水氮互作对夏玉米氮素积累运转及利用的影响

[目的]为探索水氮高效利用、减少农田氮肥污染途径,[方法]设置了不同水分和不同施氮水平的互作试验,研究其对夏玉米植株氮素积累运转及氮肥利用的影响。[结果]结果表明,与不施氮相比,施氮处理显著提高了植株氮素积累量,最终氮素积累量增加了24%～35%;施氮增加了茎叶及整株等营养器官花前贮藏氮素运转量,灌水增加了茎、叶、穗及全株花前贮藏氮素运转量,同时施氮和灌水均明显增加籽粒氮素积累总量,且处理间均表现为处理2＞处理1＞处理0。与处理0比,施氮处理籽粒氮素总量增加26.31%,灌水处理增加24.89%;施氮和灌水明显提高了氮素吸收效率和氮肥农学效率,对氮素利用效率影响结果不一。[结论]综合本试验研究结果,以N1W2处理综合表现最优,可以考虑生产中推广应用。     

灌水量对小麦氮素吸收、分配、利用及产量与品质的影响

以济麦20和泰山23为试验材料, 在大田条件下研究了灌水量对小麦氮素吸收、分配、利用和籽粒产量与品质及耗水量、水分利用率的影响。2004—2005年生长季, 小麦生育期间降水量为196.10 mm, 两品种的氮素吸收效率、籽粒的氮素积累量和氮肥生产效率均为不灌水处理低于灌水处理, 但籽粒氮素分配比例和氮素利用效率表现为不灌水处理高于灌水处理。拔节期前, 两品种的氮素吸收强度灌水180 mm处理高于灌水240 mm和300 mm两处理, 拔节期后反之; 成熟期, 植株氮素积累量和氮素吸收效率在各灌水处理间无显著差异。济麦20籽粒的氮素积累量和分配比例、氮素利用效率和氮肥生产效率, 均以灌水240 mm处理高于灌水180 mm和300 mm处理; 灌水180 mm和240 mm处理的籽粒产量分别达8 701.23 kg hm^-2和9 159.30 kg hm^-2, 耗水量为469.29 mm和534.48 mm, 两处理间籽粒品质无显著差异, 且均优于灌水300 mm处理。泰山23籽粒中氮素积累量及分配比例、氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和籽粒品质, 在各灌水处理间无显著差异; 灌水180 mm和240 mm处理籽粒产量显著高于其他处理, 分别达9 682.65 kg hm^-2和9 698.55 kg hm^-2, 其耗水量分别为468.54 mm和532.35 mm。两品种的水分利用率均随灌水量增加而降低。在2006—2007年生长季, 小麦生育期间降水量为171.30 mm, 济麦20和泰山23均以灌水240 mm处理的籽粒产量和水分利用率最高, 其耗水量分别为490.88 mm和474.88 mm。综合考虑产量、品质、氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和水分利用率, 生产中济麦20生育期灌水量以180~240 mm为宜; 泰山23在降水量达196 mm条件下, 灌水量以180 mm为宜, 在降水量为170 mm条件下, 灌水量以240 mm为宜。     

稻茬小麦公顷产量9000 kg群体钾素积累、分配与利用特性

在稻麦两熟制条件下,以扬麦20为材料,通过基本苗和氮肥施用量、施用时期及比例的调控,建立不同产量水平群体,研究籽粒产量9000 kg hm^-2群体钾素积累、分配与利用特性。结果表明,籽粒产量≥9000 kg hm^-2 (超高产)群体钾素吸收高峰期出现在拔节至开花期,吸收的钾素占一生吸收钾素的52%~68%;开花期和成熟期钾素积累量均极显著高于<9000 kg hm^-2 (高产)群体。成熟期叶片、茎鞘、颖壳+穗轴和籽粒钾素积累量与籽粒产量均呈极显著线性正相关;花后茎鞘钾素转运量与产量呈极显著线性正相关,颖壳+穗轴钾素转运量与产量呈极显著线性负相关。超高产群体开花期和成熟期钾素积累量分别为430~450 kg hm^-2和366~408 kg hm^-2;成熟期钾素积累量,茎鞘中最高,为244~269 kg hm^-2,其次是叶片和颖壳+穗轴,分别为46~49 kg hm^-2和40~46 kg hm^-2,籽粒中仅为35~46 kg hm^-2;花后茎鞘钾素转出量为46~52 kg hm^-2,颖壳+穗轴钾素积累量为9~17 kg hm^-2。超高产群体每100 kg籽粒的吸钾量需达4.57~4.87 kg,此时的钾素利用效率为20.56~22.02 kg kg^-1,钾收获指数为0.095~0.112。     

