Acylation of proteins with myristic acid occurs cotranslationally

Several proteins of viral and cellular origin are acylated with myristic acid early during their biogenesis. To investigate the possibility that myristylation occurred cotranslationally, the BC3H1 muscle cell line, which contains a broad array of myristylated proteins, was pulse-labeled with [3H]myristic acid. Nascent polypeptide chains covalently associated with transfer RNA were isolated subsequently by ion-exchange chromatography. [3H]Myristate was attached to nascent chains through an amide linkage and was identified by thin-layer chromatography after its release from nascent chains by acid methanolysis. Inhibition of cellular protein synthesis with puromycin resulted in cessation of [3H]myristate-labeling of nascent chains, in agreement with the dependence of this modification on protein synthesis in vivo. These data represent a direct demonstration that myristylation of proteins is a cotranslational modification.     

Identification of geranylgeranyl-modified proteins in HeLa cells

Previous studies have shown that animal cells contain isoprenoid-modified proteins and that one of these proteins, lamin B, contains a thioether-linked farnesyl group that is attached to cysteine. In the present study, a novel isoprenoid-modification was identified by labeling HeLa cells with [3H]mevalonic acid and analyzing proteolytic digests of the total cell protein. Radioactive fragments were purified from these digests and treated with Raney nickel. The released, labeled material was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). This approach revealed that an all-trans geranylgeranyl group was a major isoprenoid modification.     

An unusual form of lipid linkage to the CD45 peptide

Some protein kinases and phosphatases are myristoylated on their amino terminus, which perhaps contributes to subcellular localization or regulation. Glycoprotein CD45, a hematopoietic tyrosine phosphatase, was examined for fatty acid content. The CD45 protein incorporated [3H]myristate, but little [3H]palmitate. The label was not metabolized and reincorporated into amino acids or saccharides, as revealed by peptide maps of CD45 labeled with [3H]myristate, 14C-labeled amino acids, [35S]methionine, or 125I, and glycosidase treatments, respectively. The myristate label was resistant to mild alkaline methanolysis and was found in fatty acid and sphingosine, indicating an unusual form of lipid attachment to CD45.     

Identification and isolation of a variant surface glycoprotein from Trypanosoma vivax

The protozoan Trypanosoma vivax is one of the most important agents of African trypanosomiasis, a disease that hinders the productive use of livestock in one-third of the African continent. Trypanosoma vivax is also present in the Caribbean and in South America, posing a threat to the livestock industries of the tropical and subtropical world. Much less is known of the biology of this trypanosome than of the better studied T. brucei and T. congolense. One of the variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) of a West African stock of T. vivax was identified, purified, and partially characterized by the use of a combination of highly resolving techniques to maximize information from the relatively small amount of parasite material available. The molecular weight of the isolated protein (46,000) is smaller than that of VSGs from other species. As with T. brucei VSGs the protein from T. vivax is complexed with sugars and incorporates 3H when living trypanosomes are incubated with [3H]myristic acid, but the T. vivax molecule is more hydrophobic than the T. brucei molecule. The small size of the T. vivax VSG may have a bearing on the functional and evolutionary relationships of variant antigens in trypanosomes.     

Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter complementary DNA

A rat dopamine (DA) transporter complementary DNA has been isolated with combined complementary DNA homology and expression approaches. The DA transporter is a 619-amino acid protein with 12 hydrophobic putative membrane-spanning domains and homology to the norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid transporters. The expressed complementary DNA confers transport of [3H]DA in Xenopus oocytes and in COS cells. Binding of the cocaine analog [3H]CFT ([3H]2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane) to transfected COS cell membranes yields a pharmacological profile similar to that in striatal membranes.     

