巨桉林和天然次生林枯落物层蚂蚁多样性及指示种

[目的]探讨巨桉林中蚂蚁群落的生态状况及植被变化后蚂蚁群落的响应,为今后土地利用方式的选择优化及生态恢复策略的制定提供依据。[方法]于2012年10月和2013年4月采用Winkler袋法调查云南省绿春县的巨桉人工林和天然次生林中枯落物层蚂蚁群落。[结果]共采集枯落物层蚂蚁5亚科34属66种2 118头。四个样地间枯落物层蚂蚁的物种丰富度有显著差异(GLM,t=-2.068,P=0.039),相对多度无显著差异(GLM,t=-0.174,P=0.863),其中巨桉林E1蚂蚁物种丰富度最高,N2最低;天然次生林N1蚂蚁多度最高,E2最低。巨桉林枯落物层蚂蚁群落结构与天然次生林无显著差异(ANOSIM Global R=0.5,P=0.333)。巨桉林中的指示物种为菱结大头蚁和东方小家蚁,天然次生林中的指示物种为红足厚结猛蚁。枯落物层厚度与蚂蚁物种丰富度显著负相关,枯落物层其它指标与蚂蚁物种丰富度和多度均无显著相关性。[结论]干扰少、林下植被丰富的人工巨桉林对枯落物层蚂蚁群落多样性的保护具有积极意义。     

华中神农架箭竹(Fargesia spathacea)群落之海拔多样性

通过对华中神农架海拔1500米至2600米之间11个箭竹样方的研究，阐述了箭竹群落物种丰富度，物种多样性，物种均匀性，生活型谱及群落类型的海拔变化。从最低样方(1680米)到最高样地(2570米)，微管束植物从30种降为7种，服从线性模型：Y=55.99-1.83X(R2=0.84，P<0.001)；物种多样性从3.18降为1.78，服从线性模型：Y=4.67-0.10X (R2=0.72，P=0.001；物种均匀度在0.83至0.99之间变化，但与海拔并不相关。在生活型谱中，一年生植物，地下芽植物和大高位芽树木的百分比随海拔升高而升高；灌木和中高位芽树木随海拔升高而降低；多年生草本和半灌木与海拔关系不大。箭竹群落可分为5种类型：常绿阔叶林下，落叶阔叶林下，温性针叶林下，寒温性针叶林与混交林下，纯箭竹林。     

地形对陕北黄土区衰退沙棘人工林天然更新的影响

[目的]为揭示陕北黄土区衰退沙棘人工林天然更新的地形适生范围。[方法]通过调查陕西省吴起县沙棘人工林大面积衰退及死亡后的天然更新状况,以68个样方的更新率、成林率及每木数据(株高、地径等)作为更新恢复能力的衡量指标,运用方差分析、回归拟合及系统聚类分析等方法,分析了沙棘更新恢复能力与各地形因子的关系。[结果](1)各坡向沙棘更新率差异显著(P=0.018),沙棘更新率均值阴坡半阴坡半阳坡阳坡,阴坡更新生长状况最好,半阴坡更新幼株数量大,存活率较高;(2)坡度对更新率无显著影响,但更新率在阴坡缓坡、极陡坡范围内出现峰值,在阳坡条件下随坡度上升而减小;(3)总体上衰退沙棘人工林天然更新的地形条件是阴坡、半阴坡;(4)坡面微地形对衰退沙棘人工林更新具有显著影响(P=0.038),缓台较好,陡坎较差。[结论]半干旱黄土区部分衰退沙棘人工林可自行完成天然更新,部分恢复困难,需人工辅助或重新栽植适合的树种。阴坡、半阴坡的衰退沙棘幼株种群生长状况较好且基本能更新成林,阳坡、半阳坡的生长状况较差且难以更新成林;阴坡坡向条件下,坡度对沙棘更新率的影响程度随着坡度上升而变小,阳坡坡向条件下坡度对更新率的影响较小。衰退沙棘人工林更新率因所处微地形不同而存在差异。处于缓台的衰退沙棘幼株种群基本能更新成林,浅沟的沙棘幼株种群与所处的原状坡面上的更新状况相似,部分能更新成林,处于陡坎的沙棘幼株种群基本不能更新成林。     

