促性腺激素抑制激素研究进展

<正>促性腺激素抑制激素(GnIH),这种神经肽最初在鹌鹑被发现,无论是体内还是体外都抑制垂体促性腺激素的释放。这种影响随后也被证实,对啮齿目动物和绵羊使用鸟类GnIH和哺乳动物类似肽也抑制垂体促性腺激素的释放。另外,GnIH还抑制垂体促性腺激素共同的α亚基和特有的β亚基的合成。所以,对垂体前叶GnIH及其作用的研究的确证     

促性腺激素释放激素的研究进展

促性腺激素释放激素 (ＧｎＲＨ) ,又称黄体生成素释放激素(ＬＨＲＨ) ,为下丘脑神经元分泌的十肽激素 ,其化学结构为 :(焦 )谷 -组 -色 -丝 -落 -甘 -亮 -精 -脯 -甘 -ＮＨ2 。迄今还未发现哺乳类动物ＧｎＲＨ的结构有什么不同。下丘脑分泌的ＧｎＲＨ由垂体门脉系统到达垂体前叶 ,作用于垂体前叶的促性腺激素细胞 ,膜上的ＧｎＲＨ受体 ,通过磷脂酰肌醇系导细胞内钙离子浓度增加 ,促进垂体前叶分泌促卵泡素 (ＦＳＨ)和黄体生成素 (ＬＨ)。ＦＳＨ促进卵巢的卵泡生长发育 ,而在ＦＳＨ和ＬＨ共同作用下 ,使成熟的卵泡分泌雌激素和孕激素。下丘脑…     

促性腺激素细胞的研究进展

哺乳类和鱼类的促性腺激素(GTH)细胞都是位于腺垂体,所分泌的激素有促卵泡激素(FSH)和促黄体素(LH),促卵泡激素可以促成卵细胞和精子的生成,而促黄体素可以促进孕酮和睾酮的产生,关于促性腺激素细胞的来源有三种假说,在所有的对促性腺激素细胞调节控制的因素中,最重要的是促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)。文章从促性腺激素细胞的定位、功能、源泉细胞,以及对其调节控制等方面的研究进展作一综述,以期为在实践中加强对动物生殖规律的人工调控提供参考。     

马垂体促性腺激素的提取及其生物活性测定

家畜胚胎移植技术在畜牧业生产中应用日益广泛,由于马促性腺激素在国内外无商品出售,使马的胚胎移植超数排卵研究和应用受到限制。本试验用马脑垂体提取促性腺激素,将从屠宰场采集的新鲜马脑垂体冷冻保存,经固定、去膜、浸泡、捣碎、匀浆、振摇提取、离心、沉淀、洗涤、脱水、干燥等步骤,得到促性腺激素提取物干粉,用小鼠做生物活性测定。结果表明,建立的马脑垂体促性腺激素提取方法可行,提取物具有生物活性。     

GnRH脉冲对体外原代培养大鼠GTH细胞中FSHβ mRNA表达水平的影响

为了从分子水平阐述不同脉冲频率促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)对促性腺激素(GTH)分泌促卵泡素(FSH)的影响,采用细胞体外培养技术结合荧光定量PCR技术,研究体外培养大鼠原代垂体细胞在不同脉冲频率GnRH刺激下,细胞FSHβ mRNA的变化.在相同振幅条件下,低频刺激(120 min间隔)时,FSHβ mRNA表达水...     

湖羊和美利奴羊发情期外周血浆中促性腺激素脉冲分泌的差异

<正> 众所周知,绵羊垂体促性腺激素是促进卵泡生长发育及排卵的重要生殖激素。绵羊多胎的内分泌机理研究,在很大程度上是从垂体水平进行的。Cahill等(1981)测定了多胎的D'man羊和单胎的Timahd-ite羊,二者在情期中FSH浓度差异显著,且在排卵后出现特有的FSH第2高峰;Baird等(1981)报道,已查清卵泡期绵羊的卵泡成熟和排卵依赖于基础LH水平的上升和LH脉冲频率的增加。 本实验以我国特有的多胎品种湖羊为试验对象,并以单胎的美利奴羊作为对照,试图通过研究其情期促性腺激素(GTH)的变化规律,来揭示湖羊多胎     

