昆虫病原线虫对大豆田八字地老虎幼虫致病力的研究

应用斯氏线虫(Steinernema carpocapsae)的4个品系和异小杆线虫(Heterorhabditis bacteriophora)的3个品系,以滤纸为介质对八字地老虎三龄和五龄幼虫进行致病力测定,以筛选出对八字地老虎寄生效果较好的昆虫病原线虫品系及最佳防治龄期。生物测定结果表明,7个不同昆虫病原线虫品系均对八字地老虎三龄幼虫具有致病力,其中斯氏线虫Sc-2的致死速度最快,侵染24、36和72 h的校正死亡率一直高于其他线虫品系,96 h时校正死亡率达到100%。Sc-2侵染五龄幼虫24、36、72、96和120 h校正死亡率也一直高于其他线虫品系。可以看出Sc-2是对八字地老虎幼虫最敏感的昆虫病原线虫品系。但随着八字地老虎幼虫发育该线虫的致病力减弱,即Sc-2对五龄幼虫的校正死亡率低于三龄幼虫。八字地老虎蛹对昆虫病原线虫7个品系都不敏感,侵染后可促进蛹提前羽化。因此,田间防治八字地老虎时三龄幼虫期效果最好。     

昆虫病原线虫对大豆地下害虫东北大黑鳃金龟幼虫的致病力研究

蛴螬是一种对大豆为害严重的地下害虫.本试验应用昆虫病原线虫(Entomopathogenic nematode,EPN)斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae的4个品系和异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriophora的3个品系,分别以滤纸和沙子为介质对东北大黑鳃金龟幼虫进行致病力测定,筛选出异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriophora-1品系为防治东北大黑鳃金龟幼虫的较理想线虫品系,以沙子为介质时,校正寄生死亡率达95.83%.     

昆虫病原线虫防治麦田越冬稻象甲的室内研究

 根据郑州郊区稻麦连作区稻象甲以老熟幼虫在麦田内的前稻茬及其周围土壤中越冬的生物学特性，探讨了芜菁夜蛾线虫对越冬的稻象甲幼虫的致病性以及线虫防治稻象甲幼虫的可能性。使用病原线虫防治地下害虫是一种理想的很有前途的生物防治措施芜菁夜蛾线虫对越冬稻象甲幼虫有很强的侵染力，在很短时间内即可使大量稻象甲幼虫死亡。此外，受侵染的稻象甲体内所繁殖的线虫有很强的再侵染能力，因此，一次使用后可长期在田间发挥作用，抑制地下害虫的种群。不同剂量的线虫制剂对稻象甲的致死率不同。一般来说随田间稻象甲幼虫的密度不同，施用线虫制剂后死亡率差异较大。高密度的幼虫使用高剂量的线虫制剂效果好，低密度时低剂量的效果好。大田使用时因根据虫口密度决定线虫剂量。根据大田实际情况，似应以40～80万条/m2的剂量较好。线虫剂量的增加，侵染力也逐渐增加，但达到一定剂量时，其杀虫效果有所下降。     

中国水稻干尖线虫部分群体对水稻的致病力测定

 为了解不同地理群体和寄主群体的中国水稻干尖线虫对水稻的致病力差异,通过室内水稻盆栽接种试验,对来自中国6个省、2种不同寄主植物上的水稻干尖线虫8个群体的致病力进行了测定和分析。结果表明,供试的8个水稻干尖线虫群体均能侵染供试的3个水稻品种,但不同群体对水稻同一品种的致病力,以及同一群体对不同水稻品种的致病力均存在差异;不同水稻品种被侵染后的症状也存在差异,仅有辽盐16被所有群体侵染后均表现“干尖”症状,武育粳3号和博优998没有明显“干尖”症状。供试的3个水稻品种接种水稻干尖线虫后均能抽穗,但是株高、穗长、单株穗数和千粒重受到不同程度的影响。此外,水稻干尖线虫对水稻的致病力与群体寄主相关,来自草莓的水稻干尖线虫群体对水稻的致病力明显弱于来自水稻上的群体;在供试的水稻干尖线虫群体中,HN 2群体对水稻品种辽盐16的生长影响最大,但在稻株上的虫量最少,显示该群体繁殖数量不大,但具有较强的致病力。这说明水稻干尖线虫在水稻上的繁殖数与致病力之间并不一定呈正相关。这些结果表明中国的水稻干尖线虫可能存在不同的生理小种或致病型。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌制剂及其与小卷蛾斯氏线虫对腰果重要害虫的作用效果