Recycled ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate pretreatment for enhancing enzymatic saccharification of softwood without cellulose regeneration

In this work, pretreatment of wood meals using a recycled ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim]Ac), enhanced glucose liberation by enzymatic saccharification, without dissolution of cellulose and lignin. In contrast, previous studies on IL pretreatment have mostly focused on lignocellulosic dissolution to regenerate cellulose and removing lignin. Softwood (Cryptomeria japonica) was pretreated with [Emim]Ac at 60–100 °C for 2–8 h without collecting regenerated cellulose. The pretreatment did not have a strong effect on wood component dissolution (weight of residues: 91.7–98.8%). The residues contained relatively high amounts of lignin (26.6–32.6%) with low adsorption of [Emim]Ac (0.9–2.7%). Meanwhile, the crystallinity index (C _r I) of cellulose in the wood was significantly reduced by pretreatment, from 50.9% to 28.4–37.1%. In spite of the high lignin contents in the residues, their glucose liberation values by enzymatic saccharification using a cellulase mixture were 3–16 times greater than that of untreated wood. A good correlation was found between the saccharification effectiveness of pretreated samples and the C _r I. Although lignin dissolved in [Emim]Ac continued to accumulate after repeated use of [Emim]Ac, the pretreatment was found to be effective for three consecutive cycles without the need to remove the dissolved materials.     

Utilization and traditional strategies of in situ conservation of iroko (Milicia excelsa Welw. C.C. Berg) in Benin

Socio-cultural surveys were carried out on the basis of a questionnaire administered on 346 respondents in order to investigate cultural and ethnobotanic uses of Milicia excelsa in Benin.M. excelsa contributes to cure 45 human diseases. The different parts of the tree used are leaves (30.3%), bark (25.8%), root (23.6%), latex (10.1%), flaking bark (6.7%), wood, calcium concentrated in old trees, and gum (1.1% each). Fruits or seeds are rarely used. Six different forms of utilization were recorded: soaking (46.3%), bark or leaves decoction (32.8%), herb tea (11.9%), powder (6.0%), leaves or bark grounded and rolled up into ball (1.5%), component of offering to fetish (1.5%). Iroko wood is also used in carpentry and joinery for construction purposes; furniture as well as for building boats/canoes.Iroko tree is used as the conservatory of cultural values and incarnates many divinities, which differ significantly from one province to another (χ² = 1830.27; d.f. = 25; P < 0.01%). There is a significant difference between the provinces in respect of the recognition of the species (χ² = 268.71; d.f. = 17; P ≤ 0.01%) and the population awareness about iroko as a sacred tree also varied from one province to another (χ² = 308.66; d.f. = 27; P ≤ 0.01%).Veneration of the tree is the main approach of its conservation by local people. M. excelsa is conserved on farm, in sacred groves, in public places and in cemeteries. The different sacred objects used to symbolize the divinities incarnated by iroko are: pottery (36.36%), iron (11.11%), calabash (4.04%), candle (2.02%), piece of cloth (18.18%), sacrifice (13.13%), piece of money (3.0%), stone (2.05%), glassware (broken bottle, 2.02%), and convent (8.08%). There is a highly significant difference between provinces as far as the sacred objects are concerned (χ² = 183.037; d.f. = 19 and P < 0.001%). The conservation purposes also vary significantly from one region to other (χ² = 894.47; d.f. = 31; P < 0.01%).     

配方施肥对辣木生长效应及其初果期产量构成的影响

[目的]研究不同配方施肥对辣木生长效应及产量构件因素的影响,[方法]采用正交设计L9(34)3因素3水平进行施肥试验。[结果]施肥处理对各时期生长有显著的促进作用,且营养生长期N肥和K肥占主导作用。适合株高和地径生长的最优组合为N150P40K100,而适合冠幅和分枝数生长的最优组合为N85P85K100。生殖生长各指标较对照均有明显提高。低浓度的氮肥和高浓度的磷钾肥有助于辣木的开花和座果,同时提高果荚产量和种子产量,明显促进产量增加以及花序数、成熟果数、百粒质量和座果率的提高。[结论]合理的配比施肥显著促进辣木的生长效应以及提高产量,果荚产量和种子产量的最优组合为N_(40)P_(150)K_(100)。     

