碳钢二氧化碳腐蚀研究现状

二氧化碳腐蚀是油气中的二氧化碳（ＣＯ２）溶解于水后生成碳酸后引起的腐蚀。综述了在二氧化碳环境中,碳钢金属表面有产物膜和无产物膜存在的情况下腐蚀机理。分析了温度、二氧化碳分压、流速、ｐＨ值及腐蚀产物膜对二氧化碳腐蚀的影响。认为碳钢的二氧化碳腐蚀机理因金属是否形成碳酸铁（ＦｅＣＯ３）膜而不同,二氧化碳分压和洗速影响着腐蚀的阴极过程,而温度主要是影响腐蚀产物膜的形成条件。在局部腐蚀领域内开展基础性和应用     

H2S as a physiologic vasorelaxant: hypertension in mice with deletion of cystathionine gamma-lyase

Studies of nitric oxide over the past two decades have highlighted the fundamental importance of gaseous signaling molecules in biology and medicine. The physiological role of other gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is now receiving increasing attention. Here we show that H2S is physiologically generated by cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) and that genetic deletion of this enzyme in mice markedly reduces H2S levels in the serum, heart, aorta, and other tissues. Mutant mice lacking CSE display pronounced hypertension and diminished endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. CSE is physiologically activated by calcium-calmodulin, which is a mechanism for H2S formation in response to vascular activation. These findings provide direct evidence that H2S is a physiologic vasodilator and regulator of blood pressure.     

Atomic-scale structure and catalytic reactivity of the RuO(2)(110) surface

The structure of RuO(2)(110) and the mechanism for catalytic carbon monoxide oxidation on this surface were studied by low-energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density-functional calculations. The RuO(2)(110) surface exposes bridging oxygen atoms and ruthenium atoms not capped by oxygen. The latter act as coordinatively unsaturated sites-a hypothesis introduced long ago to account for the catalytic activity of oxide surfaces-onto which carbon monoxide can chemisorb and from where it can react with neighboring lattice-oxygen to carbon dioxide. Under steady-state conditions, the consumed lattice-oxygen is continuously restored by oxygen uptake from the gas phase. The results provide atomic-scale verification of a general mechanism originally proposed by Mars and van Krevelen in 1954 and are likely to be of general relevance for the mechanism of catalytic reactions at oxide surfaces.     

Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide consumption in polluted air: the carbon monoxide-hydroperoxyl reaction

A recent laboratory measurement of the ratio of the rate constant for the reaction CO + HO (2) --> C0(2) + OH relative to that for H + HO(2) --> 2OH indicates that the former reaction is probably faster than CO + OH --> CO(2) + H. On this basis a simple analysis is given showing that the calculated lifetime of nitric oxide in polluted atmospheres would be appreciably longer than that estimated on the assumption that the carbon monoxide-hydroperoxyl reaction may be neglected. A fast carbon monoxide-hydroperoxyl reaction implies that the cyclic consumption of carbon monoxide (an atmospheric sink) could occur even with no nitric oxide present.     

Apollo lunar module engine exhaust products

Organic combustion products generated by the lunar module descent engine, which burns a 1:1 mixture of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine fuel and nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer, have been analyzed. The major gaseous combustion products found were ammonia, water, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide. The minor products were acetylene, hydrogen cyanide, ethylene, formaldehyde, propadiene, ketene, cyanous acid, hydrazoic acid, various methylamines, acetaldehyde, methyl nitrite, formic acid, nitrous acid, butadiyne, nitrilohydrazines, nitromethane, and nitrosohydrazines with other oxidized derivatives of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and hydrazine. The ion intensities of the various species in all mass spectra were estimated as the following concentrations: the gases (NH(3), H(2)O, CO, NO, O(2), CO(2), and NO(2)), 87.7 percent; compounds of C, H, and O, 6.0 percent; and compounds of C, H, and N (with traces of O), 5.8 percent.     

Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean

Increasing quantities of atmospheric anthropogenic fixed nitrogen entering the open ocean could account for up to about a third of the ocean's external (nonrecycled) nitrogen supply and up to approximately 3% of the annual new marine biological production, approximately 0.3 petagram of carbon per year. This input could account for the production of up to approximately 1.6 teragrams of nitrous oxide (N2O) per year. Although approximately 10% of the ocean's drawdown of atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide may result from this atmospheric nitrogen fertilization, leading to a decrease in radiative forcing, up to about two-thirds of this amount may be offset by the increase in N2O emissions. The effects of increasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition are expected to continue to grow in the future.     

Phenolic ethers in the organic polymer of the murchison meteorite

Seven phenolic acids and many nonphenolic organic acids, including large amounts of meta-hydroxy (3-hydroxy) benzoic acid and 3-hydroxy-1,5-benzene-dicarboxylic acid, were obtained from the organic polymer of the Murchison C2 chondrite upon oxidation with alkaline cupric oxide. The phenolic acids apparently were derived from phenolic ethers in the polymer, which in turn probably were formed from carbon monoxide and hydrogen by catalytic Fischer-Tropsch type reactions in the solar nebula. In contrast, terrestrial polymers such as lignin, humic acid, and coal yield mainly para-hydroxy (4-hydroxy) benzene derivatives by the same oxidation procedure.     

