"德威乐"植物营养剂在茶树上的应用试验初报

本文报道了一种新型、高效、环保的生物有机肥料——“德威乐”植物营养剂在茶树上的应用效果。结果表明,该植物营养剂可显著促进茶树芽叶生长,增加单位面积内萌芽数量和正常芽比例,使茶叶增产9．9％～38．3％;能明显增加茶叶中的茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱的含量,酚／氨比值降低,改善了茶叶的滋味品质。喷施浓度以300-500倍为适,每轮茶喷施一次。     

茶园喷施多效好试验

由广西农学院研制的多效好是一种新型的植物生长营养剂，内含有N、P、K及多种微量元素。作用于植物调节和控制体内激素，增加有效供给，促进农作物的生长发育、提高产量和品质。在1996年4至10月对茶园进行喷施多效好营养剂试验。现总结如下：依据实施方案，选取武夷山农场茶山大队的树龄、长势，田间管理基本一致的水仙、肉桂品种茶园作试验园，处理区随机排列，三次重复，喷清水作对照。用药前先将茶蓬按采摘标准将应采摘的茶青采摘干净，然后待新消长至一芽一叶初展时，不同营养剂均兑水60kg进行喷施。用背负式手摇喷雾器将配好的药剂均…     

马铃薯丰产剂增产效果与使用技术

马铃薯丰产剂是一种新型的植物生长调节剂 ,具有降低株高 ,抑制地上部分徒长 ,提高叶绿素含量 ,增强光合作用 ,加速植物对土壤养分的吸收和运转 ,从而提高产量。喷施丰产剂每hm2增产 5 385kg鲜薯 ,增产 15 5 % ,是一项马铃薯农村实用技术。马铃薯丰产剂宜用于中、晚熟品种和中、高位山旱地及水地 ,马铃薯初花期每hm2 用丰产剂 75 0 g兑水 10 0 0倍均匀喷施。     

复合型作物生长营养调理剂LYR-1对马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响

[目的]研究在大田栽培条件下马铃薯初花期叶面喷施复合型作物生长营养调理剂LYR-1对马铃薯株高、茎粗、单株叶面积、根体积及产量的影响。[方法]在初花期以喷施清水为对照,喷施3种浓度梯度的LYR-1为处理,并测定不同浓度的LYR-1对株高、茎粗、单株叶面积、根体积及产量的影响。[结果]T2处理的LYR-1可促进马铃薯株高、茎粗、单株叶面积及根体积的增加,提高了马铃薯的产量。[结论]复合型作物生长营养调理剂LYR-1对马铃薯生产具有重要的应用价值。     

植物生根粉MBT在茶树上的应用试验初报

本文报道了一种新型、纯天然有机肥料——植物生根粉MBT不同喷施浓度在茶树上的应用效果。结果表明,该植物营养剂可明显促进茶树芽叶生长,可使茶叶增产7.9%-22%;能明显降低茶叶中茶多酚含量,酚/氨比值降低,改善了茶叶的滋味。喷施适宜浓度为150mg/kg,每7天施一次。     

含硒植物营养剂对桃和梨吸收铅、镉、汞的拮抗作用

采用田间试验,研究含硒植物营养剂对水蜜桃和沙梨果实中有益矿物质元素硒和重金属元素铅、镉、汞的影响。结果表明,植物营养剂处理水蜜桃果实中有益矿物质元素硒含量比对照增加1 132.7%,重金属元素铅、镉、汞含量比对照分别减少了83.5%,65.5%,23.9%;植物营养剂处理沙梨果实中有益矿物质元素硒含量比对照增加了1 542.9%,重金属元素铅、镉、汞含量比对照分别减少了30.0%,23.9%,6.3%。     