Remobilization of Nitrogen and Carbohydrate from Stems of Bread Wheat in Response to Heat Stress during Grain Filling

When wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown under heat-stress conditions during grain filling, preanthesis stored total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) and nitrogen (N) could serve as alternative source of assimilates. This study was performed to evaluate wheat genotypes for their ability to accumulate and remobilize TNC and N stored in their stem to support grain filling under heat stress. Eighteen genotypes were used for N remobilization study while nine of them were used for TNC remobilization study. They were grown in pots and placed in a vinyl house with the maximum temperature kept below 30 °C. Five days after anthesis (5DAA), half of the pots were taken to phytotrons where temperature was gradually increased and the maximum was set at 38 °C. Grain yield and grain weight decreased by about 35 % under heat stress. Significant differences were found among genotypes in percentage reduction in grain yield, grain weight, grain filling duration and harvest index because of heat stress. The N and TNC concentrations of the stem at 5DAA were significantly different among genotypes. Heat stress significantly reduced the N remobilization efficiency of most of genotypes. However, heat stress significantly increased TNC remobilization efficiency and significant variation were observed among genotypes. N remobilization efficiency across treatments significantly correlated with grain yield, grain weight, harvest index and grain filling duration. TNC at 5DAA negatively correlated with N at 5DAA and harvest index, but the TNC remobilization efficiency under heat stress positively correlated with mainstem grain yield, grain weight and harvest index. The rate of chlorophyll loss from flag leaf positively correlated with N and TNC remobilization efficiencies under heat stress suggesting a link between leaf senescence and remobilization efficiency. The results indicate that heat stress negatively affected grain yield, its components and N remobilization while it increased TNC remobilization because of the increasing demand for resources.     

Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barley: I. Dry matter translocation

A 4-year field study was carried out to determine dry matter and nitrogen accumulation until anthesis and at grain filling period and dry matter translocation and utilization in grain filling of barley. Twenty two-rowed spring barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. distichum L.) cultivars originated from different countries (Yugoslavia, Germany, Australia, the Czeck Republic, Netherlands, France and USA) were grown during 1995–1998 on a non-calcareous chernozem soil near Novi Sad (45° 20′N, 15° 51′E, 86 m asl). Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation depended on the cultivar and year. In a year with favorable weather conditions, 58% of dry matter was accumulated during pre-anthesis, while in a year with less favorable weather the amount was 48%. In the favorable year 91% and in unfavorable year 65% of nitrogen was accumulated until anthesis. The results indicated that the greater amount of dry matter and nitrogen accumulated before anthesis. Dry matter translocation efficiency depended on the cultivar and ranged from 3 to 16.4%, while the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to kernel varied from 4 to 24.2%. Cultivars that have been developed for the growing conditions of the area where the experimental site was located, i.e. adapted ones, did not use pre-anthesis dry matter for grain filling. High positive correlations (P<0.01) were found between biomass at anthesis and biological yield, dry matter translocation efficiency, contribution of translocated dry matter to grain yield, and total plant nitrogen at maturity. Accumulated nitrogen at anthesis was positively correlated (P<0.01) with growing degree–days until anthesis, dry matter at anthesis and dry matter translocation parameters. Heritability for the investigated characters was rather high, over 0.60.     

