Copper porphyrins in deep-sea sediments: a possible indicator of oxidized terrestrial organic matter

Copper porphyrins have been isolated from deep-sea sediments collected during six legs of the Deep Sea Drilling Project-International Program of Ocean Drilling. These pigments are present in depositional areas receiving high inputs of terrestrially derived oxidized organic matter. Such areas include the Black Sea, the Bay of Biscay, the Blake-Bahama Basin, and slumped Miocene deposits off Cape Bojador on the west coast of Africa.     

The molecular fossil record of oleanane and its relation to angiosperms

Oleanane has been reported in Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary source rocks and their related oils and has been suggested as a marker for flowering plants. Correspondence of oleanane concentrations relative to the ubiquitous microbial marker 17alpha-hopane with angiosperm diversification (Neocomian to Miocene) suggests that oleanane concentrations in migrated petroleum can be used to identify the maximum age of unknown or unavailable source rock. Rare occurrences of pre-Cretaceous oleanane suggest either that a separate lineage leads to the angiosperms well before the Early Cretaceous or that other plant groups have the rarely expressed ability to synthesize oleanane precursors.     

Palynological Investigation of a Core from the Biscay Abyssal Plain

An investigation of Quaternary, Tertiary, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic pollen and spores found in sediments of the Biscay Abyssal Plain provides data leading to the interpretation of the provenance of the lutite in which reworked plant microfossils occur. Owing to the difficulty of distinguish(Ag between Quaternary and reworked Tertiary pollen grains belonging to extant genera, caution is necessary in interpreting the pollen record in terms of Quaternary climatic changes.     

Late miocene vegetational and climatic variations inferred from a pollen record in northwest wyoming

A pollen stratigraphy from late Miocene lacustrine strata (Teewinot Formation) in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, permits analysis of vegetation and climate history over a time interval of less than 300,000 years with better temporal resolution of data than has been reported from terrestrial Tertiary deposits. The flora was essentially modern, and six successive pollen assemblages indicate alternating dry and wet conditions. The frequency of climatic change in this record is similar to that inferred from marine isotope records for both late Tertiary and Quaternary time.     

South american geochronology: radiometric time scale for middle to late tertiary mammal-bearing horizons in patagonia

Radiometric (potassium-argon) age determinations for basalts and tuffs associated with middle to late Tertiary mammal-bearing horizons in Patagonia, southern Argentina, permit refinement of boundaries and hiatuses between beds of Deseadan (early Oligocene) through Friasian (middle to late Miocene) age. At two localities beds of Deseadan age are overlain by basalts, which gave dates of 33.6 and 35.4 million years ago; 34.0 million years ago is tentatively accepted as a terminal date for known Deseadan. At several localities beds of Colhuehuapian age are underlain by basalts, which gave dates ranging from 28.8 to 24.3 million years ago; 25.0 million years is tentatively taken as a basal age for known Colhuehuapian. The paleontological hiatus between known Deseadan and known Colhuehuapian is thus in the order of 9.0 million years. Two tuffs from the Santa Cruz Formation (Santacrucian) gave ages of 21.7 and 18.5 million years. Plagioclase and biotite concentrates of an ignimbrite from the Collón Curá Formation (Friasian) gave ages ranging from 15.4 to 14.0 million years.     

Tertiary climatic change in the marginal northeastern pacific ocean

Analysis of distributional patterns of shallow-water molluscan faunas of the middle latitudes of the marginal northeastern Pacific Ocean discloses a sharp reversal during the Miocene of the progressive climatic deterioration. A low point in the Tertiary cooling trend during the Oligocene was followed by climatic warming that culminated during the middle Miocene, as illustrated by a series of zoogeographic profiles.     