不同翅型棉蚜体内游离氨基酸含量对比

为了深入了解棉蚜中氨基酸组成，利用氨基酸自动分析仪分别对不同翅型不同发育时期的棉蚜进行游离氨基酸含量的分析。结果显示，不同翅型棉蚜中均检测到相同的21种游离氨基酸。其中，必需氨基酸10种，非必需氨基酸11种。在若虫时期，有翅蚜游离氨基酸含量与无翅蚜无显著差异；在成虫时期，与无翅蚜相比，有翅蚜游离氨基酸含量显著上升了1.5倍，脯氨酸、甲硫氨酸等8种游离氨基酸含量显著升高；在2个发育时期，有翅蚜的亮氨酸和甘氨酸含量显著高于无翅蚜，而有翅蚜的精氨酸含量显著低于无翅蚜；有翅成蚜的非必需氨基酸含量比无翅成蚜显著上升0.65倍。推测有翅成蚜脯氨酸与甲硫氨酸含量较无翅成蚜的增加与有翅蚜抗逆性增强有关，而有翅棉蚜体内精氨酸含量较无翅棉蚜低可能与其繁殖力低有关。这些结果可为棉蚜翅型分化分子机理研究及其防治提供参考。     

2种生长延缓剂对青稞抗倒伏、生长及品质的影响

为提高甘南州青稞大田产量,增强青稞抗倒伏性,降低田间倒伏率,选用2种不同植物生长延缓剂,采用二因素随机区组试验设计,分别对黄青1号、甘青4号和甘青5号3个不同青稞品种喷施50%矮壮素和15%多效唑可湿性粉剂,以喷施清水为对照,对比2种植物生长延缓剂对大田条件下青稞的矮化效应及其对产量和品质的影响。结果表明,2种药剂处理后,青稞株高、倒伏率较对照相比呈显著下降,其中,3个品种倒伏率均有下降,最大降幅达40%,甘青4号在15%多效唑处理后没有倒伏;青稞经药剂处理后的千粒质量、整齐度及大田产量与对照相比均显著提高,2种药剂对青稞的品质影响不明显。50%矮壮素和15%多效唑可湿性粉剂可显著提高青稞的抗倒伏性,且具明显的增产效果。     

汉中地区籼稻锌、铁、锰营养基因型差异及叶面喷锌对籽粒锌含量的影响

分析了参加汉中地区水稻新品种展示的45个籼稻糙米、精米中锌、铁、锰含量的基因型差异。同时进行田间喷施试验,设置喷蒸馏水(CK)、喷Zn、喷Zn+井酮三环唑3个处理,探讨了锌肥与井酮三环唑配施对水稻锌营养品质的影响。结果表明,45个水稻品种糙米中锌、铁、锰的平均含量分别为17.44mg/kg、10.99mg/kg和25.09mg/kg,精米中锌、铁、锰的平均含量分别为11.39mg/kg、4.14mg/kg和7.38mg/kg;糙米中锌、铁、锰含量分别是精米中的1.53倍、2.56倍和3.40倍,即在去糙过程中锌、铁、锰的损失率分别为34.69%、62.33%和70.59%;喷施锌肥有利于水稻产量的提高,同时增加籽粒锌含量。喷Zn、喷Zn+井酮三环唑处理使糙米Zn含量由CK的17.63mg/kg分别提高到22.14mg/kg和21.50mg/kg,增幅分别为25.6%和22.0%,精米Zn含量由CK的10.57mg/kg分别提高到14.08mg/kg和14.79mg/kg,增幅分别为33.2%和40.0%。水稻喷施叶面锌肥与农药后不仅能显著增加稻米锌含量,而且有效预防病虫害。因此,喷施锌肥与喷施农药有机结合有望成为缺锌土壤同时满足籽粒富锌和病虫害防治需求的高效农艺措施。     

竹醋基液抗寒剂对茶树抗寒性的影响

以竹醋液为基液,配制了不同茶树抗寒剂,并进行了茶树生理抗寒指标的研究。在对3个茶树品种（乌牛早、安吉白茶和龙井43）喷施6种不同配方的抗寒剂后,经模拟田间自然降温,测定处理前后茶树中与抗寒能力相关的理化物质。结果显示,3个茶树品种间各处理的电导率、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量的变化规律与茶树冻害情况具有显著相关性。通过测定室内茶树生理生化指标和田间试验结果分析表明,配方B2能显著提高茶树的抗寒性,并可稳定冷害胁迫下的茶叶产量。结果表明,竹醋基液抗寒剂可在一定程度上提高茶树的抗寒能力,有效降低茶树的冻害,从而保证茶叶生产免受冻害损失。     