促性腺激素释放激素及其在母牛繁殖上的应用

<正> 促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)主要由下丘脑神经内分泌小细胞分泌,能刺激垂体前叶分泌促黄体素(LH)和促卵泡素(FSH)。在70年代以前,由于GnRH的分子结构不清楚,故根据其生理效应将GnRH分别命名为促黄体素释放因子(LH-RF或L-RF)和促卵泡素释放因子(FSH-RF)。1971年,Sc-hally和Guillemin等从数十万头猪和羊的下丘脑中     

促性腺激素峰抑制因子

从70年代到80年代初,人们证明了卵巢卵泡液中存在有生物活性的抑制素,其来源是颗粒细胞。大多数研究表明,抑制素主要在垂体水平上选择性地抑制促卵泡素(FSH)的释放;少数报道抑制素对促黄体素(LH)分泌也有抑制作用。到80年代中期,从牛和猪卵泡液中提纯了抑制素,并克隆出了其互补 DNA,确定了这种分子的结构,并在此基础上建立了该激素的特异性放射免疫测定方法,从而使有关抑制素的研究更加深入。     

促性腺释放激素（GnRH）在畜牧业上的应用

哺乳动物的生殖过程受脑下垂体内分泌器官的控制。丘脑下部神经元分泌的肽类激素LH—RH和FSH—RH调节着垂体前叶两种促性腺激素LH(促黄体素又称促间质细胞激素)和FSH(促卵泡素,又称精子生成素)的合成和分泌。 1.GnRH的作用和研究简况 LH、FSH存在于生物体是1920年Zondek和Aschhein首先提出,1931年Feoold从垂体中分离出它们的混合体,1938年Hartman和Beng确定LH为糖蛋白。此后,经过大量的工作,到1972年,几个实验室分别报告了人、猪、牛、羊的LH和FSH的结构及其特性。研究表明:LH对雌性具有促进黄体发育、成熟及合成和分泌孕酮及雌二醇的作用;对雄性作用于间质细胞,促进睾酮的生     

禽类下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的内分泌调节

动物生殖系统的发育和功能维持受到下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）轴的调控。下丘脑、垂体、性腺在中枢神经的调控下形成一个封闭的自动反馈系统，三者相互协调、相互制约使动物的生殖内分泌系统保持相对稳定。下丘脑接受经中枢神经系统分析与整合后的各种信息，以间歇性脉冲形式分泌促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH），刺激垂体前叶分泌促性腺激素（GTH），即卵泡刺激素（FSH）和黄体生成素（LH），然后促进睾丸或卵巢的发育并分泌睾酮或雌二醇。性腺、垂体、下丘脑释放的调控因子又可以作用于上级中枢或其自身，形成长轴、短轴和超短轴反馈调节通路。     

A priming effect of gonadotrophin releasing hormone on luteinizing hormone secretion in the boar.

The possibility that gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) can prime the anterior pituitary to a second dose of GnRH resulting in a greatly enhanced secretion of luteinizing hormone was examined in three adult boars. Four experiments were conducted: saline injection followed one hour later by a second saline injection (control); 1 microgram of synthetic GnRH injection followed one hour later by saline injection; saline injection followed one hour later by GnRH injection; GnRH injection followed one hour later by a second GnRH injection. Immunoassayable levels of plasma luteinizing hormone resulting from GnRH plus GnRH treatment were significantly greater than the sum obtained when values from GnRH plus saline and saline plus GnRH were added. Testosterone values in plasma reached maximal concentrations about 60 minutes after peak values of luteinizing hormone were achieved. The results suggest that the first dose of GnRH, in addition to stimulating release of luteinizing hormone can also sensitize the gonadotrophs to a second dose of GnRH causing a significantly greater release of luteinizing hormone.     

