Iron-titanium oxides and olivine from 10020 and 10071

A new mineral (approximately Fe(0.5)Mg(0.5)Ti(2)O(5)) related to the pseudobrookite series has been discovered in section 10071,28. Electron-probe analyses for this mineral, a coexisting ilmenite, and a chromian ulv?spinel-ilmenite assemblage in section 10020,40 indicate crystallization under highly reducing conditions. Analytical and optical absorption studies of the olivine in 10020 show it to contain unusually high Cr (1400 parts per million) probably as Cr(2+).     

Infrared study of the hydroxyl bands in clinoamphiboles

Sharp single peaks in the fundamental and first-overtone bands of the O-H stretching vibration in pure Mg(2)+ and Fe(2)+ amphiboles split into a maximum of four sharp peaks, corresponding to hydroxyl groups linked to 3 Fe, 2 Fe + Mg, 2 Mg + Fe, and 3 Mg, in mixed Fe(2)+-Mg(2)+ amphiboles. Within any one solid-solution series, the frequencies of these peaks can be correlated with the electronegativity of ions in the M(l) and M(3) positions, and differences between series can be correlated with the size of ions in the M(4) position. The O-H vector lies approximately normal to z in the (010) plane. The distribution of Fe(2)+ and Mg(2)+ ions between the (M(1),M(3)) and (M(2)M(4)) positions in the cummingtonite-grunerite series, and between the (M(1),M(3)) and M(2) positions in the tremolite-ferroactinolite series, has also been estimated.     

Magnetic resonance properties of some lunar material

Paramagnetic resonance spectra of Apollo 11 fines and rocks were measured at 9 and 35 gigahertz and at 4 degrees , 80 degrees , and 300 degrees K. At both frequencies the material has an intense absorption at g = 2, with a line width of approximately 950 gauss. Fe ions with strong exchange interactions produce this resonance. A comparison of the resonance absorption due to Fe(3+) showed that the energy of the crystal field interaction was approximately 0.1 per centimeter. Mn(2+) was identified in several samples, and an absorption at g = 1.89 was tentatively attributed to Ti(3+). The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of (27)Al had a distribution of asymmetry parameters eta ranging from 0.25 to 0.75 and had nuclear quadrupole coupling constants e(2)qQ/h of approximately 3 megahertz.     

Eclogitic pyroxenes, ordered with p2 symmetry

X-ray diffraction crystal-structure analysis of omphacite from eclogite, Tiburon Peninsula, Marin County, California, shows that this clinopyroxene has P2 symmetry with a nearly ordered distribution of the multiple cation content defined by its approximate formula: (Na(o.5) Ca(o.5)) (Mg(o.4)Fe(2)+( 0.1) Al(0.4) Fe(3) +(0.1)) Si(2)0(6). Na+ and Ca(2+) tend to assume alternate locations in the structure, and ( Mg,Fe(2+)) octahedra alternate with Al(3+). or (Al,F(3+)) octahedra in chains along c.     

Crystal site location of iron and trace elements in a magnesium-iron olivine by a new crystallographic technique

A new crysallographic technique has been developed, which has been applied to the problem of locating the cations in a natural olivine crystal with the composition (Mg(0.90)Fe(0.10)Ni(0.004)Mn(0.002))(2)SiO(4). The method uses the variation of characteristic x-ray emission with the direction of an exciting electron beam in an analytical transmission electron microscope. It may be applied to nanometer-sized areas and to concentrations as low as 0.1 atomic percent, is capable of distinguishing neighbors in the periodic table, and does not require external standards. The iron atoms in this crystal are evenly distributed between the two available crystal sites M1 and M2 (49.6 +/- 1 percent on M1), whereas the trace elements nickel and manganese occupy the M1 and M2 positions, respectively (97 +/- 5 percent nickel on M1 and 1 +/- 5 percent manganese on M1).     

The Effect of H2O on the 410-Kilometer Seismic Discontinuity

The 410-kilometer seismic discontinuity is generally considered to be caused by a phase transformation of the main constituent of the upper mantle, olivine, alpha-(Mg,Fe)(2)SiO(4), to beta-(Mg,Fe)(2)SiO(4). Recent data show that H(2)O dissolves in olivine and other nominally anhydrous mantle minerals and that the partitioning of H(2)O between olivine and beta-(Mg,Fe)(2)SiO(4) is about 1:10. Such behavior strongly affects the region over which the alpha to beta phase transformation occurs and hence the seismic discontinuity that results. The observed width of the discontinuity constrains the maximum H(2)O content of upper mantle olivine to about 200 parts per million by weight.     