红景天多糖体外抑制IBDV感染CEF活性试验

[目的]探讨红景天多糖（Rhodiola sachalinensis polysaccaride,RSP）体外抑制鸡传染性法氏囊病毒（Infectious brusal disease virus,IBDV）感染鸡胚成纤维细胞（Chick Embryo Fibroblast,CEF）活性,为筛选抗IBDV活性物质奠定基础。[方法]采用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）法检测RSP对IBDV感染CEF的抑制作用。[结果]RSP抑制IBDV感染CEF的半数抑制浓度（50%concentration of inhibition,IC50）为0.38 mg/ml,治疗指数（Treatment Index,TI）为4.34。[结论]红景天多糖体外有较显著的抑制IBDV感染CEF活性。     

Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin

The high degree of tubulin heterogeneity in neurons is controlled mainly at the posttranslational level. Several variants of alpha-tubulin can be posttranslationally labeled after incubation of cells with [3H]acetate or [3H]glutamate. Peptides carrying the radioactive moiety were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Amino acid analysis, Edman degradation sequencing, and mass spectrometric analysis of these peptides led to the characterization of a posttranslational modification consisting of the successive addition of glutamyl units on the gamma-carboxyl group of a glutamate residue (Glu445). This modification, localized within a region of alpha-tubulin that is important in the interactions of tubulin with microtubule-associated proteins and calcium, could play a role in regulating microtubule dynamics.     

Activation of the cellular proto-oncogene product p21Ras by addition of a myristylation signal

The 21-kD proteins encoded by ras oncogenes (p21Ras) are modified covalently by a palmitate attached to a cysteine residue near the carboxyl terminus. Changing cysteine at position 186 to serine in oncogenic forms produces a nonpalmitylated protein that fails to associate with membranes and does not transform NIH 3T3 cells. Nonpalmitylated p21Ras derivatives were constructed that contained myristic acid at their amino termini to determine if a different form of lipid modification could restore either membrane association or transforming activity. An activated p21Ras, altered in this way, exhibited both efficient membrane association and full transforming activity. Surprisingly, myristylated forms of normal cellular Ras were also transforming. This demonstrates that Ras must bind to membranes in order to transmit a signal for transformation, but that either myristate or palmitate can perform this role. However, the normal function of cellular Ras is diverted to transformation by myristate and therefore must be regulated ordinarily by some unique property of palmitate that myristate does not mimic. Myristylation thus represents a novel mechanism by which Ras can become transforming.     

鸡突变型和未突变型Mx蛋白体外抗病毒活性研究

【目的】研究鸡Mx蛋白第631位氨基酸变异与抗病性的相关性。【方法】用已经构建成功的中国狼山鸡Mx蛋白基因突变型pcDNA3.0-MMx和未突变型pcDNA3.0-Mx真核表达载体分别转染鸡成纤维（CEF）细胞和鼠成纤维（NIH-3T3）细胞;利用RT-PCR检测突变型MMx基因和未突变型Mx基因的表达,微量细胞病变抑制法测定重组蛋白抗新城疫病毒（NDV）和水泡性口炎病毒（VSV）的效果。【结果】诱变鸡Mx基因的表达重组蛋白可保护CEF细胞在孵育48 h内免受NDV的感染;转染突变型pcDNA3.0-MMx真核表达载体的NIH-3T3细胞在孵育60 h内亦未受到VSV的浸染;而转染未突变型pcDNA3.0-Mx真核表达载体的CEF和NIH-3T3细胞在24 h内均发生了病变。【结论】体外重组突变的Mx蛋白在单细胞水平上具有延缓NDV和VSV感染的能力。     

鸡α干扰素/白细胞介素2基因的融合表达及活性研究

【目的】研究高效广谱鸡基因工程重组复合抗病毒制剂以对鸡的病毒性疾病进行防治。【方法】采用重叠延伸PCR(splicing by overlap extension-PCR,SOE-PCR)方法通过一基因柔性接头将鸡α干扰素(chicken interferon alpha,ChIFN-α)与鸡白细胞介素2(chicken interleukin-2,ChIL-2)基因构建成ChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2嵌合基因并克隆入pGEM-T Easy载体,将嵌合基因亚克隆入pQE-30表达载体中进行原核表达。通过尿素变性、低浓度蛋白复性液复性、PBS溶液透析等步骤对表达的重组融合蛋白(rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2)进行纯化。采用细胞病变抑制法检测rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2蛋白在细胞上抑制水泡性口炎病毒(VSV)和传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)增殖活性。采用ChIL-2ELISA试验方法检测rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2蛋白与抗ChIL-2单抗发生特异性免疫反应的活性。分别测定rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2蛋白在SPF鸡胚上对新城疫病毒(NDV)和禽流感H9N2亚型病毒(AIV H9N2)的抑制活性以测定其在鸡胚内抗病毒活性。分别测定rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2蛋白在鸡体内对NDV活疫苗和灭活疫苗的免疫增强作用以测定其在鸡体内的活性。【结果】成功构建并克隆了ChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2嵌合基因。嵌合基因在大肠杆菌中表达的rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2蛋白分子量大小约35.9kD,蛋白经纯化后纯度在96%以上。rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2蛋白在CEF细胞上具有明显抗病毒活性,其抗VSV和IBDV活性明显高于单一rChIFN-α的抗病毒活性;rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2蛋白可以和抗ChIL-2单抗发生特异性免疫反应。IFN-α活性单位为200IU的rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2蛋白在SPF鸡胚内可明显降低NDV和AIV H9N2所引起的鸡胚死亡和胚体出血,并能显著延长鸡胚存活时间,但过高剂量的rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2蛋白抑制鸡胚死亡和出血能力有所下降。合适剂量的rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2蛋白在鸡体内具有显著的抗病毒活性和免疫增强活性。【结论】rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2蛋白在鸡体内外均具有ChIFN-α和ChIL-2蛋白的双重生物学活性,这为进一步研究以rChIFN-α-linker-ChIL-2蛋白为主要成分的基因工程抗病毒制剂在鸡体内抗病毒活性研究奠定了基础。     

