渔用声纳电子示位标防盗技术研究

针对我国金枪鱼捕捞渔船上的无线电示位标装备现状,特别是为了防止盗取设备强占渔场的现象发生,对带有预警防盗功能的声纳示位标技术展开研究与试验,系统将渔用声纳与卫星电子浮标整体集成,利用水声数据采集技术与卫星数据通信技术,通过水下拾音器采集柴油机噪声的音频信息,该系统集成了卫星定位、声纳探测、无线电与卫星通讯,并开发出了嵌入式防盗设备,系统实现了示位标常规功能的同时增加了有效的预警防盗功能。可以提高我国金枪鱼鱼群探测信息化水平并保证设备的安全性。初步试验结果显示试验选用的渔民标准配备的挂机螺旋桨启动时的频率值稳定在8.5 kHz左右,且空蚀效应明显,在海洋噪声普遍高于10.3 kHz的环境下,嵌入式防盗系统在50~100 m范围内可准确实现设备的预警防盗,且抗干扰能力强,相比于其它防盗方式更为实时有效。     

Zodiacal dust and deep-sea sediments

The recent detection of radioactive Al(26) in marine sediments has led to the conclusion that it is brought into the earth's atmosphere by micrometeorites which have been exposed, in interplanetary space, to solar high-energy protons. The Al(26) method is not precise enough to yield directly a reliable value for the mass accretion rate to the earth to better than about 3 orders of magnitude, but is sufficiently accurate to allow a crucial decision between two widely differing of interplanetary dust which have been proposed to explain observations of the zodiacal light. The two models lead to Al(26) concentrations which would differ by about 5 orders of magnitude. Thus, the presence of Al(26) is consistent with the zodiacal dust model with particles of some tens of microns rather then with submicron particles. From this model a mass accretion to the earth then be calculated which is set at 1250 (upper limit, 2500; lower limit, 250) tons per day, or 2.8 x 10(-15) g/cm(2) sec, or 4.5 x 10(11) g over the earth per This value does not depend on the flux of the solar high-energy particles, which may be uncertain by an order of magnitude or more. The presence of Al(26) supports the idea that an important fraction of the dust is stony in composition material density, and thus eliminates some more exotic dust models, as such one consisting entirely of carbon grains. We may also conclude that the accreted dust particles have been in the solar system and exposed to protons from solar high-energy particles for a time interval which is greater than a significant of the Al(26) half-life (0.74 x 10(6) years).     

叶片的灰尘对高光谱遥感中植被冠层反射率的影响

灰尘作为气溶胶的一部分由于沉降现象而附着于植物叶子的表面,当遥感探测器扫描植被冠层时,所得反射率数据就具有了一定的相似性。在平时我们处理卫星数据时忽略了附着于叶子表面灰尘的影响,没有把植被表面的灰尘作为影响因子考虑进去。随着探测器的发展,光谱分辨率的提高,灰尘对于某些波段的影响越来越大。由于天气变化如降雨可以使植被叶片表面灰尘减少甚至消失,引起植被反射率发生变化,于是本文通过模拟降雨前后植被叶片反射率变化,来研究灰尘的影响程度大小。具体方法为采用ASD野外光谱仪分别测量小麦、冬青等植被采摘后表层附有灰尘的叶片和模拟雨水冲洗灰尘后的叶片。通过同一片叶子两次测得的不同数据处理、比较得出以下结论:1.附着于植被冠层的灰尘对其反射率有很大影响。2.没有去尘处理的叶片反射曲线不是灰尘反射曲线和经除尘处理的叶片反射曲线简单的线性叠加。3.灰尘并不会造成“红边”移动,不会发生“蓝移”和“红移”。     

Ionospheric topside sounding

Over the past few years, the satellite topside sounders have significantly contributed to the understanding of the upper ionosphere. A great quantity of radio echo data has been accumulated, from which the ionospheric electrondensity distribution can be determined. The topside measurements of electron density essentially agree with similar measurements from the ground, except for an occasional 10-percent discrepancy near the peak of the ionosphere. While horizontal non-uniformity is a likely cause, this discrepancy has not yet been adequately explained. The electron-density scale heights measured at a constant altitude indicate both a higher temperature and a heavier mean ion mass at high latitudes. At low latitudes the topside measurements have shown the detailed latitudinal structure of the equatorial anomaly, demonstrating control by the geomagnetic field. A variety of electron-density irregularities have been studied. Most are greatly elongated along the magnetic field, and produce echoes either by lateral scattering, if they are thin, or by longitudinal ducting, if they are thick. Some of the thick irregularities are continuous between the hemispheres and support conjugate echo propagation. The topside sounders have revealed the complex structure of the ionosphere near the auroral zone and at higher latitudes. At night an east-west trough of greatly reduced electron density occurs equatorward of the auroral zone. At the auroral zone itself the electron density is high and quite variable, both in space and time. The electron density at the polar cap within the auroral zone is often uniform and smooth. Ionospheric irregularities are common in the area of the trough and the auroral zone. Among other satellites, the topside sounders have been used in various plasma studies involving the excitation and propagation of waves. These studies suggest that the ionosphere is an appropriate region for future plasma physics investigations, especially with rocket and satellite payloads designed specifically for that purpose.     