春小麦不同品质类型氮的吸收、转化利用及与籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的关系

以不同品质类型春小麦为材料,研究产量和蛋白质形成过程中营养体各器官氮的水平动态以及氮的转化和利用效率。结果表明,植株营养体各器官干物质总的积累趋势为开花期开始增加,达高峰后逐渐下降至成熟;氮的含量变化为开花期最高,随籽粒灌浆逐渐下降,成熟时降至最低。籽粒氮含量变化呈“V”型曲线,籽粒氮素积累呈“S”型     

施氮对杂交小麦不同器官氮素积累与转运及其杂种优势的影响

氮肥对小麦不同器官的氮素代谢及生长发育影响显著。在施氮（200 kg hm^-2）和不施氮条件下,以6个杂交小麦及其7个亲本为材料,研究了叶片、茎鞘、穗轴及颖壳和籽粒中的氮素积累量、氮素含量和转运及其杂种优势。结果表明,施氮显著提高各器官的氮素积累量和含量,但不影响其变化趋势。花期前叶片是贮存氮素的主要器官,花期后籽粒成为贮存氮素的最主要部位,其次为茎鞘。施氮对氮素积累量的杂种优势没有显著的影响,但对氮素含量的杂种优势有显著的抑制效应。施氮极显著促进叶片中的氮素转运,而对茎鞘、穗轴及颖壳无显著影响。总麦草90%以上的氮素转运自叶片。施氮与不施氮处理的氮素转运率和贡献率均以叶片最大,穗轴及颖壳次之,且同一器官中处理间并无显著差异。不施氮的各器官氮素的转运量、转运率和贡献率多表现正的杂种优势,施氮的多呈负优势,表明施氮对氮素转运的杂种优势有抑制作用。     

限水减氮对豫北冬小麦产量和植株不同层次器官干物质运转的影响

采用节水栽培并减少氮肥用量是实现豫北冬小麦生产的高产、高效和环境友好发展的必然选择,探明限水减氮对冬小麦产量和植株各层次器官干物质运转的影响,可为该地区冬小麦节水栽培和合理施用氮肥提供科学依据。2009—2010和2010—2011年连续2年在河南浚县钜桥进行小麦田间裂区试验,主区设置2个灌溉水平[拔节水(W1)和拔节水+开花水(W2)],副区设置5个氮肥水平[330 kg hm~(–2) (N4,豫北地区小麦生产中常规施氮量)、270 kg hm~(–2) (N3)、210 kg hm~(–2) (N2)、120 kg hm~(–2) (N1)、0 kg hm~(–2) (N0)],测定了籽粒产量和植株各层次器官干物质运转量、运转率和对籽粒贡献率。减量施氮与N4相比,各营养器官向籽粒运转的干物质量均有增加,其中,穗轴+颖壳的干物质运转量增加了323.2%,增幅远高于茎节的24.5%和叶片的4.6%,且穗轴+颖壳的干物质运转率和对籽粒贡献率增幅也远高于茎节和叶片。减量施氮处理的叶片干物质运转量的增加主要源于倒三叶和倒四叶,分别增加28.7%和201.1%,而茎节干物质运转量的增加主要源于除穗位节外的其他茎节,分别增加21.7%(倒二节)、71.8%(倒三节)、44.5%(倒四节)和31.1%(余节)。与W2相比, W1干物质运转量无显著差异,但干物质运转率略高(24.6%vs. 23.8%),对籽粒贡献率较高(35.1%vs. 30.0%),籽粒产量降低11.2%,水分供应量减少750 m3 hm~(–2)。可见,减量施氮促进了营养器官,尤其是穗轴+颖壳和下层器官(倒三叶、倒四叶、倒三节、倒四节和余节)的干物质向籽粒的运转,提高了对籽粒贡献率,有利于提高籽粒产量。     

灌溉量对小麦氮素吸收和运转的影响

在田间遮雨棚中研究了两种灌溉模式和两个冬小麦品种的氮素吸收和运转规律,在本试验条件下,开花期吸收的氮来自土壤的占75.77%～83.09%,到成熟期为79.31%～83.74%。灌浆期间灌水增加植株各器官吸收肥料氮的比例,而降低了吸收土壤氮素的比例。小麦籽粒氮素的67.47%～83.37%来自开花前营养器官的贮存氮,虽然叶片的总含氮量     