Heifers express G‐protein coupled receptor 153 in anterior pituitary gonadotrophs in stage‐dependent manner

We recently found that orphan G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPR)153 is expressed in the anterior pituitary (AP) of heifers, leading us to speculate that GPR153 colocalizes with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) in the plasma membrane of gonadotrophs and is expressed at specific times of the reproductive cycle. To test this hypothesis, we examined the coexpression of GnRHR, GPR153, and either luteinizing hormone or follicle‐stimulating hormone in AP tissue and cultured AP cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. GPR153 was detected in the gonadotrophs, and was colocalized with GnRHR in the plasma membrane. GPR153 was also detected in the cytoplasm of cultured gonadotrophs. Real‐time PCR and western blot analyses found that expression was lower (P < 0.05) in AP tissues during early luteal phase as compared to pre‐ovulation or late luteal phases. The 5′‐flanking region of the GPR153 gene contained a consensus response element sequence for estrogen, but not for progesterone. These data suggest that some, but not all GPR153 colocalizes with GnRHR in the plasma membrane of gonadotrophs, and its expression changes stage‐dependently in the bovine AP.     

Combined pituitary hormone deficiency in german shepherd dogs with dwarfism

In German shepherd dogs pituitary dwarfism is known as an autosomal recessive inherited abnormality. To investigate whether the function of cells other than the somatotropes may also be impaired in this disease, the secretory capacity of the pituitary anterior lobe (AL) cells was studied by a combined pituitary AL stimulation test with four releasing hormones (4RH test) in four male and four female German shepherd dwarfs. In addition, the morphology of the pituitary was investigated by computed tomography. The physical features of the eight German shepherd dwarfs were primarily characterized by growth retardation and stagnant development of the hair coat. The results of the 4RH test confirmed the presence of hyposomatotropism. The basal plasma TSH and prolactin concentrations were also low and did not change upon stimulation. Basal plasma concentrations of LH were relatively low and responded only slightly to suprapituitary stimulation. With respect to the plasma FSH levels there was a clear gender difference. In the males plasma FSH concentrations remained below the detection limit throughout the 4RH test, whereas in the females the basal plasma FSH levels were slightly lower and there was only a small increase following suprapituitary stimulation, compared with the values in age-matched controls. In contrast, basal and stimulated plasma ACTH concentrations did not differ between the dwarfs and the controls. Computed tomography of the pituitary fossa revealed a normal sized pituitary with cysts in five dogs, an enlarged pituitary with cysts in two dogs, and a small pituitary gland without cysts in the remaining dog. The results of this study demonstrate that German shepherd dwarfs have a combined deficiency of GH, TSH, and prolactin together with impaired release of gonadotropins, whereas ACTH secretion is preserved. The combined pituitary hormone deficiency is associated with cyst formation and pituitary hypoplasia.     

山羊GnRH和促性腺激素的释放特点

通过外科手术分别连续收集活体山羊中黄体期及早卵泡期的垂体门脉血样和外周血样，经放射免疫测定，山羊中黄体期和早卵泡期的促性腺激素释放激素（ＧｎＲＨ）、促黄体生成素（ＬＨ）和促卵泡素（ＦＳＨ）均呈波动式释放。在早卵泡期，ＦＳＨ单位时间内波动次数和血浆平均水平显著高于中黄体期；ＧｎＲＨ与ＬＨ的波动型基本一致，ＦＳＨ的变化不太规则。表明山羊垂体促性腺激素的释放受丘脑下部ＧｎＲＨ的调节，但ＦＳＨ似乎还存在其他调节机理。     

Effect of age of donor on the responsiveness of dispersed and cultured chicken anterior pituitary cells to GnRH‐I

1. The aim of this study was to devise a method to prepare and culture anterior pituitary cells from juvenile and adult chickens in order to investigate mechanisms controlling gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone‐I (GnRH‐I) ‐induced luteinising hormone (LH) release in vitro.

2. The optimum culture medium for maintaining gonadotroph responsiveness to GnRH‐I was bicarbonate‐buffered and phenol red‐free Medium 199 supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum.

3. Cultured pituitary cells from juvenile chickens were more responsive to GnRH‐I than cells from adult cockerels, while no LH was released in response to GnRH‐I from pituitary cells from laying hens.

4. Cultured pituitary cells from adult chickens of both sexes released LH in response to 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl‐13‐phorbol acetate (TPA), an activator of an enzyme involved in intracellular signalling, protein kinase C.