Early reactivation of European rivers during the last deglaciation

During the Last Glacial Maximum, the sea-level lowstand combined with the large extent of the Fennoscandian and British ice sheets led to the funneling of European continental runoff, resulting in the largest river system that ever drained the European continent. Here, we show an abrupt and early reactivation of the European hydrological cycle at the onset of the last deglaciation, leading to intense discharge of the Channel River into the Bay of Biscay. This freshwater influx, probably combined with inputs from proglacial or ice-dammed lakes, dramatically affected the hydrology of the region, both on land and in the ocean.     

Calibration of the great american interchange

From radioisotopic (potassium-argon) age determinations of tuffs and magnetostratigraphy of Late Tertiary mammal-bearing beds in Catamarca Province, northwest Argentina, refined estimates have been obtained for the durations and boundaries of beds of Chasicoan (Middle Miocene) through Chapadmalalan (Pliocene) age. An age of 9.0 million years is tentatively accepted for the Chasicoan-Huayquerian boundary, 5.0 million years for the Huayquerian-Montehermosan boundary, and 3.0 million years for the Montehermosan-Chapadmalalan boundary. Procyonids (raccoons and their allies), a group of North American origin, are first recorded in South America in a level immediately below a unit dated at 6.0 million years. Cricetine rodents of the tribe Sigmodontini are first recorded in South America in beds of Montehermosan age in Argentina. Ground sloths, a group of South American origin, first appear in North America in Early Hemphillian time in beds dated between 9.5 and 9.0 million years. The Panamanian land bridge was established by 3.0 million years ago, and an interchange of the terrestrial faunas was well under way by Late Blancan time (around 2.5 million years before present) in North America and by Chapadmalalan time in South America.     

Ages of fossil penguins in new zealand

The age of a New Zealand specimen generally believed to represent the oldest known penguin, hitherto considered early Eocene (Heretaungan), has been restudied by the New Zealand Geological Survey and is early Miocene. The oldest known penguins are from the late Eocene. The reported great range of a single species, Palaeeudyptes antarcticus, from late Eocene to late Oligocene or early Miocene (Kaiatan to Waitakian) is not acceptable. Dating of some other specimens is less precise than previously reported.     

Late miocene tidal deposits in the amazonian foreland basin

Late Miocene tidal sediments of Acre, Brazilian Amazonia, were deposited in an embayment or interior seaway located in the sub-Andean zone. This late Tertiary embayment system may once have connected the Caribbean with the South Atlantic. The tidal coasts of the embayment-seaway have provided an avenue for the earliest waif (over water) dispersal phases of the great American biotic interchange in the late Miocene. The subsequent change from semimarine to terrestrial environments is of value in assessing the importance of earlier hypotheses on the evolution of the westem Amazonian landscape and gives insight into the formation of several observed biogeographic patterns, especially of aquatic biota.     

长岭隆起与松辽水系变迁

现代松辽水系是在新构造运动、古地貌发育的基础上,几经变迁逐渐演变而成。第三纪以来,古松辽水系经历了几次大规模的河湖交替。中新世早期形成古嫩江——古西辽河向心状水系。上新世长岭至通榆开始隆起。第四纪中更新世末,由于该隆起不断发展致使古松辽水系转变为现代状态的外流水系。     

Dating of pore waters with (129)I: relevance for the origin of marine gas hydrates

Pore waters associated with gas hydrates at Blake Ridge in the Atlantic Ocean were dated by measuring their iodine-129/iodine ratios. Samples collected from sediments with ages between 1.8 and 6 million years ago consistently yield ages around 55 million years ago. These ages, together with the strong iodine enrichment observed in the pore waters, suggest that the origin of iodine is related to organic material of early Tertiary age, which probably is also the source of the methane in the gas hydrates at this location.     

Late Tertiary Microflora from the Basin and Range Province,Arizona

Sediments of probable Clarendonian age from central Arizona have furnished the only late Tertiary pollen assemblage known from the Southwest. The associated trees, shrubs, and herbs resemble the chaparral and conifer-oak woodland communities of the semiarid foothills and mountains of central and southeastern Arizona, and suggest a late Tertiary landscape and climate for central Arizona similar to that of today.     