Reductive cyclotrimerization of carbon monoxide to the deltate dianion by an organometallic uranium complex

Despite the long history of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, carbon monoxide has proven remarkably resistant to selective homologation under mild conditions. Here, we find that an organouranium(III) complex induces efficient reductive trimerization of carbon monoxide at room temperature and pressure. The result is a triangular, cyclic C3O(2-)3, or deltate, dianion held between two uranium(IV) units. The bonding within the C3O(2-)3 unit and its coordination to the two U centers have been analyzed by x-ray diffraction and density functional theory computational studies, which show a stabilizing C-C agostic interaction between the C3 core and one U center. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance studies reveal a rapid equilibration of the deltate unit between the U centers.     

氧化亚铜内嵌碳纳米管复合球的合成及光催化性能研究

采用溶液法原位制备了氧化亚铜内嵌碳纳米管(Cu2O/MWNTs)复合球. 通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）, 透射电子显微镜(TEM), 紫外光度分析仪对复合球进行了形貌分析和性能检测.结果表明:碳纳米管均匀嵌镶在Cu2O球内部; 比较了Cu2O和氧化亚铜内嵌碳纳米管(Cu2O/MWNTs)复合球对对硝基苯酚的光催化效果, Cu2O复合球对对硝基苯酚溶液的光催化降解率高出氧化亚铜10%左右.     

草坪基质添加碳纳米材料对高羊茅生长和蚯蚓生理的影响

为探讨碳纳米材料对高羊茅生长和蚯蚓生理的影响,在草坪土壤基质中添加3种碳纳米材料(石墨烯、氧化石墨烯和碳纳米管),采用赤子爱胜蚓作为受试生物,研究了施加1%和3%碳纳米材料90 d后高羊茅生长、蚯蚓抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明:不同比例的碳纳米材料对高羊茅的株高、地上鲜质量和干质量均没有显著影响。碳纳米材料均显著抑制了蚯蚓超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,3%碳纳米管的抑制率达到39.3%;暴露于3%氧化石墨烯,过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著降低;添加1%氧化石墨烯,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性有所升高,添加3%碳纳米管和3%石墨烯,CAT活性显著低于1%氧化石墨烯处理。此外,碳纳米材料对蚯蚓体内的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活性和MDA含量并无明显影响。因此,施加一定浓度的碳纳米材料不会影响草坪植物的生长,但其可以诱导蚯蚓体内活性氧(ROS)的产生,引起抗氧化酶活性发生变化,对土壤动物蚯蚓具有一定的毒性作用。     

Diurnal changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in coral reef water

Coral reefs are considered to be a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide because of their high calcium carbonate production and low net primary production. This was tested by direct measurement of diurnal changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco(co2)) in reef waters during two 3-day periods, one in March 1993 and one in March 1994, on Shiraho reef of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Although the Pco(co2) values in reef waters exhibited large diurnal changes ranging from 160 to 520 microatmospheres, they indicate that the reef flat area is a net sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. This suggests that the net organic production rate of the reef community exceeded its calcium carbonate production rate during the observation periods.     

金属锌修饰的MCM-41催化环氧乙烯和二氧化碳共聚反应

用水热合成法合成了MCM-41,用3-氨丙基-3甲氧基硅烷进行硅烷化作用后,用金属锌修饰其表面。N2吸附和红外显示,锌被引入了MCM-41的中孔内。这种材料可以作为环氧乙烯和二氧化碳常温共聚反应的载体催化剂。     

Atmospheric physics and Earth observations: sample performance of the grille spectrometer

The grille spectrometer observed the setting and rising sun 18 times during the Spacelab 1 mission. In addition to solar absorption lines, many of which had not been observed before, atmospheric spectral absorptions due to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were observed at heights tangent to the thermosphere (greater than 85 kilometers), and absorptions due to ozone, water, methane, and nitrous oxide were observed in the mesosphere (greater than 50 kilometers). The strongly coupled molecules NO-NO(2) and HC1-HF were observed as pairs in the stratosphere. Methane is presented as an example of the instrumental operations because of the characteristic aspect of the Q branch of its v(3) band.     

