桃树根癌病的生物防治

１９８７年以来，我们在探明桃及几种果树根癌土壤杆菌生化型的基础上，进一步明确了Ｋ８４菌悬浮液对桃等多种果树的根癌病具有明显的抑制作用。并完成了Ｋ８４菌液工厂化中试发酵生产，定名为根瘤宁生物农药。应用根癌宁生物农药３０倍稀释液对桃树进行浸桃核育苗、浸根定植、切瘤灌根等３项生物防治措施，均能有效地控制根癌病的发生，防效可达９０％以上，为大面积开展果树根癌病的生物防治探索出一套实用技术，并起到防治示范作用。     

"根苗壮"对大樱桃和桃树根癌病的防治效果

根癌病是由根癌细菌引起的,又称根瘤病、根头癌肿病、冠瘿病,染病植株生长缓慢,树势衰弱,花期略晚,往往形成大量花芽,但坐果率低,展叶延迟。果个小,品质差,严重时造成死树。在核果类果树上发病偏重。为了防治大樱桃和桃根癌病,2008年我们进行了“根苗壮”防治根癌病试验。     

大樱桃根癌病的生物防治

大樱桃根癌病的生物防治王绍红张洪胜邹建清于永理（山东省烟台市大樱桃研究开发中心２６４００４）近年来大樱桃根癌病的危害日趋严重。病株轻者生长不良、发芽晚、果实品质差、产量下降，重者整株死亡。大樱桃根癌病的致病菌为致瘤性土壤杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕ...     

大樱桃根癌病的发生与防治试验

根癌病是栽培大樱桃的主要病害之一,几乎所有大樱桃砧木均有不同程度的发生和危害.发病植株由于根部发生癌变,水分、养分流通受阻,树势衰弱,叶薄色黄,枝细瘦弱,严重时干枯死亡.2004～2005年我们对沂水县大樱桃园根癌病进行了多点系统调查,并进行了药剂防治试验,结果总结如下.     

■李根癌病的发生原因及防治措施

■李根癌病的发生原因及防治措施金方伦（贵州省蚕业科学研究所遵义５６１３２３）根癌病又称根瘤病、根癌肿病等，在黔北各李产区都有发生。据调查，李感病株率高达７０％～８０％，黄化株率达５０％～６０％，年植株死亡率达５％～１０％，已成为该地区发展李的重...     

秋季巧防葡萄园病虫害

<正>(1)防治葡萄根癌病。新发生的根癌瘤切除后,涂抹石硫合剂渣液、福美双等药液,也可用50倍菌毒清或100倍硫酸铜消毒后再涂波尔多液,7～10天再涂1次药,土壤消毒可用2%农抗120水剂150～200倍浇根。秋季多施有机肥料,适当施用酸性肥料,改良碱性土壤,使之不利于病菌生长。农事操作时,防止伤根。     

药物泥浆裹根预防核果类根癌病的效果

植物根癌病是个顽症，目前尚无根治办法。本研究从病害侵染途径入手，选用5种药物，利用定量药物溶液与粘土混合搅拌获得含药物的粘土泥浆（1000g粘土加450ml配好的药液），使药物泥浆充分包裹苗木根系，构成伤口保护层，预防苗木感染根癌病。经过近2年的观察，经壳寡糖柠檬酸盐愈伤剂100倍、200倍，碧康原液200倍和福美双400倍处理过的毛桃苗木经菌种灌根接种后均未见发病植株，而不用泥浆裹根的毛桃对照菌种接种后的发病率为57％、不含药物泥浆裹根对照接种土壤杆菌的发病率为12％。砧木RT—01的处理中，除壳寡糖柠檬酸盐愈伤剂200倍和福美双400倍处理的出现少量发病、发病率分别为2％和5％外，其他所有药物处理的菌种灌根接种后均未见发病植株。同期不用泥浆裹根的砧木菌种接种后的发病率为42％、不含药物泥浆裹根对照发病率为17％。苗木经药物处理后，基径生长情况与感病对照相比有显著差异，不同药物、不同浓度处理的苗木间差异不显著，但碧康处理对幼苗会产生药害；各处理对砧木的影响与毛桃的类似。本结果说明，在核果类果树幼苗移栽时，采用药物泥浆裹根技术能较好地预防苗木感染根癌病的可能。     

大樱桃根癌病防治技术

正根癌病也称冠瘿病,是一种世界性细菌病害,世界各地均有发生,危害樱桃、桃树、葡萄等多种果树。在我国大樱桃产区根癌病普遍发生。近十年来,由于大樱桃的种植效益远高于其他作物,促使其种植面积迅速扩大,但是根癌病的存在给大樱桃生产造成较大的损失,部分地区已严重威胁大樱桃种植业,急需采取有效措施进行防治。1大樱桃根癌病的危害大樱桃根癌病是由根癌土壤杆菌引起的一种细菌性病害,可侵染93科331属643种高等植物[1],全世界     

硫和钴在杨梅植株体内的分布及对生长的影响

 杨梅对硫有较强的吸收能力, 3 年生‘东魁’杨梅定植一年后, 在未施任何肥料的情况下,使土壤含硫量下降了37.7 %。杨梅吸收硫主要积累在叶片和根瘤中, 叶片和根瘤中的含硫量是根的2 倍左右。杨梅吸收钴主要积累在根瘤和根中, 根瘤和根中钴含量是叶片的4.88 和4.48 倍。每株施硫酸钴15 和30 mg 能促进杨梅对硫和钴的吸收利用, 且硫和钴优先向根瘤运输和积累; 根瘤和叶片含硫量分别是根系含硫量的3.38～4.58 倍和2.75～3.72 倍, 根瘤含硫量又是叶片含硫量的1.23 倍; 根瘤含钴量分别是根和叶的1.39～1.90 倍和3.53～4.55 倍。每株施硫酸钴15 和30 mg , 能显著增加杨梅植株的生物量、株高、根瘤量和固氮酶活性, 且根瘤的固氮酶活性是对照的8～18.35 倍。提出硫元素与Frankia 放线菌的共生固氮有关, 有利于根瘤形成和固氮。     

大樱桃根颈腐烂病的发生与防治

近几年来，烟台地区的大樱桃树因根颈腐烂导致整株死亡的现象日趋严重。该病多发生于5～10年生树龄的结果树，给果农造成了严重的经济损失。果农们在谈到根颈腐烂病防治时，均感到束手无策，认为是比根癌病还要难治的病。我们近几年连续对该病的发生和防治进行了研究，取得了一定的效果，现总结如下。供参考。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.