A New High-Temperature Superconductor: Bi2Sr3-x Cax Cu2O8+y

A new superconductor that displays onset behavior near 120 K has been identified as Bi(2)Sr(3-x)Ca(x)Cu(2)O(8+y), with x ranging from about 0.4 to 0.9. Single crystal x-ray diffraction data were used to determine a pseudo-tetragonal structure based on an A-centered orthorhombic subcell with a = 5.399 A, b= 5.414A, and c = 30.904 A. The structure contains copper-oxygen sheets as in La(2)CuO(4) and YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7), but the copper-oxygen chains present in YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7) do not occur in Bi(2)Sr(3-x)Ca(x)Cu(2)O(8+y). The structure is made up of alternating double copper-oxygen sheets and double bismuth-oxygen sheets. There are Ca(2+) and Sr(2+) cations between the adjacent Cu-O sheets; Sr(2+) cations are also found between the Cu-O and Bi-O sheets. Electron microscopy studies show an incommensurate superstructure along the a axis that can be approximated by an increase of a factor of 5 over the subcell dimension. This superstructure is also observed by x-ray diffraction on single crystals, but twinning can make it appear that the superstructure is along both a and b axes. Flux exclusion begins in our samples at about 116 K and is very strong by 95 K. Electrical measurements on a single crystal of Bi(2)Sr(3-x)Ca(x)Cu(2)O(8+y) show a resistivity drop at about 116 K and apparent zero resistivity at 91 K.     

Structure of a three-dimensional, microporous molybdenum phosphate with large cavities

The synthesis, single-crystal x-ray structural characterization, and sorption properties of a microporous molybdenum phosphate, (Me(4)N)(1.3)(H(3)O)(0.7)[Mo(4)O(8)(PO(4))(2)] . 2H(2)O (Me, methyl), are presented. The three-dimensional framework is built up from Mo(4)O(8)(4+) cubes and PO(4)(3-) tetrahedra that are connected in such a way that large, cation-filled voids are generated; these voids constitute 25% of the volume of the solid. Absorption isotherms for water show the completely reversible uptake of 4 to 5 percent by weight water into the micropores of this compound, which corresponds to 10 to 12 percent by volume.     

Crystal Structure of the Solid Electrolyte, RbAg4I5

The crystal structure of the solid electrolyte RbAg(4)I(5) has been determined from single-crystal x-ray diffraction counter data. There are four RbAg(4)I(5) in a cubic unit cell with a = 11.24 A. The structure refinement, by least squares, is based on space group P4(1)3 (O(7)). The arrangement of the iodide ions is similar to that of the manganese atoms in beta-manganese, and provides 56 iodide tetrahedra per unit cell, which share faces in such manner as to provide diffusion paths for the silver ions. The occurrence of the two low-temperature phases of RbAg(4)I(5) has been established by x-ray diffraction and optical examination.     

Stability of Ferropericlase in the Lower Mantle

We have heated ferropericlases (Mg(0.60)Fe(0.40))O and (Mg(0.50)Fe(0.50))O to temperatures of 1000 kelvin at pressures of 86 gigapascals, simulating the stability of the solid solution at physical conditions relevant to Earth's lower mantle. The in situ x-ray study of the externally heated samples in a Mao-Bell-type diamond anvil cell shows that ferropericlase may dissociate into magnesium-rich and iron-rich oxide components. The result is important because the decomposition of ferropericlase into lighter and heavier phases will cause dynamic effects that could lead to mantle heterogeneity.     

Crystallization of some lunar mafic magmas and generation of rhyolitic liquid

During crystallization of lunar crystalline rocks 10022 and 10024, augite changes in composition almost continuously from titanaugite (Ca(36)Mg(47) Fe, (17) with TiO(2) 3 percent) to a very iron-rich variety (Ca(9)Mg(5)Fe(86)), pigeonite changes from Ca(9)Mg(66)Fe(25) to Ca(1O)Mg(51)Fe(39), and olivine changes (in 10022) from Mg(71)Fe(29) to Mg(41)Fe(59), whereas plagioclase stays as bytownite. These compositional variations, as well as the textural relations, may be explained by rapid crystallization of undercooled magmas. The residual liquids found as mesostasis are rhyolitic, which suggests that fractional crystallization of some lunar mafic magmas can generate rhyolitic magmas. Melting experiments were made on crystalline rocks to determine liquidus temperatures and crystallizing phases.     

Lunar soil: iron and titanium bands in the glass fraction

A study of absorption bands in simulated lunar glasses resulted in the discovery of a Ti(4+)-O(2-) charge transfer band at 0.26 micrometer and two Fe(2+)-Ti(4+) bands at 0.34 and 0.42 micrometer. These results indicate that the properties of lunar soil are somewhat affected by the glass content but are controlled by other factors.     

叶面喷施铁和镁微肥对玉米幼苗碳代谢及生长的影响

为了探讨铁镁微肥对北方旱地玉米幼苗期碳代谢和生长的影响,对盆栽的玉米幼苗单独和混合喷施不同质量浓度的FeSO_4·7H_2O(250、500、750mg/L)和MgSO_4·7H_2O(0.5、1.0、1.5g/L)溶液,于2周后分析叶片中与碳代谢相关的生理生化指标以及生长指标的变化。结果表明,叶面喷施铁、镁微肥可以有效提高叶片的叶绿素质量分数、光合能力以及可溶性糖和淀粉的质量分数,增强玉米的碳代谢能力;同时,可以显著促进根系的生长,提高根冠比。其中,适合玉米幼苗生长的最佳喷施质量浓度分别是500 mg/L的FeSO_4·7H_2O、1g/L的MgSO_4·7H_2O和250mg/L的FeSO_4·7H_2O与0.5g/L的MgSO_4·7H_2O混合溶液。因此,叶面喷施适当质量浓度的铁或镁微肥可以有效提高玉米幼苗的碳代谢能力,促进植株、特别是根系的生长,这对于玉米后期的生长发育也具有积极的意义。     