Protein splicing converts the yeast TFP1 gene product to the 69-kD subunit of the vacuolar H(+)-adenosine triphosphatase

The TFP1 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes two proteins: the 69-kilodalton (kD) catalytic subunit of the vacuolar proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase (H(+)-ATPase) and a 50-kD protein. The 69-kD subunit is encoded by the 5' and 3' thirds of the TFP1 coding region, whereas the 50-kD protein is encoded by the central third. Evidence is presented that both the 69-kD and 50-kD proteins are obtained from a single translation product that is cleaved to release the 50-kD protein and spliced to form the 69-kD subunit.     

甜菜碱对三黄鸡胚胎原代成纤维细胞生长和增殖的影响

【研究目的】研究了不同剂量甜菜碱对三黄鸡胚胎原代成纤维细胞微核和增殖的影响,在细胞水平上揭示甜菜碱对三黄鸡生长影响的机理,为甜菜碱在动物生产中的应用提供依据。【方法】体外分离培养三黄鸡胚胎成纤维细胞,在培养液中添加不同剂量甜菜碱,观察细胞生长及分裂。【结果】①在基础培养液(DMEM 15%NBS)中添加10mM,20mM甜菜碱对三黄鸡胚胎原代成纤维细胞微核率无显著影响;添加30mM,40mM,50mM甜菜碱显著提高三黄鸡胚胎原代成纤维细胞的微核率。②在基础培养液(DMEM 15%NBS)中添加10mM、20mM甜菜碱能促进三黄鸡胚胎原代成纤维细胞的生长和增殖,以在培养液中添加20mM甜菜碱时三黄鸡原代成纤维细胞增殖速度最快。添加50mM甜菜碱时抑制了三黄鸡胚胎原代成纤维细胞的生长和增殖。【结论】低剂量甜菜碱可促进三黄鸡胚胎原代成纤维细胞的生长和增殖,高剂量甜菜碱对细胞分裂构成危害。     

2-氨基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸的合成研究

[目的]探讨合成2-氨基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸的新方法。[方法]选用对甲苯胺为起始原料,采用硝化、重氮化、甲基化、氧化、选择性还原的方法来合成2-氨基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸,并对中间产物和终产物的^1H NMR、^13C NMR、IR和MS进行鉴定。[结果]试验得到6.12 g白色粉末状终产物,熔点176178℃,产率为61%,经^1H NMR、^13C NMR、IR和MS鉴定为2-氨基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸。[结论]该合成方法具有合成路线短、原料易得和总生产成本低的优点。     

复方酸制剂体外抗新城疫病毒试验

[目的]探讨复方酸制剂体外抗新城疫病毒（NDV）的活性,为研制新型抗NDV制剂提供理论依据。[方法]采用鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）培养法,观察细胞病变（CPE）,并用噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法检测细胞活性,计算病毒抑制率,评价复方酸制剂的体外抗NDV作用。[结果]随着复方酸制剂浓度的增加,CPE逐渐减弱,病毒抑制率明显升高,当浓度为1.0mg/ml时,病毒抑制率可达70.04%。[结论]复方酸制剂在体外具有明显的抑制NDV增殖作用。     