High Temperature During Rice Grain Filling Enhances Aspartate Metabolism in Grains and Results in Accumulation of Aspartate-Family Amino Acids and Protein Components

Global warming causes the exacerbation of rice growing environment, which seriously affects rice growth and reproduction, and finally results in the decrease of rice yield and quality. We investigated the activities of aspartate metabolism enzymes in grains, and the contents of Aspartate-family amino acids and protein components to further understand the effects of high temperature (HT) on rice nutritional quality during rice grain filling. Under HT, the average activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and aspartokinase (AK) in grains significantly increased, the amino acid contents of aspartate (Asp), lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), methionine (Met) and isoleucine (Ile) and the protein contents of albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin also significantly increased. The results indicated that HT enhanced Asp metabolism during rice grain filling and the enhancement of Asp metabolism might play an important role in the increase of Asp-family amino acids and protein components in grains. In case of the partial appraisal of the change of Asp-family amino acids and protein components under HT, we introduced eight indicators (amino acid or protein content, ratio of amino acid or protein, amino acid or protein content per grain and amino acid or protein content per panicle) to estimate the effects of HT. It is suggested that HT during rice grain filling was benefit for the accumulation of Asp-family amino acids and protein components. Combined with the improvement of Asp-family amino acid ratio in grains under HT, it is suggested that HT during grain filling may improve the rice nutritional quality. However, the yields of parts of Asp-family amino acids and protein components were decreased under HT during rice grain filling.     

Low Light During Grain Filling Stage Deteriorates Rice Cooking Quality,but not Nutritional Value

To investigate the effect of low light (LL, 50% natural light) during grain filling (GF) stage on rice transamination, amino acid (AA) accumulation, nutritional value, and cooking quality in three different rice genotypes, transaminase activities and AA levels in grains during GF stage and the traits that significantly affected rice quality (physical appearance, cooking quality, and nutritional value) were analyzed. LL did not disturb transamination in rice grains during GF stage, as minimal impact was found on alanine and aspartate transaminase activities. Nevertheless, most AAs in caryopses, including lysine and threonine, increased in response to LL, except for sulfur-containing AAs. These results suggest that AA metabolism and accumulation in rice grains were rarely suppressed by LL during GF stage. Rice nutritional ingredients at harvest, such as major protein components including glutelin and most important essential amino acids (EAAs) including lysine and threonine, increased significantly in response to LL, whereas most protein and EAA ratios were rarely affected. However, LL markedly affected physical appearance of rice grains by reducing brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and 1000-grain weight and increasing the chalkiness rate. In addition, cooking qualities decreased in response to LL, while breakdown values and amylose levels decreased and setback values increased. We concluded that LL during GF stage decreased the cooking quality of rice, but could potentially improve the nutritional value of rice.     

控释氮肥对杂交水稻糙米蛋白质品质和氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

以八两优100（杂交早稻）和威优46（杂交晚稻）为材料,研究了施用控释氮肥对稻米蛋白质含量、氨基酸含量及其组分以及叶片和籽粒中硝酸还原酶（NRase）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和蛋白水解酶活性的影响。结果表明,八两优100和威优46控释氮肥处理糙米蛋白质、复合蛋白含量均显著或极显著高于尿素处理,其中谷蛋白和谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值增幅明显。施控释氮肥的八两优100和威优46糙米氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和限制性氨基酸含量均较施用尿素的明显提高。在施用尿素和控释氮肥条件下,供试两组合叶片中NRase、蛋白水解酶、GS以及籽粒中的GS活性的动态变化一致。施用控释氮肥有利于功能叶中NRase、GS、蛋白水解酶以及籽粒中的GS活性维持较高水平。控释氮肥对杂交水稻功能叶氮代谢关键酶活性和籽粒中蛋白质合成及氨基酸积累均有明显的调节作用。这可能是控释氮肥能显著提高杂交水稻产量和蛋白质及氨基酸含量的生理原因之一。     

