Azaarenes in recent marine sediments

Chemical fractionation and mass spectral probe distillation reveal the presence in recent marine sediments of a complex assemblage of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds. These azaarenes range from three- to eight-membered rings, with homologs containing up to eight alkyl carbons. In their composition, and presumably in their origin in natural fires, they resemble the aromatic hydrocarbons found in the same sediments. The analytical, geochemical, and environmental implications of these findings are discussed.     

Oil pollution: persistence and degradation of spilled fuel oil

In September 1969, approximately 600 metric tons of number 2 fueloil were spilled in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. Two years later, fuel oil hydrocarbons still persisted in the marsh and in offshore sediments. Hydrocarbon degradation is slow, especially below the immediate sediment surface and appears to proceed principally through microbial utilization of alkanes and through partial dissolution of the lower-boiling aromatic hydrocarbons. The boiling range of the spilled oil and the relative abundances of homologous hydrocarbons (for example, phytane and pristane) have been well preserved. The findings are in agreement with the known geochemical stability of hydrocarbons. Fuel oil is an appreciable fraction of whole crude oil. This fact suggests that oil products and crude oils have a considerable environmental persistence.     

Aromatic hydrocarbons in the murchison meteorite

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite have been identified by the combined techniques of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The distribution of the aromatic compounds suggests that they are the products of a high-temperature synthesis.     

Genesis of Hydrocarbons of Low Molecular Weight in Organic-Rich Aquatic Systems

Mild heat treatment of water-wet marine muds resulted in the genesis of three aromatic hydrocarbons characteristic of crude oils, but which are seldom found in significant quantities in recent sediments. Whereas part of the toluene and xylenes may have stemmed from carotenoid pigments, the source of the benzene as well as the larger amount of the toluene and xylene is as yet unknown.     

Chemical fossils: the geological fate of steroids

Steroids are used to illustrate some of the significant advances that have been made in recent years in understanding the biological origin and geological fate of the organic compounds in sediments. The precursor sterols are transformed, initially by microbial activity and later by physicochemical constraints, into thermodynamically more stable saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in mature sediments and petroleums. The steps in this transformation result in a complex web linking biogenesis, diagenesis, and catagenesis. Indeed, the complexity and variety of biological lipids such as the steroids are evidently matched in the corresponding geolipids. The extent of preservation of the biochemical imprint in the structures and stereochemistry of these geolipids, even over hundreds of millions of years, is startling, as is the systematic and sequential nature of the geochemical changes they evidently undergo. This new understanding of molecular organic geochemistry has applications in petroleum geochemistry, where biological marker compounds are valuable in the assessment of sediment maturity and in correlation work.     

钱塘江沉积物中多环芳烃的时空分布特征

采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术测定了钱塘江沉积物中15种多环芳烃的浓度,研究了其中PAHs的时空分布特征,并与国内外其他河流沉积物中PAHs的浓度水平作了比较。结果表明,钱塘江沉积物中15种PAHs的总浓度范围为91.3～1835.2ng/g,平均浓度为326.6ng/g;以3环和4环为主,分别占总浓度的31.9%和30.4%。沉积物中PAHs浓度逐年升高,城区江段大于农村江段,富阳江段浓度最高。     

西宁市蔬菜基地多环芳烃的污染特征研究

多环芳烃(PAHs)是有2个或者2个以上的苯环用不同的方式聚合而成的一类有机污染物,它们在环境中稳定且持久,严重威胁着生态环境以及人类的健康,有致癌、致畸以及致突变的危害。农药和肥料中也含有多环芳烃,使得有机农场生产的蔬菜中也存在了大量的多环芳烃,人们对多环芳烃的监测也日益重视。以西宁市的蔬菜基地为例,采用气相色谱-质谱技术来对蔬菜中多环芳烃的污染特征进行研究,分析了16种多环芳烃化合物的污染特征。     