不同林龄马尾松人工林土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

[目的]研究了马尾松从幼龄林至成熟林生长序列中的土壤有机C、全N、全P含量及其生态化学计量特征,以丰富该区域马尾松生态系统生态化学计量学领域的基础研究。[方法]以广西凭祥4个林龄(6、16、23、35 a)马尾松人工林为研究对象,每个林龄选取3块林分,每个林分内设置一个400 m2的调查样地,按照0 20、20 40、4060 cm三层土层取样,采用不同林分土壤化学计量的对比实验测定土壤CNP,采用单因素方差分析的LSD法进行显著性检验。[结果]表明:4个林龄马尾松人工林0 20 cm土壤有机C、全N、全P含量分别为5.73 15.56、0.691.23、0.17 0.23 g·kg-1,是20 40 cm土层的1.51、1.31、1.06倍,40 60 cm土层的1.97、1.58、1.06倍。土壤有机C含量、全N含量均随林龄的递增先降低后增加,随土层加深持续降低;土壤全P含量在林龄和土层间均无显著性变化;林龄对土壤C∶N、N∶P有极显著的影响(P=0.001,P=0.000),土层对土壤C∶P、N∶P有显著性影响(P=0.000,P=0.014)。[结论]土壤有机C、全N含量从成熟林阶段开始回升;N在不同林龄间和不同土层间的变化是土壤N∶P变化的主要原因;土壤C∶N、C∶P主要受有机C的影响。     

Changes in light levels and stream temperatures with loss of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) at a southern Appalachian stream: Implications for brook trout

The exotic invasive insect, hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), is causing mortality in eastern hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carr.) throughout the eastern U.S. Because hemlocks produce dense shade, and are being replaced by hardwood species that produce less shade, their loss may increase understory light levels. In the southern Appalachians, increases in light could increase stream temperatures, threatening species such as brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). We studied changes in light and stream temperature with eastern hemlock decline at a headwater southern Appalachian brook trout stream. Our results indicate that stream light levels have increased significantly with adelgid infestation. Leaf-on light levels are currently significantly higher (P < 0.02) in plots containing high basal areas of hemlock (mean global site factor (GSF)(SE) = 0.267(0.01)) compared with plots containing no hemlock (mean GSF(SE) = 0.261(0.01)), suggesting that increases in light have occurred with hemlock decline. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a remotely sensed metric of vegetation density, decreased with hemlock decline from 2001 to 2008. In 2001, NDVI showed no relationship (R² = 0.003; F = 0.14; P = 0.71) with hemlock basal area, but by 2008, there was a significant negative relationship (R² = 0.352; F = 19.55; P < 0.001) between NDVI and hemlock basal area. A gap experiment showed that light levels may increase by up to 64.7% more (mean increase in GSF = 27.5%) as hemlocks fall, creating gaps in the canopy. However, stream temperatures did not increase with hemlock decline during the study period, and we found that ground water inputs have a stronger influence on water temperature than light levels at this site. Linear regression showed a significant negative relationship between water temperature and proximity to ground water sources (R² = 0.451; F = 13.14; P = 0.002), but no relationship between water temperature and light levels (R² < 0.02; P > 0.05). In addition, by comparing light levels between plots containing hemlock and those containing only hardwoods, we found that if hemlocks are replaced by hardwoods, light levels under an all-hardwood canopy (mean GSF(SE) = 0.240(0.005)) are unlikely to be higher than they are under the current forest (mean GSF(SE) = 0.254(0.007)). These results suggest that loss of hemlock along southern Appalachian headwater streams could have short-term impacts on light levels, but that long-term changes in light levels, increases in water temperature, and adverse effects on brook trout may be unlikely.     