干湿交替条件下铁氧化对水稻土CO_2排放的影响

以湖北省2种典型水稻土[咸宁市的中稻-冬闲水稻土(第四世纪红壤,XR)和潜江市的中稻-冬闲水稻土(钙质潮土,QR)]为材料,研究土壤干湿交替条件下[土壤落干(孔隙含水率55%)到完全淹水(土水比1∶1)]添加Fe2+对土壤Fe3+、可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量及CO2排放的影响,拟揭示水分转变过程中土壤活性铁氧化对土壤有机碳固持的影响。结果表明,整个培养期间,与CK(不添加Fe2+)相比,添加Fe2+促进了XR和QR土壤中活性铁的氧化,XR和QR土壤中Fe3+平均含量分别较CK提高了133.87%和95.66%。落干期间,与CK相比,添加Fe2+促进了CO2的排放,XR和QR土壤CO2累积排放量分别增加了59.77%和124.48%;促进了土壤DOC的积累,XR和QR土壤DOC平均含量分别提高了42.57%和23.71%。淹水期间,与CK相比,添加Fe2+抑制了CO2的排放,XR和QR土壤CO2累积排放量分别降低了54.03%和35.27%;培养前期促进了土壤DOC的积累,培养后期抑制了土壤DOC含量的积累,总体上XR土壤DOC平均含量降低了35.29%,QR土壤DOC含量提高了16.59%。整个培养期间,添加Fe2+后,XR和QR土壤CO2累积排放量分别降低了43.87%和22.14%。综上,我国南方富含铁氧化物的红壤具有更高的固碳减排潜力。     

基于生态足迹的广东省化石能源用地定量研究与分析

以生态足迹模型为基础,通过分析森林和草原生态系统在碳循环过程中的碳蓄积能力(NEP),计算了广东省1990—2007年化石能源消费的生态足迹,并对广东省化石能源生态足迹的产值和生态压力进行了分析,提出了相应的对策。结果表明,广东在20世纪90年代至2007年的经济快速发展过程中,化石能源占地面积总量由6398.21×103hm2增长到18340.74×103hm2;能源消费对生态环境的压力呈不断增加趋势,由1990年的0.57上升至2007年的1.64。以煤炭为主的能源消费结构正逐步改善,能源利用效率和经济价值不断提高。煤炭生态足迹由1990年的66%下降至2007年的45%,化石能源产值2.43万元/hm2增长至16.95万元/hm2。     

Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes

Data on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) in the surface waters from a large number of lakes (1835) with a worldwide distribution show that only a small proportion of the 4665 samples analyzed (less than 10 percent) were within +/-20 percent of equilibrium with the atmosphere and that most samples (87 percent) were supersaturated. The mean partial pressure of CO(2) averaged 1036 microatmospheres, about three times the value in the overlying atmosphere, indicating that lakes are sources rather than sinks of atmospheric CO(2). On a global scale, the potential efflux of CO(2) from lakes (about 0.14 x 10(15) grams of carbon per year) is about half as large as riverine transport of organic plus inorganic carbon to the ocean. Lakes are a small but potentially important conduit for carbon from terrestrial sources to the atmospheric sink.     

Arctic lakes and streams as gas conduits to the atmosphere: implications for tundra carbon budgets

Arctic tundra has large amounts of stored carbon and is thought to be a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) (0.1 to 0.3 petagram of carbon per year) (1 petagram = 10(15) grams). But this estimate of carbon balance is only for terrestrial ecosystems. Measurements of the partial pressure of CO(2) in 29 aquatic ecosystems across arctic Alaska showed that in most cases (27 of 29) CO(2) was released to the atmosphere. This CO(2) probably originates in terrestrial environments; erosion of particulate carbon plus ground-water transport of dissolved carbon from tundra contribute to the CO(2) flux from surface waters to the atmosphere. If this mechanism is typical of that of other tundra areas, then current estimates of the arctic terrestrial sink for atmospheric CO(2) may be 20 percent too high.     

Transient Middle Eocene atmospheric CO₂ and temperature variations

The long-term warmth of the Eocene (~56 to 34 million years ago) is commonly associated with elevated partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO(2)). However, a direct relationship between the two has not been established for short-term climate perturbations. We reconstructed changes in both pCO(2) and temperature over an episode of transient global warming called the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO; ~40 million years ago). Organic molecular paleothermometry indicates a warming of southwest Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) by 3° to 6°C. Reconstructions of pCO(2) indicate a concomitant increase by a factor of 2 to 3. The marked consistency between SST and pCO(2) trends during the MECO suggests that elevated pCO(2) played a major role in global warming during the MECO.     

Ice core records of atmospheric N2O covering the last 106,000 years

Paleoatmospheric records of trace-gas concentrations recovered from ice cores provide important sources of information on many biogeochemical cycles involving carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Here, we present a 106,000-year record of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) along with corresponding isotopic records spanning the last 30,000 years, which together suggest minimal changes in the ratio of marine to terrestrial N2O production. During the last glacial termination, both marine and oceanic N2O emissions increased by 40 +/- 8%. We speculate that our records do not support those hypotheses that invoke enhanced export production to explain low carbon dioxide values during glacial periods.     

镁铝钴复合氧化物催化合成OHAA保鲜新材料研究

研究镁铝钴复合氧化物新型催化剂的合成,并以此催化剂催化合成农产品保鲜新材料环氧乙烷高级脂肪醇（OHAA）。薄层色谱表明镁铝钴复合氧化物催化合成的OHAA分布指数达到80%以上,具有很好的窄分布效果。通过催化剂用量、反应温度、反应压力三者间的L9(33)正交试验,得出镁铝钴复合氧化物催化OHAA合成的最佳反应条件为催化剂用量3%,温度160℃, 压力0.6 MPa。