环境的PAHs污染及其生物修复技术研究进展

阐述了环境中PAHs的来源、性质和分布,综述了国内外有关生物修复技术 (生物反应器 )治理受PAHs污染环境的应用现状,提出了该技术优先研究的领域     

Generation and migration of light hydrocarbons

Light hydrocarbons (containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms) are formed from disseminated organic matter in sediments at the parts-per-billion level by biological and low-temperature (< 50 degrees C) chemical reactions and at the parts-permillion level by high-temperature (> 50 degrees C) cracking reactions. The cooler reactions produce mainly branched hydrocarbons, whereas the hotter reactions yield more straight chains. Hydrocarbon generation zones in the subsurface can be recognized on the basis of hydrocarbon distribution patterns. Hydrocarbons with tertiary carbon atoms form at lower temperatures than those with quaternary carbons. Methane and ethane migrate vertically through fine-grained shales by diffusion and solution, whereas many of the C(3+) hydrocarbons show little or no vertical migration. Concentrations of light hydrocarbons, including methane, in fine-grained source rocks decrease to low values in deep, high-temperature (>200 degrees C) sediments. This decrease may be one reason why no economic accumulation of gas has been found to date deeper than 8.2 kilometers (27,000 feet).     

土壤中多环芳烃生物有效性研究进展

多环芳烃是典型的疏水性有机物,在土壤中很难被生物降解和利用。多环芳烃的老化作用、非水相基质的形成都会降低多环芳烃的生物有效性。多环芳烃生物有效性同时受很多因素的影响,如土壤理化性质、多环芳烃与土壤接触时间、多环芳烃性质和环境因素等。对于评价土壤中多环芳烃生物有效性来说,目前有许多化学和生物的方法被广泛使用。     

Natural product terpenoids in Eocene and Miocene conifer fossils

Numerous saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, but not polar compounds, originating from plants and microorganisms (biomarkers) have been reported in sediments, coals, and petroleum. Here we describe natural product terpenoids found in two fossil conifers, Taxodium balticum (Eocene) and Glyptostrobus oregonensis (Miocene). A similar terpenoid pattern is also observed in extant Taxodium distichum. The preservation of characteristic terpenoids (unaltered natural products) in the fossil conifers supports their systematic assignment to the Cypress family (Cupressaceae sensu lato). The results also show that fossil conifers can contain polar terpenoids, which are valuable markers for (paleo)chemosystematics and phylogeny.     

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,steroids and carcinogenesis

In addition to the electronic factors, there is a steric factor responsible for the carcinogenicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. A carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon must bear steric resemblance to steroids. One possible implication to this requirement for carcinogenicity is that these hydrocarbons may act on the same sites as steroid hormones.     

土壤中多环芳烃污染及其环境行为研究进展

概述了土壤环境中多环芳烃的来源和分布,同时分析了多环芳烃在土壤中的环境行为研究进展。     

Olefins of high molecular weight in two microscopic algae

The hydrocarbon composition of two algae, a golden-brown (Bot-ryococcus braunii) and a blue-green (Anacystis montana), has been investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both show distributions of aliphatic hydrocarbons of odd carbon numbers in the medium and high ranges of molecular weight, with maxima at n-C(17) and n-C(29) for B. braunii and n-C(17) and n-C(29) for A. montana. With the exception of the n-heptadecane of A. montana all the hydrocarbons are monoenes, dienes, or trienes. Since certain continental sediments and oils show similar distributions of alkanes with respect to carbon number, these organisms may be the precursors of the hydrocarbons in these formations.     

芳烃类有机物在黄河沉积物中的多组分吸附及其影响因素研究

以黄河包头段上游清洁河段的沉积物为吸附剂,以苯酚、苯胺和氯苯3组分体系为吸附质溶液,开展了多组分体系中芳烃类有机物的吸附特征及相关影响因素的研究.结果表明,苯酚、苯胺和氯苯在该段沉积物上的吸附过程均属非线性的,吸附等温线受吸附剂浓度影响,相互间存在吸附竞争.表层沉积物对苯酚、苯胺和氯苯的吸附量受pH值、溶液离子强度、沉积物中有机质含量等因素的影响.     

