了60 h内高容量虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)和龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)养殖对水体中物理、化学和生物(浮游植物群落)等因素的影响。结果显示,养殖的虾夷扇贝和龙须菜在60 h内能显著改变水体中的溶解氧(DO)和溶解态无机氮(DIN)的浓度,同时,能显著影响浮游植物种群丰度和组成特征。从各实验组来看,12 h后,虾夷扇贝和龙须菜实验组浮游植物丰度显著低于空白实验组。虾夷扇贝对水体中4种硅藻优势种[包括柔弱拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima)、双菱藻(Surirella sp.)、菱形藻(Nitzschia spp.)、针杆藻(Synedra spp.)]的滤除效应存在较大差异,即对柔弱拟菱形藻和双菱藻有较大的滤除效应,但对菱形藻和针杆藻却影响不大。基于水体中的光合色素变化特征也揭示了虾夷扇贝对浮游植物的选择性摄食效应,即虾夷扇贝能显著滤除水体中的岩藻黄素(fucoxanthin,硅藻特征色素)、别藻黄素(alloxanthin,隐藻特征色素)。与此相反,青绿藻素(prasinoxanthin,微微型藻类的特征色素)在48 h后,虾夷扇贝实验组显著高于空白实验组和大型藻实验组,说明龙须菜养殖对微微型青绿藻生物量无显著影响。     

山东沿海栉孔扇贝大量死亡原因初探

为弄清１９９７年山东沿海栉孔扇贝大量死亡原因,通过现场调查,取样,众海水及扇 贝体内分离出２０析菌,选取５株进行感染实验。结果：病原菌可造成扇贝感染死亡,不同菌株致病性不同,水温越高,致病性越强。造成扇贝大量裂纹民系综合因素所致其中持续高温是主要因子,在高温季节下沉筏架,控制养殖规模,稀疏密度,及时清笼,在底质污染严重的海区养扇贝,都是预防扇贝死亡的好方法。