H9亚型AIV型特异性电化学发光免疫检测方法的建立

【目的】H9亚型禽流感是重要的人兽共患性传染病,该亚型病毒为H7N9亚型和H10N8亚型流感病毒提供了6个内部基因（PB2、PB1、PA、NP、M、NS）,并且一直处于动态重组过程中。因此,建立针对H9亚型禽流感的型特异性电化学发光免疫的高通量快速检测方法,加强H9亚型流感的监测,具有重要意义。【方法】用钌联吡啶标记H9亚型AIV的单克隆抗体,用MPI-E型电致化学发光分析系统评价钌标单抗标记效率;用生物素标记H9亚型AIV的多克隆抗体,HABA法检测抗体生物素化的效率;待测抗原与钌标单抗作用1 h后,将此抗原-抗体复合物与通过生物素-链霉亲和素系统固定在磁微球表面的多克隆抗体反应,最后加入反应底物三丙胺后即可在电化学分析系统进行发光检测。优化生物素化多抗和钌标单抗最佳工作浓度,确定临界值和反应谱,对所建立的方法进行敏感性、特异性和重复性试验。攻毒后3 d和5 d,采集攻毒组和空白对照组鸡只的88份咽拭子和肛拭子,分别用电化学发光免疫检测方法和鸡胚病毒分离法进行检测和比较。【结果】钌标抗H9亚型AIV单克隆抗体的标记效率为每个单抗IgG分子上结合21个Ru²⁺,且间接免疫荧光方法证明其仍具有生物活性;生物素化兔抗H9N2亚型AIV多克隆抗体的标记效率为每个IgG分子上结合了6个生物素分子,且Western blotting试验证明其仍保持生物活性;该方法的检测临界值为28.3,可疑区间为23.4-33.2;阴性和阳性变异系数均小于10%;检测限为5×10⁴EID₅₀,能够特异性地检测H9亚型AIV,不与其他亚型流感病毒（H1、H3、H4、H5和H6亚型）和其他类型的禽源病毒（NDV、IBV和IBDV）反应。3 h内即可完成检测,与鸡胚病毒分离法的符合率为86.4%。【结论】所建立的H9亚型AIV型特异性电化学发光免疫检测方法可以用于临床样品检测,对H9亚型禽流感的监测和防控具有重要意义。     

构树叶提取物体外抗病毒活性研究

[目的]研究构树叶提取物的抗病毒活性。[方法]采用MTT法,观察构树叶的水、75%乙醇和50%丙酮提取物及不同给药方式对NDV、IBDV、ILTV和IBV等病毒感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)活性的影响,探讨构树叶提取物体外抗病毒活性及其作用机制。[结果]乙醇和丙酮提取物能显著提高NDV感染的CEF细胞活性,丙酮提取物能显著提高ILTV和IBV感染的CEF细胞活性,但对IBDV诱导的CEF细胞病变无影响。经丙酮提取物预处理的CEF细胞对NDV或ILTV感染的抵抗力呈上升趋势。[结论]构树提取物中的有效成分可能通过阻断病毒对宿主细胞的识别和粘附发挥其抗病毒活性。     

安卡鸡肌肉脂肪酸组分的气相色谱-质谱联合分析

[目的]分析安卡鸡脂肪酸组分。[方法]应用气相色谱-质谱联合技术对安卡鸡脂肪酸组分进行分析,并计算各脂肪酸的相对含量。[结果]安卡鸡肌肉中共分离和鉴定出16种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸7种,包括月桂酸、豆蔻酸、十五烷酸、棕榈酸、十七烷酸、硬脂酸和花生酸,其含量占总脂肪酸的38．55％;不饱和脂肪酸9种,包括11-十四碳烯酸、9．十六碳烯酸、9-十八碳烯酸、9,12-十八碳二烯酸、6,9,12-十八碳三烯酸、11-二十碳烯酸、10,13-二十碳二烯酸、7,10,13-二十碳三烯酸以及5,8,11,14-二十碳四烯酸,其含量占总脂肪酸的61．45％。多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸含量的23．58％,必需脂肪酸占23．04％。[结论]该研究为家禽肌肉中脂肪酸成分分析及营养价值的评定提供了依据。     