水氮耦合对春小麦干物质累积与植株氮素转运的影响

为明确甘肃中部地区春小麦合理的施氮水平和灌水量,以陇春27为研究对象,以灌水量[1000（W1）、2000（W2）和3000m³/hm²（W3）]为主区,施氮量[0（N0）、80（N1）、160（N2）和240kg/hm²（N3）]为副区,研究水氮对小麦干物质累积、氮含量、氮素累积及产量的影响。结果表明,不同施氮量和灌水量对小麦干物质累积量、氮累积量、籽粒产量及氮转运均有显著影响,且存在互作效应;各生育期小麦干物质累积量随灌水量与施氮量的增大呈增大趋势,灌水量对干物质累积量影响大于施氮量;茎和叶氮含量随施氮量增大而增大,氮含量为籽粒>叶>颖壳>根>茎,灌水处理对小麦营养器官氮含量影响小于施氮处理;随灌水量与施氮量增大,小麦各器官氮累积量呈先增大后减小趋势;籽粒氮累积量与产量以W2N2处理最大,适宜的水氮供给有利于干物质从营养器官向生殖器官转移,从而提高籽粒产量和氮素生产效率。综上,灌水量与施肥量分别在2000m³/hm²和160kg/hm²时有利于小麦生产。     

Drip Irrigation Frequency: The Effects and Their Interaction with Nitrogen Fertilization on Maize Growth and Nitrogen Use Efficiency under Arid Conditions

Differences in soil moisture and wetting pattern under different irrigation frequencies mean that vegetative growth and nitrogen use efficiency in maize can differ even when the same total amount of irrigated water is applied under different frequency regimes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of drip irrigation frequency and its interaction with nitrogen fertilization on vegetative growth and nitrogen use efficiency of a maize crop at different growth stages and on grain quality at maturity stage in a sandy soil. The experiment was conducted for 2 years (2005 and 2006) using a randomized complete block split–split plot design with four irrigation frequencies (once every 2, 3, 4 and 5 days), two nitrogen levels (190 and 380 kg N ha^?1) and two maize hybrids (three‐way cross 310 and single cross 10) as the main‐plot, split‐plot and split–split plot variables, respectively. Irrigation water, totalling 524 mm ha^?1, applied for each irrigation frequency was divided into 28, 21, 17 and 14 doses for the F2, F3, F4 and F5 treatments, respectively. Results indicated that vegetative growth, crop growth and nitrogen efficiency parameters at the 10‐leaf and tasseling growth stages increased with increasing drip irrigation frequency, whereas grain protein content decreased. Although the values of the vegetative growth and crop growth parameters increased with increasing nitrogen levels, significant decreases in nitrogen efficiency parameters were also observed indicating the need for further optimization with a reduced nitrogen application rate. Significant interaction effects between irrigation frequency and nitrogen levels were detected for all parameters measured. In most cases, the parameters were not significantly different between the two nitrogen levels at an irrigation frequency of once every 5 days, but did differ significantly at irrigation frequencies of once every 2, 3 or 4 days. The relationship between the nitrogen use efficiency parameters and retained available soil water content at the 10‐leaf and tasseling growth stages was best represented by a second order polynomial equation with an R² ranging from 0.73 to 0.98. Based on our findings, an irrigation frequency of once every 2 and 3 days is recommended to enhance growth and nitrogen use efficiency of drip‐irrigated maize in sandy soil in Egypt.     