长期粗放经营毛竹林土壤微生物群落演变特征

[目的]通过分析土壤微生物生物量及群落结构的演变趋势,筛选影响土壤微生物群落的关键环境因子,揭示土壤微生物群落对毛竹林长期粗放经营的响应机理。[方法]选取不同粗放经营年限(5 a、9 a、15 a、18 a)毛竹林,以天然马尾松林(Masson pine,MP)作为对照,采用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFA)分析方法表征土壤微生物量及群落结构。[结果]结果表明,毛竹林土壤微生物总PLFA含量以及细菌、真菌、放线菌等PLFA含量均显著低于马尾松林(P0.05),但不同经营年限毛竹林之间没有显著差异。土壤碱解氮及有效磷含量对土壤微生物总PLFA含量以及细菌、真菌、原生动物等PLFA含量影响显著(P0.05),而土壤碱解氮、p H值以及有机质含量对放线菌PLFA含量影响显著(P0.05)。长期粗放经营过程中毛竹林土壤微生物丰富度及多样性均呈逐渐下降趋势。非度量多维尺度转换排序(Non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析结果表明,毛竹林土壤微生物群落结构与马尾松林有明显区分(R=0.388 1,P=0.009)。土壤含水量、碱解氮、有效磷以及p H值合计解释了90.28%的微生物群落结构变异量,其中土壤含水量、碱解氮、有效磷贡献显著(P0.05)。[结论]长期粗放经营降低了毛竹林土壤微生物量,改变了群落结构,其生态风险还有待于进一步评估。     

油茶无性系自交亲和性分析

[目的]选育自交亲和无性系,以探明油茶自交亲和状况。[方法]采用自花套袋、人工自交及自由授粉3种处理,对50份油茶无性系材料的结实率、人工自交亲和指数(CI)、相对亲和指数及果实性状进行统计分析。[结果]表明油茶存在高度自交不亲和性,属于自交少孕植物。自花套袋结实率最低,人工自交次之,自由授粉结实率最高。油茶无性系间自交亲和性存在广泛差异,参试材料自交亲和指数介于0 1.355 5之间,其中无性系0531号(CI=1.355 5)、0504号(CI=1.044 4)为自交亲和无性系,其它无性系均自交不亲和。参试材料分为3种类型,分别为自交亲和型(2%)、自交不亲和型(84%)和高度自交不亲和型(12%)。油茶人工自交的结实率及平均种子数与自由授粉的结实率及平均种子数存在极显著正相关关系(r0.6)。[结论]自交授粉油茶果实性状总体上劣于自由授粉处理,高度自交不亲和是油茶生产上落花落果,结实率低、产量低的主要原因之一。     

黄土高原土石山区土壤密度的坡面变化——以六盘山香水河小流域为例

[目的]土壤密度是最基本的森林土壤水文物理性质参数,为了定量描述土壤密度随坡位的变化和影响因素,研究不同坡面土壤密度的空间异质性。[方法]在宁夏六盘山半湿润区香水河小流域,选择华北落叶松人工林和天然灌丛2个典型坡面,按坡位从上到下设置连续样地。2014年进行了森林土壤调查,在样地内掘土壤剖面,采用环刀法,分层测定土壤密度。[结果]在1 m深土层内,土壤密度(Y,g.cm-3)随土层(X,cm)加深呈线性增大,拟合关系式:华北落叶松坡面为Y1=0.755 5+0.007 7X(R2=0.99),天然灌丛坡面为Y2=0.919 5+0.004 7X(R2=0.98),其原因包括植被根系活动、土壤生物活动、砾石含量等的土层差异;在2个坡面上,0 100 cm土层平均土壤密度均有明显坡位差异,且2个坡面的沿坡整体变化趋势不相同,华北落叶松坡面从坡顶到坡脚是先逐渐增大,后趋于稳定;天然灌丛坡面从坡顶到坡脚是"增大-减小-增大"的趋势,不同土层土壤密度的坡面变化也各不相同。在华北落叶松林坡面引起土壤密度坡位差异的主要原因是海拔,而在天然灌丛坡面是植物生长状况;2个坡面的土壤密度平均值均出现在相对坡长的0.4 0.5处。坡面上各样地的平均土壤密度和坡面平均值的差值(Z,g.cm-3)随相对水平坡长(样地离开坡顶水平距离和整个坡面水平坡长的比)(X,m)变化的回归关系式分别为:华北落叶松坡面Z1=-0.139X2+0.25X-0.080 1(R2=0.93),天然灌丛坡面Z2=0.494 4X3-0.767 2X2+0.340 3X-0.040 5(R2=0.95)。[结论]华北落叶松林坡面和天然灌丛坡面的土壤密度都存在明显的坡位变化,但变化格局和主要影响因素不同。基于土壤密度坡面变化的拟合关系,可实现从特定坡位测定值推算坡面平均值的尺度转换。     