MESSENGER observations of the composition of Mercury's ionized exosphere and plasma environment

The region around Mercury is filled with ions that originate from interactions of the solar wind with Mercury's space environment and through ionization of its exosphere. The MESSENGER spacecraft's observations of Mercury's ionized exosphere during its first flyby yielded Na+, O+, and K+ abundances, consistent with expectations from observations of neutral species. There are increases in ions at a mass per charge (m/q) = 32 to 35, which we interpret to be S+ and H2S+, with (S+ + H2S+)/(Na+ + Mg+) = 0.67 +/- 0.06, and from water-group ions around m/q = 18, at an abundance of 0.20 +/- 0.03 relative to Na+ plus Mg+. The fluxes of Na+, O+, and heavier ions are largest near the planet, but these Mercury-derived ions fill the magnetosphere. Doubly ionized ions originating from Mercury imply that electrons with energies less than 1 kiloelectron volt are substantially energized in Mercury's magnetosphere.     

铁离子掺杂TiO2基自洁净玻璃的制备及性能

用溶胶—凝胶法制备了表面镀有Fe—TiO2光催化薄膜的自洁净玻璃，并利用DTA—TG，XRD，SEM等手段研究了Fe—TiO2光催化薄膜的结构与特征。利用紫外—可见光分光光度计测量了不同镀膜层数的玻璃的透光率。通过光催化降解有机磷农药敌敌畏的水溶液，研究了不同铁含量以及不同镀膜层数对自洁净玻璃光催化活性的影响。研究结果表明：光催化薄膜主要由粒径为几十纳米的Fe3O4和TiO2颗粒构成；铁离子掺杂可以提高自洁净玻璃的光催化活性，在同样镀膜层数(2层)的情况下，[Fe]/[TiO2](摩尔比)＝0．005时的光催化性能最好；当用同样浓度的铁离子掺杂时，镀膜层数为9的光催化活性最高。     

Ordering of V2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ Ions in Zoisite, Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)

The presence of very small amounts of Mn(2+), V(2+), and Fe(3+) ions in zoisite can be easily detected by the electron paramagnetic resonance technique at room temperature. The Mn(2+) and Fe(3+) ions are completely ordered and are probably located in the Ca(1)- and Al(II)-sites, respectively, whereas the V(2+) ions probably occupy both Ca(1)- and Ca(2)-sites, with a preference for the Ca(1)-site.     

Fresnoite: unusal titanium coordination

The crystal structure of fresnoite, Ba(2)(TiO)[Si(2)O(7)], consists of [Si(2)O(7)](6-) double groups and titanium-centered square pyramids linked to form flat sheets. Intercalated between these sheets are Ba(2+) ions in highly distorted pentagonal antiprisms. The structure of fresnoite is related to that of melilite, (Ca,Na)(2)(Mg,Al[Si(2)(7)].     

Color center in amethyst quartz

Treatment with x-rays increased the intensity of color of natural amethyst up to fivefold, and an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum was detected. The intensity of the spectrum was proportional to the intensity of the optical absorption near 545 mmicro. The EPR spectrum of the color center corresponded to a positive hole trapped on a substitutional Fe(3+) ion in the quartz structure. We ascribe the color to a charge-transfer transition, Fe(4+) + O(2)- --> Fe(3+) + O(1-).     

Melting of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 at the Core-Mantle Boundary of the Earth

The lower mantle of the Earth is believed to be largely composed of (Mg,Fe)O (magnesiowustite) and (Mg,Fe)SiO3 (perovskite). Radiative temperatures of single-crystal olivine [(Mg0.9,Fe0.1)2SiO4] decreased abruptly from 7040 +/- 315 to 4300 +/- 270 kelvin upon shock compression above 80 gigapascals. The data indicate that an upper bound to the solidus of the magnesiowustite and perovskite assemblage at 4300 +/- 270 kelvin is 130 +/- 3 gigapascals. These conditions correspond to those for partial melting at the base of the mantle, as has been suggested occurs within the ultralow-velocity zone beneath the central Pacific.     

Topographic and magnetic-sensitive scanning tunneling microscope study of magnetite

The topographic and magnetic surface structure of a natural single crystal of magnetite (Fe(3)0(4)), a common mineral, has been studied from the submicrometer scale down to the atomic scale with a scanning tunneling microscope having nonmagnetic tungsten as well as ferromagnetic iron probe tips. Several different (001) crystal planes were imaged to atomic resolution with both kinds of tips. A selective imaging of the octahedrally coordinated Fe B-sites in the Fe-O planes, and even a selective imaging of the different magnetic ions Fe(2+) and Fe(3+), has been achieved, demonstrating for the first time that magnetic imaging can be realized at the atomic level.