公顷产10000kg小麦氮素和干物质积累与分配特性

以泰山23和济麦22为试验品种,通过连续2年的田间试验,对单产高达10 000 kg hm^-2的小麦进行了施氮量和氮素吸收转运和分配特性的研究。在2006-2007年生长季,随着施氮量的增加,小麦籽粒产量先增加后降低,施纯氮240 kg hm^-2 (N240)和270 kg hm^-2(N270)处理的产量分别达9 954.73 kg hm^-2和10 647.02 kg hm^-2,比不施氮肥处理(N0)分别增加11.20%和18.93%。与N0处理相比,施氮处理显著增加了小麦植株氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量和开花后营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运量;随着施氮量的增加,成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量呈先增后降趋势,以N270处理最高;开花后营养器官氮素向小麦籽粒转运量和转运率先升后降,转运量以N270处理最大,为213.78 kg hm^-2;而转运率以N240处理最高,为67.98%。随施氮量的增加,小麦成熟期各器官干物质积累量、花后营养器官干物质再分配量和再分配率先增后降,均以N270处理最高;开花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率亦呈先增后降的趋势,以N240处理最高。2005-2006年的试验结果呈相同变化趋势。在本试验条件下,小麦产量水平达10 000 kg hm^-2时的适宜施氮量为240~270 kg hm^-2,可供生产中参考。     

公顷产10000kg小麦氮素和干物质积累与分配特性

以泰山23和济麦22为试验品种,通过连续2年的田间试验,对单产高达10 000 kg hm^-2的小麦进行了施氮量和氮素吸收转运和分配特性的研究。在2006—2007年生长季,随着施氮量的增加,小麦籽粒产量先增加后降低,施纯氮240 kg hm^-2 (N240)和270 kg hm^-2(N270)处理的产量分别达9 954.73 kg hm^-2和10 647.02 kg hm^-2,比不施氮肥处理(N0)分别增加11.20%和18.93%。与N0处理相比,施氮处理显著增加了小麦植株氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量和开花后营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运量;随着施氮量的增加,成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量呈先增后降趋势,以N270处理最高;开花后营养器官氮素向小麦籽粒转运量和转运率先升后降,转运量以N270处理最大,为213.78 kg hm^-2;而转运率以N240处理最高,为67.98%。随施氮量的增加,小麦成熟期各器官干物质积累量、花后营养器官干物质再分配量和再分配率先增后降,均以N270处理最高;开花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率亦呈先增后降的趋势,以N240处理最高。2005—2006年的试验结果呈相同变化趋势。在本试验条件下,小麦产量水平达10 000 kg hm^-2时的适宜施氮量为240~270 kg hm^-2,可供生产中参考。     

Phosphorus Accumulation and Translocation in Wheat as Affected by Cultivar and Nitrogen Fertilization

To improve nutrient management strategies in wheat more information is needed about the interaction effects among nutrients in their uptake and redistribution in the plants, in relation to different genotypes. Therefore, two bread ( T. aestivum L.) and two durum ( T. durum Desf.) winter wheat cultivars were grown in the field for 2 years (1986, 1987) in a silty-clay soil under different nitrogen (N) levels, in Northern Greece. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha⁻¹ was applied before planting or 100 kg ha⁻¹ before planting and then 50 kg ha⁻¹ at early boot stage. Cultivar differences in phosphorus (p) concentration were observed only in vegetative parts but not in the grain. Maximum p accumulation was observed either at anthesis or at maturity. During grain filling dry matter and p accumulation in the grain followed almost the same pattern. Phosphorus translocation efficiency of the cultivars at the 2 years ranged from 70.7 to 84.3 % and the amount of p in the grain derived from translocation 52 to 100 %. Phosphorus translocation efficiency was weakly correlated with p content in grain only in 1986, while phosphorus harvest index (PHI) was positively correlated with harvest indst (HI) both years (r = 0.82** in 1986 and 0.75** in 1987). Nitrogen application mainly affected p accumulation of the cultivars via its effect on biomass production. The split N application promoted slightly the p uptake in 1987 and this resulted in the reduction of both the contribution of the translocated p to the grain and the efficiency of p utilization for total biomass. Results indicated that p accumulation and translocation and the efficiency of p utilization in wheat were mainly determined by the genotype in relation to environmental condition of growth.     