Volcanic production rates: comparison of oceanic ridges, islands, and the columbia plateau basalts

New potassium-argon age data from the Columbia Plateau suggest a basalt production rate of 108 cubic meters per year during a middle Miocene volcanic episode. This is two to three times the production rate in some oceanic islands, and about four to six times the production rate in spreading mid-oceanic ridge systems.     

Pediplain in northern chile and the andean uplift

A pediplain in the Chilean Atacama Desert formed during Oligocene and Miocene time when the aridity of the region started and was later displaced by north-trending faults associated with the Andean uplift. Block basins and some horsts were later concealed by Upper Tertiary and Quaternary orogenic sediments and ignimbrites.     

日本落叶松幼一成龄相关选择模型及早期选择策略

利用日本落叶松半同胞子代测定林的材料，以线性函数式、对数函数式及二次抛物线函数式拟合遗传力平方根比率和幼一成龄遗传相关系数随相对年龄变化的趋势，以年遗传增益作为评价指标，构建最大年遗传增益模型。根据轮伐年龄及估算的最佳早期选择年龄和早期选择效率，确定了日本落叶松逐步选择的早期选择策略。对于轮伐龄材积的选择，以树高作为早期选择指标较为适宜，若轮伐龄为２０ａ，可采取一次选择，分别在２年生及７～８年生时进行；若轮伐龄定为４０ａ，则采取３次选择，分别在３、１２和１５～１６年生时进行。     

Simultaneous miocene extension and shortening in the himalayan orogen

The South Tibetan detachment system separates the high-grade metamorphic core of the Himalayan orogen from its weakly metamorphosed suprastructure. It is thought to have developed in response to differences in gravitational potential energy produced by crustal thickening across the mountain front. Geochronologic data from the Rongbuk Valley, north of Qomolangma (Mount Everest) in southern Tibet, demonstrate that at least one segment of the detachment system was active between 19 and 22 million years ago, an interval characterized by large-scale crustal thickening at lower structural levels. These data suggest that decoupling between an extending upper crust and a converging lower crust was an important aspect of Himalayan tectonics in Miocene time.     

Velocity structure of a gas hydrate reflector

Seismic reflection profiles across many continental margins have imaged bottom-simulating reflectors (BSRs) parallel to the seabed; these are often interpreted as the base of a zone in which methane hydrate "ice" is stable. Waveform inversion of seismic reflection data can be used to estimate from seismic data worldwide the velocity structure of a BSR and its thickness. A test of this method at a drill site of the Ocean Drilling Program predicts that sediment pores beneath the BSR contain free methane for approximately 30 meters. The hydrate and underlying gas represent a large global reservoir of methane, which may have economic importance and may influence global climate.     

Fossil counterparts of giant penguins from the north pacific

New fossils of giant, flightless penguinlike birds have been found in late Oligocene and early Miocene rocks in Japan and in the state of Washington. These birds belong to the order Pelecaniformes, in the extinct family Plotopteridae, previously known by a single fragment of bone from California. Hindlimb and pelvic morphology is most similar to that of Recent anhingas, but the wing is paddlelike and remarkably convergent toward penguins and flightless auks. Both the Plotopteridae and the giant penguins became extinct by the middle Miocene, possibly because of competition from seals and porpoises.     

基于固碳效益的森林最优轮伐期的确定

简述了国外基于固碳效益的最优轮伐期的研究.大量研究表明,当考虑人工林的固碳效益时,轮伐期长短会受影响,并会随碳价、贴现率变化而变化,并且这种变化通常很灵敏.通过总结国内关于森林固碳效益方面的研究,推导出固碳效益的一般模型,并将其引入到Faustmann最优轮伐期模型中,从而整理出基于固碳效益的最优轮伐期模型.