油松毛虫产卵、取食偏嗜行为及油松针叶内含物测定

[目的]为明确油松毛虫在油松上的产卵和取食部位以及可能机理,为未来害虫发生预测模拟提供基础信息数据。[方法]通过室内模拟试验,统计油松毛虫在盆栽油松幼苗不同部位上的产卵量和取食不同油松针叶的偏嗜情况及死亡率;测定油松针叶内含物含量并与油松毛虫偏嗜行为进行了相关性分析。[结果]在一年生油松针叶上平均产卵块数最多(3.10±0.28),显著高于二年生针叶和三年生针叶;取食一年生油松针叶的油松毛虫数量最多(13.40±0.91)、死亡率最低(13.60%±4.87%),显著优于取食二年生油松针叶和三年生油松针叶的幼虫。油松毛虫幼虫取食选择、成虫产卵选择和幼虫体长与油松针叶内含水量成显著正相关(P0.01);与寄主总酚含量(P0.01)和碳氮比(P0.05)成显著负相关。[结论]油松毛虫对一年生油松针叶具有明显的产卵和取食偏嗜行为。一年生油松针叶内含水量最高、总酚含量最低、有机碳含量最低可能是造成寄主偏嗜行为的原因。     

油茶不同品种(系)对茶黄蓟马的抗性研究

正茶黄蓟马又称茶黄硬蓟马(Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood),属缨翅目蓟马科(Thysanoptera:Thripidae)[1],在国内主要分布于海南、广东、广西、云南、浙江、江苏、安徽、福建、台湾、河南等省区;国外主要分布于日本、印度、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、印度尼西亚、澳大利亚等国家[2-3]。主要寄主有茶叶(Camellia sinensis O.Ktze)、葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)、芒果(Mangifera indica L.)、花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)、     

干旱胁迫及复水对绿竹容器苗生理特征的影响

[目的]探究模拟干旱环境下水分亏缺对绿竹容器苗主要营养器官生理特性的影响,为绿竹规模化育苗栽培制定适宜的经营管理及节水灌溉技术方案提供理论依据。[方法]以绿竹组培苗为试验材料,采用盆栽苗控水方式,测定分析不同干旱胁迫条件下绿竹叶片及根系抗氧化酶、膜脂渗透性、叶片光合色素含量、以及根系活力等生理指标。[结果]表明:随着干旱胁迫加重,绿竹叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量明显下降,各处理间均达到差异显著(P0.05),复水后叶绿素a、叶绿素b、及类胡萝卜素含量均明显升高,其中叶绿素a、叶绿素b达到差异显著(P0.05),但类胡萝卜素差异不显著(P0.05);干旱胁迫下,根系活力呈明显下降趋势,中度干旱胁迫(MS)和重度干旱胁迫(SS)根系活力分别比对照(CK)下降14.35%、33.31%,均达到差异显著(P0.05),复水后,根系活力均明显升高,分别达到了CK处理根系活力的96.75%、73.84%;干旱胁迫下,根系及叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈上升趋势,且在复水后均呈现一定下降趋势,表现为中度干旱胁迫后复水(MS-CK)降低程度高于重度干旱胁迫后复水(SS-CK),各处理间均达到差异显著(P0.05)。[结论]模拟干旱环境下,增加干旱胁迫程度,绿竹的根系活力及叶片色素含量呈显著降低,MDA含量及SOD、CAT、POD活性均升高。复水后,根系活力及叶片色素含量较干旱胁迫时有所提高,MDA含量及SOD、CAT、POD活性有明显下降,不同干旱程度补偿能力不同,表现为中度干旱胁迫后复水高于重度干旱胁迫后复水,且不同营养器官对于解除干旱后消除活性氧及修复适应能力也不尽相同。绿竹根系活力和叶绿素含量与干旱胁迫程度呈负相关,而保护酶SOD、CAT、POD活性以及MDA含量均与干旱胁迫程度呈正相关。     