Nutritional quality of the protein in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa,Willd) seeds

The nutritional quality of protein in quinoa seeds has been determined by amino acid assay and by animal feeding experiments. The amino acid composition of the protein in raw quinoa and washed quinoa show similar pattern. The first limiting amino acids were the aromatic amino acids thyrosine + phenylalanine giving a chemical score of 86 for protein in raw quinoa and 85 for protein in washed quinoa. Threonine was the next limiting amino acid followed by lysine. The amount of lysine and sulfur amino acids (methionine + cystine) was relatively high. In general, the content of essential amino acids in quinoa is higher than in common cereals. The animal experiments showed NPU values of 75.7, BV of 82.6 and TD value of 91.7 for the protein in raw quinoa. Results of the in-vitro enzymatic methods showed that the digestibility of the protein in quinoa is comparable to that of other high quality food proteins. The corresponding experiments carried out with samples of guinoa seeds, which have been processed to remove the saponins, showed that, the saponins do not exert any negative effect on the nutritive quality of the protein.     

杂交稻米必需氨基酸含量与亲本的关系

根据9个不育系、5个恢复系以及由此配制的45个不完全双列杂交组合氨基酸含量的测定结果,分析了不同组合氨基酸含量的差异及其与亲本的关系。结果表明不育系和恢复系的必需氨基酸平均含量为3.202%～4.889%,占氨基酸总量的31.796%～33.394%;而杂交组合的必需氨基酸平均含量为3.616%～4.858%,占氨基酸总量的32.176%～33.016%;必需氨基酸含量依次是亮氨酸＞缬氨酸＞异亮氨酸＞苏氨酸、赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸＞蛋氨酸。平均氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸含量都有一定的杂种优势,但各组合间差异明显。     

Rice Germination and Its Impact on Technological and Nutritional Properties: A Review

Grain germination is a process involving numerous factors that influence the biochemical processes inside the plant cells. This review covered the abiotic factors that lead to the germination and significantly impact the nutritional properties and digestion behavior of rice grains. The macro- and micro-nutrients can be changed depending on the intensity of the applied variables during germination. For instance, germination time can increase the protein content in the grain and concurrently reduce its protein digestibility. In most cases, the number of bioactive compounds present in rice grains are increased regardless of germination conditions. Germination can promote the complexation of nutrients and thus negatively interfere with the digestibility of macronutrients. This review highlighted the influence of the germination process on the nutritional quality of rice grains, providing information about the germination conditions and their impacts on the anabolic and catabolic reactions of the grain, emphasizing the health benefits.     