室内测定了苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）对腰果重要害虫腰果细蛾(Acrocercops syngramma)和腰果云翅斑螟（Nephopteryx sp.）幼虫的作用效果。研究表明,在500或1000倍浓度下,Bt对低龄（1~3龄）腰果细蛾幼虫的致死作用较强,致死率为70%~100%,但对高龄（4龄和5龄）腰果细蛾幼虫致死作用较低（20.0%~52.5%）。Bt对腰果云翅斑螟3龄幼虫的致死作用相对较慢,在500倍浓度下作用120 h后致死率为75%。2000倍Bt与200 IJs/皿小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae All对腰果云翅斑螟联合作用48 h后表现为增效作用,致死率达90%。     

嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对红棕象甲幼虫的室内致死能力测定

为探讨利用昆虫病原线虫嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系防治红棕象甲的可行性,在室内研究了该线虫对红棕象甲幼虫的致死效果和毒力水平。采用微量点滴法测试线虫不同施药剂量和施药时间对红棕象甲3龄幼虫的致病效果,并观察处理后红棕象甲幼虫的形态学特征变化。嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对红棕象甲具有一定的致死作用,随着线虫接种剂量的增加,红棕象甲死亡率增加;毒力测定结果显示,随着处理时间的延长,红棕象甲幼虫的LD₅₀呈现降低的趋势,同时随线虫接种剂量的提高,LT₅₀逐渐缩短;形态学观察结果显示,红棕象甲幼虫被嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系感染后,虫体呈现出僵硬皱缩、体色变褐、身体肿胀直至最后虫体腐烂、线虫游离而出的现象。实验结果表明,嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对红棕象甲低龄幼虫具有一定的防控潜力。     

昆虫病原线虫共生菌对小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌活性

为探索小麦根腐病和小麦赤霉病可持续控制的有效生防途径,以小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌作为供试真菌,评价了昆虫病原线虫共生菌及其毒素的抑菌活性,并对高毒力菌株抗逆性进行了初探。结果表明,供试的28个昆虫病原线虫共生菌发酵液和毒素均有一定的抑菌活性,其中,高毒力共生菌菌株SY5发酵液和毒素对小麦根腐病菌的抑菌率分别为56.05%和67.41%,对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌率分别为82.41%和83.32%;菌株SY5发酵液经50℃处理60 min及18 W紫外灯照射120 min后对小麦根腐病菌的抑菌率无明显变化,但对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌率有所下降;常温保存150 d,抑菌活性略有下降。说明共生菌菌株SY5对小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌抑菌活性显著,且具有一定的抗逆性,极具应用潜力。     

Identification and Pathogenicity of a New Entomopathogenic Fungus,Mucor hiemalis (Mucorales: Mucorales), on the Root Maggot,Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Bradysia odoriphaga Yang and Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae), the Chinese chive root maggot, is a destructive pest of Allium vegetables and flowers that causes severe losses in northern China. Novel biological control technologies are needed for controlling this pest. We identified a new entomopathogenic fungus isolated from infected B. odoriphaga larvae and evaluated the susceptibility of the biological stages of B. odoriphaga and the effects of temperature on fungus growth and pathogenicity. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny, the fungus was identified as Mucor hiemalis BO-1 (Mucorales: Mucorales). This fungus had the strongest virulence to B. odoriphaga larvae followed by eggs and pupae, while B. odoriphaga adults were not susceptible. A temperature range of 18–28°C was optimum for the growth and sporulation of M. hiemalis BO-1 and virulence to B. odoriphaga larvae. At 3 and 5 d after inoculation with 10⁵ spores/ml at 23°C, the survival rates were 24.8% and 4.8% (2nd instar larvae), respectively, and 49.6% and 12.8% (4th instar larvae), respectively. The potted plant trials confirmed that M. hiemalis BO-1 exerted excellent control efficiency against B. odoriphaga larvae, and the control exceeded 80% within 5 d when the spore concentration applied exceeded 10⁷ spores/ml. In conclusion, these findings supported the hypotheses that this fungus could serve as an effective control agent against B. odoriphaga larvae and is worth being further tested to determine its full potential as a biocontrol agent.     