多环芳烃微生物降解的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类普遍存在于环境中的难降解的有机污染物。对多环芳烃的来源、分布、危害、处理方法等进行了综述,并对该领域的研究方向进行了展望。     

淮河中下游干流贝类体中多环芳烃的分布及风险评价（摘要）

[目的]探讨淮河流域贝类体中PAHs污染情况,为淮河居民安全食用贝类提供科学依据。[方法]在淮河中下游干流吴小街和浮山集两处采集悬浮物、沉积物物和贝类样品。将1 L水样抽真空过0.45μm玻璃纤维滤膜得悬浮物样品,沉积物阴凉处自然风干;贝类经鉴定均为短褶矛蚌,去壳,阴凉处风干。称取已过100目尼龙筛的沉积物干样10g,加入10g无水硫酸钠,1 g纯铜粉（除硫）,混均,用120 ml二氯甲烷在水浴65℃下索氏提取48j。将提取液浓缩至约0.5 ml,经无水硫酸钠脱水,过硅胶/氧化铝柱分离净化,用正己烷/二氯甲烷（1：1,V/V）混合液淋洗得PAHs组分。将淋洗液浓缩至0.1 ml,正己烷定容至1.0 ml,冷冻保存,作GC-MS检测。悬浮物干样的处理类似于沉积物。利用外标法定量计算环境样品中PAHs含量。在样品分析过程中,增加方法空白和加标空白。[结果]淮河中下游两采样点中,1号点吴小街处悬浮物、沉积物中PAHs总量均远大于2号点浮山集中含量,但两处矛蚌体中PAHs总含量则相差不大。1号点位于2号点上游,毗邻蚌埠市,而2号点流域基本上是农村和乡镇,沿岸污染较少,加之水体自净作用,故1号点悬浮物和沉积物中PAHs偏高。矛蚌自身用于代谢的混合氧化系统存在缺陷,体内化合物的释放较慢,富集于矛蚌体中的PAHs代谢较慢,因此两采样点处矛蚌体中PAHs含量存在空间差距,时间差距较小,其含量相差不大。两点环境介质中PAHs含量均呈现出悬浮物〉矛蚌〉沉积物的分布特征。2号采样点处设有采砂场,水体搅动相对频繁,沉积物再悬浮作用显著,因此悬浮物中PAHs含量远高于沉积物中含量。矛蚌因本身的生物特性,易富集PAHs,其含量亦高于沉积物中含量。就多环芳烃单组分特征而言,淮河中下游两采样点悬浮物中均以低环PAHs为主,矛蚌体中均以高环PAHs为主。高环PAHs的沉积物/水分配系数（KOC）值较大,主要吸附于沉积相,难迁移转化,相对而言,低环PAHs易载于悬浮物颗粒上,随水流迁移,因此两点悬浮物中低环PAHs含量较高。PAHs随环数增加,稳定性增加,降解速率降低,因此矛蚌体中5、6环的PAHs含量较高。沉积物中则1号点吴小街以低环PAHs为主,2号点浮山集以高环为主。[结论]通过对环境介质中PAHs进行生态风险评价看出,沉积物中PAHs的潜在生态风险很小,沉积物和矛蚌尚未受到污染（PAHs污染指数均小于0.5）,但其周围环境中PAHs含量较高,应对PAHs的潜在危害予以重视。     

多环芳烃在水生环境食物链中的研究进展

多环芳烃是广泛存在于食物链和自然环境中的有机污染物,是目前环境科学领域及全球变化研究的热点内容之一,对水生环境食物链中多环芳烃的富集及转化过程进行系统地总结有助于未来相关研究的开展。基于此,对水生环境食物链中的多环芳烃研究进展进行了综述,介绍了多环芳烃在水生环境食物链中的分布及来源,重点总结了影响多环芳烃在食物链中富集和转化的影响因素,综述了目前多环芳烃在食物链中的风险评估方法,并提出了水生系统食物链中多环芳烃研究的不足。     

A new mechanism for the formation of meteoritic kerogen-like material

The carbon in ancient carbonaceous chondritic meteorites is mainly in a hydrocarbon composite similar to terrestrial kerogen, a cross-linked structure of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Until recently, the composite has been commonly thought to have been produced in the early solar nebula by a Fischer-Tropsch-type process, involving the catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen on grain surfaces. Instead, the aromatic hydrocarbons may form in gas-phase pyrolysis of simple aliphatics like acetylene and methane by a mechanism developed recently to explain formation of soot in combustion and of aromatic molecules in circumstellar envelopes. Nonequilibrium chemical kinetic calculations indicate that this mechanism can produce meteoritic aromatics if the initial concentration of simple hydrocarbons in the solar nebula was sufficiently but not unreasonably high.     

大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的研究

系统地讨论了大气颗粒物中PAHs的研究状况,并对其来源和分布、采样技术、样品预处理、分离分析方法进行了阐述。