叶面喷施蚯蚓氨基酸肥对黄瓜品质的影响

[目的]分析叶面喷施蚯蚓氨基酸液肥对黄瓜品质的影响,为蚯蚓氨基酸肥在蔬菜上推广应用提供参考依据.[方法]设H1(喷施0.3%KH2PO4)、H2(喷施蚯蚓氨基酸800倍液+0.3%KH2PO4)、H3(喷施蚯蚓氨基酸500倍液+0.3%KH2PO4)、H4(喷施蚯蚓氨基酸300倍液+0.3%KH2PO4)、H5(喷施蚯蚓氨基酸800倍液)、H6(喷施蚯蚓氨基酸500倍液)、H7(喷施蚯蚓氨基酸300倍液)及清水对照(CK)处理,在黄瓜挂果期进行叶面喷施,采收时测定各处理黄瓜果实的维生素C(Vc)、蛋白质、可溶性还原糖、有机酸、硝酸盐含量及糖酸比.[结果]与CK相比,采收时H2、H3和H6处理黄瓜的Vc含量分别显著增加40.0%、53.5%和38.0%(P<0.05,下同);H2、H3、H4、H6和H7处理的硝酸盐含量显著降低55.2%、85.3%、67.5%、31.6%和49.6%;H3处理的蛋白质含量显著增加31.2%;各施肥处理的可溶性还原糖含量均降低,其中H4、H5和H6处理显著低于CK;H2和H3处理的有机酸含量分别显著降低14.2%和22.8%,H5、H6和H7处理分别显著降低39.1%、44.8%和36.8%;分别与H5、H6和H7处理相比,H2、H3和H4处理黄瓜的Vc含量增加,糖酸比降低,有机酸含量较高且差异显著,硝酸盐含量显著降低60.8%、78.5%和35.5%.[结论]在黄瓜挂果期喷施适当浓度的蚯蚓氨基酸液肥有利于整体提升黄瓜果实品质,其中喷施蚯蚓氨基酸500倍+0.3%KH2PO4混合液的效果最佳.     

Screening for Monoclonal Antibodies Against the Membrane Proteins of Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Blocking the Infection of IBDV

This article aims to establish an efficient assay for screening monoclonal antibodies （McAbs） against the membrane proteins of chicken embryo fibroblast （CEF） for further studies of the cellular receptors of infectious bursal disease virus （IBDV）. McAbs against the membrane proteins of CEF were prepared by cell fusion. The monolayer CEF pre-incubated with the CEF-specific McAbs for 2 h were infected with IBDV and incubated with F22-EA6-biotin postinfection. Then, the cells were reacted with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase （HRP） and finally stained by 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole （AEC）. The inhibitive percentage of IBDV infection was calculated by counting the IBDV-infected cells to determine the inhibition efficiency of the CEF-specific McAbs. Compared with the control cells, the IBDV-infected cells pretreated with CEF-specific antibody significantly decreased; supernatant fluids of a total of 768 hybridomas were analyzed. The results of immunohistochemistry assays showed that six of them （1A5, 1H11, 2B 12, 3G1, 4D10, and 4B8） have the abilities to block the infection of IBDV to CEF, among which 4B8 can perfectly block the infection. This novel method is a sensitive and specific assay for the screening of CEF membrane protein-specific McAbs, which can block the infection of IBDV to CEF, and these McAbs can be used for the further investigations of the cellular receptors of IBDV.     

突变型抑癌基因p53在鸡马立克氏病肿瘤组织中的表达研究

[目的]探讨抑癌基因p53在鸡马立克氏病的发生与发展中的作用和意义。[方法]采用免疫组织化学和细胞化学技术,观察抑癌基因p53在鸡马立克氏病肿瘤组织及体外培养感染马立克病毒的鸡胚成纤维细胞中的表达。[结果]在体外培养的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)感染马立克氏病毒后,感染的CEF呈阳性。在马立克氏病的发生过程中,突变型抑癌基因p53在病鸡的肝脏、肾脏、肿瘤、心脏、脾脏、肺脏、胸腺及法氏囊中均可检出中等量的表达。p53发生突变时所产生的p53蛋白突变体的半衰期比未发生突变时要长。[结论]突变型p53基因具有直接转化细胞和阻碍野生型p53发挥作用的特点,致使突变的DNA得以积累,最终导致癌变的发生。