甘蔗二点螟杀虫真菌绿僵菌的筛选与毒力测定

从椰心叶甲僵虫上分离得到10株对甘蔗二点螟具有较好致病性的绿僵菌,其中MC3的致病性最好,校正死亡率为89.16%,且甘蔗二点螟的校正死亡率随着MC3菌株孢子浓度的增加而逐渐提高,当浓度为1.0×107个/mL时,其死亡率为93.02%。MC3菌株在SDAY培养基菌丝生长及产孢效果最好,孢子萌发的最适温度是25～28℃。     

Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Fungal Isolates Against Tarnished Plant Bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Twelve isolates of entomopathogenic fungi belonging to Metarhizium robertsii, M. pinghaense, M. brunneum, Beauveria bassiana, and Isaria fumosorosea were screened against tarnished plant bug. All isolates were pathogenic, causing mortality from 28.8 ± 3.4 to 96.3 ± 2.7%. The LT₅₀ values ranged from 2.7 to 6.0 d while the LT₉₀ values varied between 6.6 and 15.0 d. Metarhizium robertsii isolate CPD6 (will be under the trade name NoVil) was among the isolates that caused high mortality within shorter times and was selected for study on developmental stages and greenhouse trial. The third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, and adults were inoculated with 10⁶, 10⁷, and 10⁸ conidia per ml of NoVil. All the stages were susceptible to fungal infection. However, third and fourth instars were the most susceptible with no significant differences in mortality across the three concentrations. On the other hand, mortality was dose-dependent with fifth-instar nymph and adult stages. The LT₅₀ and LT₉₀ values were also dose-dependent, with higher concentrations having shorter lethal-time values as compared to the lower concentrations. In the greenhouse, pepper plants were sprayed with NoVil and chemical insecticide Flonicamid (as industrial standard), before releasing adult tarnished plant bug. Mortality of 37.3, 75.5, and 76.3% was recorded in the control, NoVil, and Flonicamid, respectively. This study has identified NoVil as a potential mycoinsecticide candidate for the control of tarnished plant bug under greenhouse conditions. Further field testing on juvenile and adults is needed to evaluate the potential for in-field control.     

不同基因型小麦品种（系）的耐盐性评价

为筛选适合滨海盐碱地区种植的高耐盐性小麦品种,采用室内芽期和温室全生育期耐盐性试验相结合的方法,以高耐盐小麦品种山融3号为对照,研究了江苏省11个小麦品种的耐盐性。结果表明,宁06-171和扬麦11耐盐性强,并能获得较高的产量,可在滨海滩涂盐碱土地上进行推广,徐麦24和徐麦31的耐盐性较差。盐胁迫条件下影响小麦产量的主要限制因素为分蘖数、千粒重、穗数、叶片钾钠比,其中穗数为最主要的限制因素。     

The first report on the winter breeding life history of Epuraea domina (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in a citrus grove in Jeju,Korea

Epuraea domina Reitter (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is a flower-visiting insect and a pest that causes corky scar on citrus fruit. This study was conducted to investigate the life cycle of E. domina in a citrus grove. E. domina showed the characteristics of cold breeders as they complete key life history events of oviposition and immature development during the winter. E. domina adults spent the summer in uncultivated habits started to lay eggs in soil near fallen citrus fruit in orchards during late autumn. Oviposition activity continued throughout the winter with a large decrease in activity when the minimum air temperature was <0 °C. Hatched larvae fed on decaying citrus and pupated in soil in the spring. The pupae emerged as new adults in mid-May to feed on the pollen and nectar of citrus flowers, probably followed by their migration to uncultivated habitats in the summer.     

Body Size Plasticity of Weevil Larvae (Curculio davidi) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Its Stoichiometric Relationship With Different Hosts

Parasites obtain energy and nutrients from the host, and their body size is also usually limited by host size. However, the regulatory mechanisms that control the plasticity of parasite body sizes and the stoichiometric relationships with their hosts remain unclear. Here we investigated the concentrations of 14 elements (C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in the acorns of three oak species (Quercus spp.), in their endoparasitic weevil (Curculio davidi Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae and in the larval feces, and the weight of weevil larvae within different hosts in a warm-temperate zone of China. Our results showed that the three acorn species exhibited significant differences in C, H, O, P, K, Mg, and Mn concentrations. However, in the weevil larvae, only P, Mn, and C:P ratio revealed significant differences. Weevil larvae preferentially absorbed and retained N, Zn, Na, and P, whereas Mn, K, Ca, and O were passively absorbed and transported. The weevil larvae weight was associated with acorn stoichiometry, and positively correlated with acorn size. Weevil larvae P decreased, but Mn and C:P increased with their weight, implying highly variable in somatic stoichiometry are coupled with the plasticity of body size. Interestingly, weevil larvae weight was negatively correlated with acorn infection rate, indicating small-size parasitic insects might have higher fitness level in parasite–host systems than larger-size ones. Our results suggest that variation in P, Mn, and C:P in parasites may play critical roles in shaping their body size and in improving their fitness.     