5. It is concluded that freshly‐dispersed and cultured gonadotrophs from adult chickens do not regain their responsiveness to GnRH‐I as well as freshly‐dispersed and cultured gonadotrophs from juvenile chickens. It appears that the stimulus‐secretion coupling pathway between the GnRH‐receptor and the activation of protein kinase C in gonadotrophs from adult chickens is more easily disrupted by dispersion and culture than in gonadotrophs from juvenile chickens.     

Differential expression of myostatin and its receptor in the porcine anterior pituitary gland

Myostatin (MSTN), known as growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF-8), is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily that negatively regulates skeletal muscle mass. Myostatin binds with high affinity to the receptor serine threonine kinase activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB). Activins that also belong to the TGF-β superfamily, stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone production in gonadotrophs and suppress growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone production in somatotrophs and corticotrophs, respectively. The aim of the present paper was therefore to clarify the endocrine action of MSTN in adenohypophysis. The present study details the expression and cellular localization of MSTN and ActRIIB in porcine anterior pituitary gland. The mRNA of MSTN and ActRIIB was consistently expressed in RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry of MSTN and specific hormones showed that MSTN localized in thyrotrophs and gonadotrophs, in which most of the MSTN immunoreactive cells were identified as thyrotrophs. The immunostaining of ActRIIB was restricted to corticotrophs. These results indicate that MSTN was mainly produced in thyrotrophs and its receptor, ActRIIB, was restrictively contained in corticotrophs. Interestingly, thyrotrophs immunoreactive for MSTN were frequently close to corticotrophs immunoreactive for ActRIIB. The present study suggests that MSTN from thyrotrophs may regulate corticotroph function as a paracrine mediator among the porcine anterior pituitary cells.     

Ultrastructural Classification of Three Different Rat Gonadotrophs after LH-RH Stimulation

The granule containing cells of the anterior pituitary lobe of metestrous female rats were observed by electronmicroscopy before and after i. v. injection of synthetic LH-RH. Increased granule release was found in three different types of gonadotrophs after LH-RH injection. All other known granule containing cells of the gland showed no response to LH-RH. The three gonadotrophs were morphologically distinguished on the basis of differing cytoplasmic staining and on differences in Golgi aggregation and granule diameters. Furthermore, time-dependent response-differences were observed, whereby gonadotroph type I and II responded immediately to LH-RH stimulation, type III on the other hand with a time-lag of at least 30 minutes. These time-related observations indicate that cells of type I and II secret LH, while cells of type III secret FSH.     

Cellular changes in the anterior pituitary of the domestic fowl during growth, sexual maturity and laying

All the cell types in the hen's anterior pituitary varied in number during the period from 10 weeks to adulthood; there was often an associated change in apparent functional activity. The cells most affected were the gonadotrophs (both FSH and LH) and luteotrophs; changes in these cells were associated with the onset and maintenance of sexual maturity. Follicle‐stimulating hormone cells were the first to increase in number and activity and this was correlated with a general increase in steroid output from the ovary, as measured by the oviduct weight increase. With the onset of follicular maturation LH cells became obvious. Prolactin cells increased in number with the presumed general increase in circulating oestrogen. Acidophilic somatotrophs decreased with increasing age; thyrotrophs became more numerous about sexual maturity and it is thought that this reflects the general increase in metabolic rate which occurs at this time.     

In vitro bactericidal efficacy of equine polymorphonuclear leukocytes against Corynebacterium equi

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from adult horses were separated from whole blood, using a 2-step Percoll gradient, and were tested for bactericidal function against Corynebacterium equi. Staphylococcus aureus, an organism against which equine neutrophils have proved efficacy, was a positive control. The percentage of uptake after a 15-minute preincubation of the neutrophils and bacteria in the presence of normal horse serum was also calculated. The results indicated that equine neutrophils effectively phagocytosed and killed C equi and S aureus. The percentage of uptake for S aureus (95% +/- 3%) was greater than that for C equi (85% +/- 6%) (P less than 0.001), but the bactericidal efficacy was equivalent. More than 90% of the ingested or attached bacteria were destroyed during the 3-hour incubation period (mean percentage of C equi killed = 96 +/- 2%; mean percentage of S aureus killed = 91 +/- 8%). These results indicated that a failure of bacterial killing by neutrophils is unlikely to be important in the pathogenesis of C equi pneumonia in the horse.