不同产地紫米营养成分比较及其相关性分析

为评价不同品种紫米淀粉、脂肪、花青素、多酚、氨基酸和矿质元素间的差异,探究不同营养成分之间的关系,选取云南墨江（MJ）、湖南新化（HN）、贵州黎平（GZ）和陕西汉中（SX）4个产地的紫米,并与红米（R）、黑米（B）进行比较。结果显示,不同产地紫米成分含量存在差异,具有不同营养特征。HN紫米的淀粉含量最低（68.13%）,脂肪（2.38%）、矿质元素Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、P、Zn含量最高,其中Mn（80.37 mg/kg）、Na（10.75 mg/kg）元素显著高于其他产地;MJ和SX紫米花青素（533.03 mg/kg,412.54 mg/kg）、多酚（340.55 mg/100 g,387.91 mg/100 g）含量显著高于其他产地,而GZ紫米花青素（156.55 mg/kg）和多酚（239.23 mg/100 g）显著低于其他产地紫米。SX紫米氨基酸总量（74.37 g/kg）与必需氨基酸（total essential amino acids,ΣEAA,26.09 g/kg）含量最高,与其他紫米差异不显著。紫米成分间相关性分析显示,花青素与多酚呈极显著正相关（0.625）,二者分别与Ca呈显著负相关（-0.571,-0.549）。Asp、Gly与Fe、Ca呈显著正相关,大部分元素间呈显著正相关。不同有色稻米间,红米淀粉（74.73%）含量最高,花青素（9.05 mg/kg）、氨基酸总量（55.94 g/kg）、ΣEAA（19.78 g/kg）、Fe（6.51 mg/kg）、Mg（609.41 mg/kg）、P（1746.72 mg/kg）元素含量最低,与紫米和黑米差异显著（P<0.05）。黑米花青素（533.03 mg/kg）、多酚（453.53 mg/100 g）含量显著高于（P<0.05）其他有色稻;黑米和紫米氨基酸含量差异不显著（P>0.05）,但显著高于（P<0.05）红米。有色稻ΣEAA与非必需氨基酸总量（total non-essential amino acid,ΣNEA）比例在0.54左右。主成分分析将3种有色稻分为红米、紫黑米两组,前3个主成分可以解释总方差的91%。第一主成分（PC1）贡献率为67.5%,代表矿质元素,说明产地是有色稻米成分组成差异的主要原因。第二主成分（PC2）占总方差的18.2%,主要为总花青素含量、氨基酸等。     

Rice Drying,Storage and Processing: Effects of Post-Harvest Operations on Grain Quality

Various post-harvest processes of rice are commonly employed, especially during the off-season, to ensure its consumption feasibility, which often affect the grain quality. Different forms of drying, storage and processing of rice are evaluated to identify their effects on grain quality. Microwave drying has emerged as an alternative to the widely-used intermittent-drying and fixed-bed-dryer methods of drying paddy rice. Control of drying-air temperatures (between 40 °C and 60 °C) according to the rice variety can improve quality, especially for exotic varieties. Keeping stored grain in hygroscopic balance, with water content between 11% to 15%, at temperatures between 16 °C and 20 °C and with intergranular relative humidity near 60%, allows 12 months of storage in a controlled environment without significant deterioration. Other innovations, notably the application of artificial refrigeration to grain stored in bulk in vertical cylindrical silos and the use of impermeable packaging for storage, ensure the conservation of grain mass. The different stages and equipments used to obtain polished, brown and parboiled rice result in significant changes in the nutritional value of rice because of the removal of the outermost layers of the grains. Polishing reduces the nutritional value and physical homogeneity of rice. Brown rice retains more bioactive compounds and nutrients because it does not lose the outer layer of the grains in the polishing processes. Parboiled rice, although less nutritious than brown rice, has better grain integrity and milling yield and less loss of nutrients than white rice.     

水稻种子主要营养物质合成及调控研究与展望

淀粉、储藏蛋白和脂类等物质是水稻种子中最主要的营养物质,它们在水稻种子中的组成及其含量对稻米品质的优劣起决定性的作用。本文综述了近年来水稻种子中淀粉、储藏蛋白、脂类物质和氨基酸等主要营养物质的合成及其相关基因的表达与调控等方面所取得的新进展,并分析了这些营养物质在水稻遗传改良过程中面临的挑战与展望,以期为今后稻米品质的遗传改良与新品种的培育提供参考与借鉴。     

Lack of 26 kDa globulin accompanies increased free amino acid content in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains

Seed nitrogen content, protein composition and free amino acid content were determined in rice mutant lines with altered storage protein composition and their parental cultivars. The Lgc1 gene, which causes low glutelin content and high content of 13 kDa prolamin and 26 kDa globulin, did not affect grain weight, nitrogen content, or free amino acid content. The glb1 gene, which lacks the 26 kDa globulin, did not affect grain weight or nitrogen content, but in mutant lines with glb1 gene the content of the major free amino acids was significantly (1.3–1.5 times) higher than those of their parental cultivars. These results suggest that absence of 26 kDa globulin is accompanied by an accumulation of a high level of free amino acids in rice grains.