Effects of insecticides applied to control cucumber beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on watermelon yields

Foliar insecticides applied to control the striped and spotted cucumber beetles, Acalymma vittatum (Fab.) and Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, on watermelon, Citrullus lanatus, were of little or no value in three studies conducted in two locations over 2 years. However, an at-planting application of the systemic, soil insecticide carbofuran resulted in higher early yields, although the differences were not statistically significant in small plots. In 1991, large plots comparing carbofuran-treated watermelons with untreated watermelons in two commercial fields showed large and statistically significant increases in melon yield when carbofuran was applied, especially in early yield. Studies in 1992 and 1993 showed that the application of carbofuran at planting stimulated root and shoot growth after transplating and increased yields when compared with untreated plots, plots treated with methyl bromide, or another soil insecticide, terbufos. These studies suggest that carbofuran may be acting as a growth stimulant, as well as an insecticide.     

Movement and Distribution of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) Adults Under Different Temperature Differences in Different Lengths of Horizontal Grain Columns

Understanding insect movement and distribution is critical for developing an effective insect pest management protocol. Movement and distribution of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) in response to nominal temperature differences of 5, 10, 15, and 20°C in 1- and 2-m horizontal columns filled with 12.5% moisture content wheat were studied in 24, 48, and 72 h of movement times. In the wheat columns without temperature differences, adults had a diffusion distribution pattern caused by their random movement. Adults showed bias movement to the warmer grain in wheat columns with temperature differences and preferred the warmer grain regardless of the magnitude of temperature differences in less than 24 h. Their distribution did not have significant differences among different movement times in 1- or 2-m columns. About 40% of adults moved to the warmer wheat located at 0.4 to 0.5 m in the 1 m column but did not move to the warmer wheat located at 0.9 to 1 m in the 2-m column. Therefore, length of grain column influenced detection of warmer grain by insects. Adults under different temperatures had a similar response as that under linear temperature gradients.     

Behavioral Effects and Retention of Protein Immunomarkers on Plum Curculio Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Protein immunomarking can be used to track the dispersal of insects in the field or identify plant–insect interactions. By marking insects with known proteins and recapturing them, their movement or host use can be quantified with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Before using this technique, retention and behavioral effects of these markers should be evaluated to ensure that the insect’s natural behaviors are conserved. Here, we tested the effects of protein markers on the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using two different application methods. This weevil is native to North American and a pest of tree fruit and blueberry in the United States and causes damage resulting in near complete crop loss if left untreated. We tested the effects of marking adult C. nenuphar with two inexpensive food-based immunoprotein markers, bovine casein (cow’s milk) and chicken albumin (egg whites) on climbing distance (total cm), lateral movement (total cm), and lateral movement speed (cm/s), as well as retention time of protein immunomarkers. Neither protein immunomarker affected C. nenuphar movement or climbing, although females climbed significantly greater distances than males. ELISA assays detected 37.5–56.2% of milk protein and 56.2–59.3% of egg on the insect 7 d after application depending on application method. Our findings indicate that food-based protein immunomarkers can be used in future studies to test C. nenuphar movement within host plants without impacting behavior. The use of protein immunomarking will allow studies that will lead to behaviorally based management tactics.     

Biological Activity of trans-2-Hexenal Against Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) at Different Developmental Stages

trans-2-Hexenal, one of the C6 green leaf volatiles, is potentially useful for the control of Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang. In this study, the biological activity of trans-2-hexenal on B. odoriphaga was assessed in the laboratory. trans-2-Hexenal was observed to kill B. odoriphaga in different developmental stages at a relatively low concentration under fumigation. The respiration rate in the male treatment group decreased from 131.44 to 4.07 nmol/g·min with a prolonged fumigation time, while the respiration rate in females decreased from 128.82 to 24.20 nmol/g·min. Male adults exhibited a more sensitive electroantennogram response at 0.05–500 μl/ml at the dose of 10.0 μl than female adults. Moreover, trans-2-hexenal had a repellent effect on adults based on the results with a Y-tube olfactometer at 10.0 μl, as shown by the deterrent rate of male and female adults with 96.67% and 98.33%, respectively. The results showed that trans-2-hexenal had good biological activity in different developmental stages of B. odoriphaga, which could reduce the need for, and risks associated with, the use of traditional insecticides and enable nonharmful management.