不同施氮水平和基追比对小麦籽粒品质形成的调控

采用蛋白质含量不同的2个小麦品种,研究了不同施氮水平（112.5 kg N/hm2和225 kg N/hm2）及基追比（基肥∶追肥为66/34和34/66）对小麦植株C-N积累与转运规律及其与小麦籽粒品质形成的关系。结果表明,高氮水平和追肥比例提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质、面筋含量、沉降值和谷/醇溶蛋白比例,降低了花后营养器官贮存氮素和干物质的转     

Effects of Mild Temperature Stress on Grain Quality and Root and Straw Nitrogen Concentration in Malting Barley Cultivars

Abstract It is a challenge to obtain the appropriate protein concentration in cereals for the intended end‐use. This study examined ambient temperature effects on two spring malting barley cultivars (Henley and Tipple) grown in soil or in solution culture with controlled nitrogen supply in daylight chambers with low temperature (day 18 °C, night 12 °C), and high temperature (23 °C/17 °C) to/after anthesis. In soil‐grown plants, high temperature to anthesis resulted in higher grain nitrogen amount (GNA), grain nitrogen concentration (GNC) and straw nitrogen concentration (SNC). In plants grown in solution, high temperature to anthesis resulted in lower GNA and higher GNC. A temperature rise of 1 °C during the growing period in solution cultivation increased GNC, root nitrogen concentration (RNC) and SNC, by 1.20, 1.35 and 0.33 mg g^?1, respectively. In solution culture, GNC was positively correlated with RNC and SNC (P < 0.01). Cv. Henley had higher GNC but lower SNC than cv. Tipple. Cv. Henley was more stable in grain size and cv. Tipple in GNC. The results showed that temperature has a direct effect on GNC. Accounting for temperature fluctuations up to the latest possible nitrogen fertilisation occasion can therefore help when deciding appropriate nitrogen supply for intended end‐use.     

水肥“三匀”技术对水稻水、氮利用效率的影响

This study included three split-plot designed experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted in two fields with varied soil fertility and consistent treatment. Two rice varieties (Dexiang 4103, high NUE; Yixiang 3724, low NUE) were set as main plot. The sub-plot contained six nitrogen-water management modes (farmer’s usual management, FU; nitrogen-water coupling management, NWC; methodical nitrogen-water distribution management, MNWD; and their respective nitrogen-free controls). The main plot of Exp.3 was two high NUE varieties (Dexiang 4103, Fyou 498) and two low NUE varieties (Yixiang 3724, Chuanyou 6203); FU, NWC, and MNWD assembled the sub-plot. MNWD adopted the method of increasing frequency and reducing quantity, thus the nitrogen application rate was reduced by 20% compared with NWC and FU, the irrigation water amount was reduced by 20% to 25% compared with NWC, and 42% to 48% compared with FU. The stem number of MNWD changed smoothly and its ear bearing tiller percentage was higher. Compared with NWC and FU, the photo assimilation before anthesis MNWD had less, dry matter transportation before anthesis and high accumulation of assimilate after anthesis. The grain yield of MNWD was similar to that of NWC, while 8.77%-14.18% higher than that of FU. Correlation analysis showed that the dry weight of roots in 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil layers were significantly and positively correlated with nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), nitrogen agronomy efficiency (NAE), irrigation water production efficiency (IWPE) and water production efficiency (WPE). MNWD had a large amount of root system distributed in the soil layer below 10 cm, which was conducive to the improvement of water and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Compared with NWC and FU, MNWD increased NRE by 8.07%-11.99% and 20.72%-30.78%, NAE by 17.44%-27.38% and 96.47%-101.42%, IWPE by 23.34%-36.67% and 76.54%-117.38%, WPE by 8.41%-17.66% and 32.23%-65.29%, respectively.     

黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田玉米水氮用量配合试验

研究了黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田不同灌溉水平（常规灌溉,12 000 m³ hm^-2;节水10%,10 800 m³ hm^-2;节水20%,9 600 m³ hm^-2）和施氮水平（0、150、225、300和375 kg N hm^-2）下玉米产量、氮肥利用率、灌溉水生产力及硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布。结果表明,常规高量灌溉（12 000 m³ hm^-2）和节水10%和20%处理的玉米产量和地上生物量无显著差异;在施有机肥和磷、钾肥的基础上,施氮量150~375 kg N hm-2较不施氮处理增产74.8%~108.6%,施氮量超过225 kg N hm^-2时,产量不再显著增加;平均氮肥利用率（NUE）为50.6%~83.7%,随施氮量的增加而下降,超过225 kg N hm^-2时显著降低。在施用氮肥时,玉米灌溉水生产力(WP)为0.97~1.35 kg m^-3,随灌溉量的增加而下降,施氮量超过225 kg N hm^-2时,灌溉水生产力不再显著增加。水肥配合有显著的交互效应,高量的水氮配合可获得较高的产量,但水肥利用效率显著下降。对每次灌溉前土壤剖面水分含量的测定结果表明,3个灌溉水平下0~160 cm土层土壤水分含量无显著差异,表明常规高量灌溉并不能保持较长时间的有效水分供作物吸收利用;高量灌溉下,0~200 cm土壤剖面中NO₃^－-N的积累量低于节水灌溉处理,表明高量灌溉使更多的NO₃^－-N淋溶至更深的土层,对地下水污染风险加大。从水肥高效利用、降低氮污染风险和缓解水资源短缺综合考虑,进行合理的水肥调控、适度降低灌溉量和氮肥投入是沙地农田生态系统管理的合理选择。通过合理的水肥调控,沙地农田仍有很大的节水潜力。     

氮肥施用量对杂交粳稻氮素吸收和利用的影响

探索不同氮肥施用量对水稻产量形成及氮肥吸收利用的影响。以杂交粳稻‘6优53’为材料,应用精确定量栽培技术原理,设置5个氮肥用量处理,分析氮素吸收利用指标。结果表明：叶片和茎鞘的氮素积累高峰出现在孕穗期,成熟期稻穗氮素总积累量随施氮量的增加而增加。叶片和茎鞘的氮素转运量、转运率、转运贡献率、氮生理效率和氮肥表现利用率在施氮量300.00 kg/hm²时达最大值。氮素收获指数、氮肥效率、氮肥吸收效率、氮肥利用率、氮肥农艺利用率、生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力、土壤氮素依存率随施氮量增加均呈下降趋势。氮肥表现利用率与产量极显著正相关,与穗数显著正相关,与每穗颖花数显著负相关;穗数与氮肥吸收效率、氮素收获指数极显著负相关,与氮肥效率、农艺利用率、生理利用率、偏生产力、土壤氮素依存率显著负相关;千粒重与氮素转运量和转运率显著正相关。合理施用氮肥对提高产量、促进氮素吸收利用具有重要作用。     

施氮量和底追比例对小麦氮素吸收转运及产量的影响

应用¹⁵N示踪技术研究了高产麦田中施氮量和底施与追施氮肥的比例对小麦氮素吸收转运及籽粒产量的影响。共设7个处理,对照为不施氮肥(N0);在施纯氮量为168和240 kg/hm²条件下,各设底肥氮量与追肥氮量比例（底追比例）为1∶1 (N1和N4)、1∶2 (N2和N5)、0∶1(N3和N6)。结果表明,播种至拔节期植株积累的底施氮占植株全生育期积累底施氮总量的78.04%~89.67%;小麦植株对追肥氮的利用率显著高于对底肥氮的利用率,适当增加追施氮肥的比例可提高氮肥利用率,其中N2处理的最高。在相同底追比例下,不同施氮量处理相比较,植株与籽粒中的氮素积累量均无显著差异;施氮量相同,随追施氮肥比例的增加,开花前贮存氮素的转运量和转运效率呈先增加后降低的趋势,N2和N5的转运量及转运效率最高;开花后氮素的同化量及对籽粒的贡献率则随追施氮比例的增加而提高;籽粒氮素积累量在N2、N3、N5和N6处理间无显著差异,但显著高于N1和N4。适量施氮并增加追施氮肥的比例可显著提高籽粒产量、蛋白质含量,N2、N5和N6均效果较好。在本试验条件下,施氮量为168 kg/hm²及底追比例为1∶2的处理是兼顾产量、品质和效益的最佳氮肥运筹方式。