Date of pruning of Guazuma ulmifolia during the rainy season affects the availability, productivity and nutritional quality of forage during the dry season

Guazuma ulmifolia was experimentally pruned to determine when pruning should begin during the rainy season in order to extend the production of green tree-forage during the dry season. Three prunings (P-1, P-2, and P-3) were performed (5 weeks apart) during the rainy season (August, September, and October) and four forage harvests (C-a, C-b, C-c, and C-d) (3 weeks apart) took place during the dry season (February, March, and April). Over 2 years, forage biomass production was evaluated as total biomass (g dry matter tree^?1), biomass of the morphological components (leaves, stems, and dead matter), and nutritional quality (crude protein, fiber, lignin, and digestibility). Date of pruning affected the production of total biomass (P = 0.001) with the earliest pruning (P-1) yielding the greatest forage quantity, while stems (P = 0.022) and dead matter (P = 0.032) varied due to a year by pruning interaction. Total biomass, leaves, stems, and dead matter varied by the interaction between forage harvest and year for all four variables (P < 0.037). In both years, the largest forage harvest occurred in C-b (P < 0.05), leaf production was highest in C-a and C-b (P < 0.001), stem production was greatest in C-b (P = 0.013) and dead matter was highest in C-b and C-d (P = 0.002). Leaf crude protein ranged between 10 and 19 %, and the interaction of pruning by forage harvest by year was significant (P = 0.035). Digestibility, neutral and acid detergent fiber and lignin differed significantly because of the interaction between forage harvest and year (P < 0.005), with February showing the lowest values for fiber and the highest digestibility. The best time to prune G. ulmifolia is in August so that the young trees will produce more total biomass with a higher crude protein content. The most suitable moment for forage harvest is in February when the trees have more leaves with greater digestibility and less fiber.     

大老岭自然保护区日本落叶松林凋落物分解及养分释放研究

[目的]研究外来引进树种日本落叶松林凋落物对土壤养分的影响。[方法]采用分解袋法分别对18年生和24年生日本落叶松林以及周围针阔混交林凋落物的分解和养分释放规律进行了研究。[结果]凋落物分解和养分释放速率均表现为针阔混交林日本落叶松纯林;24年生日本落叶松林18年生日本落叶松林。其中不同林分的凋落物残留率与时间呈指数相关,凋落物年分解系数(K)也表现为针阔混交林(0.555 6)24年生日本落叶松林(0.445 0)18年生日本落叶松林(0.366 2)。凋落物分解速率与初始N元素含量呈极显著正相关,而与C/N比呈显著负相关,高的木质素含量对凋落物的分解有一定影响。C元素、K元素表现为直接释放模式,而研究中C/N比和C/P比相对较高,使N元素和P元素均表现为先富集后释放的模式。各养分元素的残留率总体呈现出18年生日本落叶松林24年生日本落叶松林针阔混交林的格局。[结论]不同林分凋落物分解和养分释放速率差异较大。凋落物年分解系数表现为针阔混交林24年生日本落叶松林18年生日本落叶松林。     

Effects of edaphic conditions on site quality for Salix purpurea ‘Hotel’ plantations across a large climatic gradient in Canada

Willow has been identified as a possible species for supplying large quantities of biomass for bioenergy and wood fibers in Canada. However, before site selection occurs, there is a need to know how the soils and climate of the prairies and central regions affect willow productivity. Soil, foliar, and climatic variables were therefore measured along with yields at nine “first rotation” Salix purpurea ‘Hotel’ plantations from central Alberta to southern Ontario. Correlation analysis was used to identify those parameters having the most influence on yields. Relationships between soil and climate and growth were established by regression analysis. The acid–base status of the soil as dictated by bulk elemental composition, in particular the presence of Ca, was found to be the dominant factor affecting productivity (r = 0.967, P < 0.001 total Ca vs. yields) despite large regional differences in climate. From a nutritional standpoint, total soil N (r = 0.743, P = 0.048) and foliar K (r = 0.938, P = 0.009 for sites with adequate moisture) were positively correlated with growth. S. purpurea ‘Hotel’ yields were found to be primarily limited by water availability at the two lowest productivity prairie sites. Soil total Ca concentration, pH and total organic C concentration were all generally correlated with higher yields. Additional deficiencies appeared in the following order of importance: water > N and K > Mg. As a whole, soil properties were the dominant predictors of ‘Hotel’ growth in this study, which suggests that, even at the regional scale, growth was governed in large part by the capacity of soils to retain water and/or nutrients. Climate played a lesser role, except perhaps at two sites which appeared to receive inadequate moisture.     