Dust in the lower atmosphere of venus

Terminal velocities of dust particles have been calculated for two model atmospheres of Venus; data are derived from measurements of Mariner V and Venera 4. The vertical wind velocities required to maintain dust aloft in the lower atmosphere of Venus are less than one-half the magnitude of those needed on Earth. Since the lower atmosphere of Venus appears to be hot, dry, and strongly convective, it probably contains much more dust than that of Earth.     

Recent sea-level contributions of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets

After a century of polar exploration, the past decade of satellite measurements has painted an altogether new picture of how Earth's ice sheets are changing. As global temperatures have risen, so have rates of snowfall, ice melting, and glacier flow. Although the balance between these opposing processes has varied considerably on a regional scale, data show that Antarctica and Greenland are each losing mass overall. Our best estimate of their combined imbalance is about 125 gigatons per year of ice, enough to raise sea level by 0.35 millimeters per year. This is only a modest contribution to the present rate of sea-level rise of 3.0 millimeters per year. However, much of the loss from Antarctica and Greenland is the result of the flow of ice to the ocean from ice streams and glaciers, which has accelerated over the past decade. In both continents, there are suspected triggers for the accelerated ice discharge-surface and ocean warming, respectively-and, over the course of the 21st century, these processes could rapidly counteract the snowfall gains predicted by present coupled climate models.     

Martian mass and Earth-moon mass ratio from coherent s-band tracking of mariners 6 and 7

Range and Doppler tracking data from Mariners 6 and 7 have been used to obtain values for the ratio of the mass of the earth to that of the moon which are in substantial agreement with those determined from other Mariner and Pioneer spacecraft. There is an inconsistency of about 0.004 percent in values for the mass of the moon determined from lunar trajectories. A gravitational constant for Mars of 42,828.48 +/- 1.38 cubic kilometers per second per second, obtained on the basis of data collected during the 5 days prior to the closest approach of Mariner 6 to Mars, is in excellent agreement with the result obtained by Null from tracking data of Mariner 4.     

沙尘暴尘源形成及分布

沙尘暴(sand—duststorm)系指强风把地表大量沙尘卷入到空中，使空气特别浑浊，水平能见度低于1000m的灾害性天气现象。是1种危害性极大的灾害性天气。它的发生和发展是加速土地荒漠化的重要过程，又是土地荒漠化发展到一定程度的具体体现。沙尘暴尘源物质的形成及分布是形成沙尘暴必不可少的物质条件。本文在查阅分析了大量关于沙尘暴研究等文献的基础上，从沙尘暴尘源形成因素、尘源种类及分布等方面，对沙尘暴尘源的研究进行了简要的总结，反映沙尘暴尘源方面的研究进展。     

蔺草固色用染土改性及粉尘污染控制研究

利用纳米TiO2、叶绿素添加剂、分散剂等有效成分对蔺草固色所用日本染土进行改性处理,在不影响原有固色工艺及固色效果前提下,可使改性后染土的实际用量在目前蔺草固色工艺的基础上降低70%左右,从而降低了固色成本。同时,通过控制染土的实际用量,使作业环境中粉尘浓度在现有基础上降低62%左右,粉尘中游离S iO2含量降低60%左右,从而使蔺草作业环境中的粉尘污染得到有效控制,工作环境得到改善。     

Topological inconsistency of continental drift on the present-sized Earth

Certain continents have in the past moved with respect to each other in a manner clearly implied by sea-floor spreading and other data. However, the resulting collective motion of all the continents was apparently not topologically possible on the present-sized earth. An expanding earth might resolve this difficulty.     

Role of commercial aircraft in global monitoring systems

The role of commercial aircraft in monitoring meteorological parameters and atmospheric constituents has been limited in the former case and virtually nonexistent in the latter. I have tried to point out that this situation can and should be changed now. The new family of wide-bodied jets such as the 747, DC-10, and L-1011 aircraft can be used to supply important global atmospheric and tropical meteorological data for which there is a pressing need. While scientists are not in total agreement on the magnitude of the effect of particulates and gases on the atmosphere, there is almost unanimous concurrence that we are severely limited in information, and that global baseline concentrations must be established for particulates and gases in the troposphere and lower stratosphere as soon as possible. Also, more synoptic meteorological information from the tropical troposphere is highly desirable. In the final analysis, commercial aircraft may offer the most inexpensive way to monitor our atmosphere in the near future. Much of the instrumentation technology is here and the rest is certainly within our grasp. The fact of the matter is that there are now over 220 Boeing 747's and Douglas DC-10's in service, flying an average of 10 hours a day. Long-range flights, such as those from Tokyo to Anchorage to London in the Northern Hemisphere and from Hawaii to Pago Pago to Sydney in the Southern Hemisphere, are commonplace. These aircraft are equipped with inertial navigation systems and central air data computers coupled to advanced data storage systems which can readily be interrogated by satellite. This means that there is now a large amount of snyoptic weather information which can be obtained with a minimum of effort and cost. Likewise, a start at obtaining measurements of atmospheric constituents on a global basis can be made now. All we need to do is make the effort.     