Glycosylsphingolipids from Euonymus japonicus Thunb

The stem bark of Euonymus japonicus Thunb. led to the isolation of three new glycosylsphingolipids (1–3), 1-O-[-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-(2S,3R,9E)-2-N-[(2R)-hydroxystearoyl]-octadecasphinga-9-ene (euojaposphingoside A, 1), 1-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-(2S,3R,4R,11E)-2-N-[(2R)-hydroxydocasanoyl]-octadecasphinga-11-ene (euojaposphingoside B, 2), 1-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-2′-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-(2S,3R,4R,11E)-2-N-[(2R)-hydroxytetracosanoyl]-octadecasphinga-11-ene (euojaposphingoside C, 3) along with three known glycosylsphingolipids (4–6), 1-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-(2S,3R,9E)-3-hydroxymethyl-2-N-[(2R)-hydroxynonacosanoyl)-tridecasphinga-9-ene (4), 1-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-(2S,3R,9E,12E)-2-N-[(2R)-hydroxytetracosanoyl] octadecasphinga-9,12–diene (5), 1-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-(2S,3R,5R,9E)-2-N-[tridecanoyl] nonacosasphinga-9-ene (6), lupeol (7), stigmasterol (8), sitosterol (β and α) (9,10) and β-carotene (11). The structure of all the compounds was achieved by spectroscopic and chemical data analysis. The antiplasmodial, antileismanial and cytotoxic activity of all compounds was tested.     

Sesquiterpenoids from Trichoderma atroviride, an endophytic fungus in Cephalotaxus fortunei

Two new sesquiterpenoids, identified as (rel 1S, 3R, 4R, 7R)-3-[5-hydroxy-4-methylpent-3-enyl]-1, 3, 7-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo [2, 2, 1] heptane (1) and (rel 1S, 3R, 4R, 7R)-3-[3, 4-dihydroxy-4-methylpentyl]-1, 3, 7-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo [2, 2, 1] heptane (2), were isolated from cultures of Trichoderma atroviride (strain no. S361), an endophytic fungal strain residing in the bark of Cephalotaxus fortunei. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analyses on the basis of NMR, IR, and MS data. Both compounds 1 and 2 were potent inhibitors on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 15.3 and 9.1 μM, respectively.     

中国不同地带性森林乔木叶片热值特征及其影响因素

[Objective]To study the leaf calorific value of different forest types.[Method]This study focused on four common forest types widely distributed across China, including boreal coniferous forest, warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, and tropical monsoon forest. The leaf calorific values of 175 dominant (or common) tree species were measured. The leaf calorific value characteristics of the trees found in the different forest types were analyzed, and the primary factors affecting leaf calorific value were investigated, including leaf morphological traits, nutrient elements, climate, and soil traits. [Result]The results showed that in these forest types, the leaf calorific values ranged from 14.84 to 21.98 KJ·g^-1, with an overall mean of 19.06 KJ·g^-1. The presence of organisms appeared to affect the leaf calorific value, which differed among forest types as follows: coniferous trees > broadleaf trees or evergreen trees > deciduous trees. [Conclusion]The latitudinal pattern of tree leaf calorific value, ordered from north to south, is as follows: warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest > subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest > tropical mountain rainforest. The mean leaf calorific value of boreal coniferous forest was slightly lower than those of warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. The leaf calorific values were significantly correlated with leaf carbon content (R²= 0.89, P<0.001). A multiple regression equation was established to describe the relationships among leaf calorific value, leaf carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf thickness.