Initial solar irradiance determinations from nimbus 7 cavity radiometer measurements

Preliminary results from solar radiation measurements from the earth radiation budget experiment on the Nimbus 7 satellite yield a mean value of 1376.0 watts per square meter for the "solar constant" from 16 November 1978 to 15 May 1979. The observed variability (root-mean-square deviation) is +/- 0.73 watt per square meter (+/- 0.05 percent) for the period.     

Circumglobal transport of the el chichon volcanic dust cloud

The stratospheric dust cloud from the 4 April 1982 eruption of El Chichón volcano in southern Mexico was observed to travel completely around the world in a 3-week period. Images from satellites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration were used to prepare daily maps of the location of the volcanic dust cloud, which is the largest and longest-lasting one so far observed with satellite imagery.     

Age of the moon: an isotopic study of uranium-thorium-lead systematics of lunar samples

Concentrations of U, Th, and Pb in Apollo 11 samples studied are low (U. 0.16 to 0.87; Th, 0.53 to 3.4; Pb, 0.29 to 1.7, in ppm) but the extremely radiogenic lead in samples allows radiometric dating. The fine dust and the breccia have a concordant age of 4.66 billion years on the basis of (207)Pb/(206)Pb, (206)Pb/(238)U, (207)Pb/(235U), and(208)Pb/(232)Th ratios. This age is comparable with the age of meteorites and with the age generally accepted for the earth. Six crystalline and vesicular samples are distinctly younger than the dust and breccia. The (238)U/(235)U ratio is the same as that in earth rocks, and (234)U is in radioactive equilibrium with parent (238)U.     

Determination of area of drought-affected crops based on satellite data (exemplified by crops in Chuvashia in 2010)

A method is developed for determining at the level of a federal subject of Russia the area of drought-affected crops based on using MODIS and Landsat satellite data. Underlying the method is a comparative analysis of the behavior of the vegetation index in the current and other seasons during the past ten years. Evaluation of the method, using the 2010 drought in Chuvashia as an example, showed a good similarity between the results obtained on the basis of satellite data and official information on crop death.     

Observations of solar irradiance variability

High-precision measurements of total solar irradiance, made by the active cavity radiometer irradiance monitor on the Solar Maximum Mission satellite, show the irradiance to have been variable throughout the first 153 days of observations. The corrected data resolve orbit-to-orbit variations with uncertainties as small as 0.001 percent. Irradiance fluctuations are typical of a band-limited noise spectrum with high-frequency cutoff near 0.15 day(-1) their amplitudes about the mean value of 1368.31 watts per square meter approach +/- 0.05 percent. Two large decreases in irrradiance of up to 0.2 percent lasting about 1 week are highly correlated with the development of sunspot groups. The magnitude and time scale of the irradiance variability suggest that considerable energy storage occurs within the convection zone in solar active regions.     

基于GIS和遥感的土地利用演变及驱动力分析——以汾河上游西北地区为例

土地是人类生存的基础,合理利用土地是可持续发展的根本。而土地利用方式和强度决定了人类能否长期、可持续地利用地球资源。在GIS和RS技术支持下,利用陆地卫星遥感数据,通过非监督分类与目视解译相结合的方法,提取1976,1990,2007年3期遥感影像专题信息,建立了土地利用变化模型,并结合统计资料完成了汾河上游西北地区土地利用演变趋势及其驱动力的分析。     

Gravity: first measurement on the lunar surface

The gravity at the landing site of the first lunar-landing mission has been determined to be 162,821.680 milligals from data telemetered to earth by the lunar module on the lunar surface. The gravity was measured with a pulsed integrating pendulous accelerometer. These measurements were used to compute the gravity anomaly and radius at the landing site.     

Imaging spectrometry for Earth remote sensing

Imaging spectrometry, a new technique for the remote sensing of the earth, is now technically feasible from aircraft and spacecraft. The initial results show that remote, direct identification of surface materials on a picture-element basis can be accomplished by proper sampling of absorption features in the reflectance spectrum. The airborne and spaceborne sensors are capable of acquiring images simultaneously in 100 to 200 contiguous spectral bands. The ability to acquire laboratory-like spectra remotely is a major advance in remote sensing capability. Concomitant advances in computer technology for the reduction and storage of such potentially massive data sets are at hand, and new analytic techniques are being developed to extract the full information content of the data. The emphasis on the deterministic approach to multispectral data analysis as opposed to the statistical approaches used in the past should stimulate the development of new digital image-processing methodologies.     

Business use of satellite communications

The development of satellite communications over the past two decades has been very rapid. At the same time, space and electronics technologies have progressed sufficiently to allow satellite systems to keep pace with user requirements and to expand in several dimensions, including capacity, coverage, performance, reliability, and variety of services. The principal services provided by satellite systems have been long-distance trunks for telephone circuits and television program distribution. Recently, data transmission and network services have been added to meet emerging requirements for "office of the future" and other business applications. Data services are now expected to be the most rapidly expanding element of satellite communications.