大豆育成品种品质性状和农艺性状的相关性研究

应用灰色关联度分析方法,对适合我市的夏大豆育成品种进行分析,结果表明:各农艺性状与蛋白质含量的关联度由大到小依次是:产量＞生育日数＞百粒重＞单株荚数＞株高＞单株粒数＞脂肪含量＞始花(R1)～成熟(R8)日数＞主茎节数＞出苗～始花(R1)日数;对蛋白质含量影响最大的是产量,影响较大的是生育日数、百粒重、单株荚数.与脂肪含量的关联度由大到小依次是:始花(R1)～成熟(R8)日数＞株高＞生育日数＞主茎节数＞产量＞蛋白质含量＞单株荚数＞单株粒数＞百粒重＞出苗～始花(R1)日数;对脂肪含量影响最大的是始花(R3)～成熟(R8),影响较大的是株高、生育日数、单株节数.     

南阳盆地直立型豌豆农艺性状与产量相关性及通径分析

采用相关分析和通径分析方法对22份豌豆品种（系）的主要农艺性状和产量进行分析。结果表明：农艺性状与产量的相关程度为：主茎节数＞百粒重＞单株荚数＞株高＞荚宽＞主茎分枝数＞单荚粒数＞荚长;关联顺序为：荚宽＞百粒重＞荚长＞单荚粒数＞主茎分枝数＞主茎节数＞株高＞单株荚数。两种分析结果基本吻合,影响豌豆产量的主要因子为百粒重和单株荚数。通径分析表明百粒重对产量的直接作用大,影响百粒重的直接性状为主茎节数,影响单株荚数的直接性状为单荚粒数和主茎分枝数,因此在筛选培育新品种时应注意考察主茎节数与主茎分枝数,以减少这些性状对产量的不利影响。     

春大豆主要农艺性状方差分析及相关分析的研究

对引进的9份大豆优良种的11个主要农艺性状进行方差分析，对15个主要农艺性状进行相关分析，研究结果表明：（1）主要农艺性状中的茎粗、单株粒重经方差分析达显著水平，株高、底荚高度、主茎节数、主茎分枝数、单株总荚数、秕荚数、每荚粒数、百粒重等性状经方差分析达极显著水平；（2）主要农艺性状的变异系数大小依次为秕荚数、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株产量、底荚高度、每荚粒数、百粒重、株高、茎粗、产量、主茎节数、出苗至开花、开花至成熟、生育期；（3）产量与生育期、秕荚数呈显著正相关，与株高、底荚高度、主茎分枝数、单株产量、每荚粒数、百粒重、开花至成熟的天数呈正相关，与茎粗、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数、出苗至开花的天数呈负相关。因此，要增加产量，首先应考虑百粒重大、单株生产力潜力大的品种，其次考虑底荚高度较低，每荚粒数较多的品种。     

大豆育成品种品质性状和农艺性状的相关性研究

应用灰色关联度分析方法,对适合我市的夏大豆育成品种进行分析,结果表明：各农艺性状与蛋白质含量的关联度由大到小依次是：产量〉生育日数〉百粒重〉单株荚数〉株高〉单株粒数〉脂肪含量〉始花（R1）-成熟（R8）日数〉主茎节数〉出苗-始花（R1）日数;对蛋白质含量影响最大的是产量,影响较大的是生育日数、百粒重、单株荚数。与脂肪含量的关联度由大到小依次是：始花（R1）-成熟（R8）日数〉株高〉生育日数〉主茎节数〉产量〉蛋白质含量〉单株荚数〉单株粒数〉百粒重〉出苗-始花（R1）日数;对脂肪含量影响最大的是始花（R3）-成熟（R8）,影响较大的是株高、生育日数、单株节数。     

黄淮海夏大豆产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为探讨大豆主要农艺性状对大豆产量影响的主次关系,运用灰色关联度分析法,对黄淮海地区16 个品种12 点试验进行产量与农艺性状的分析,从而为黄淮海地区大豆育种提供理论依据。结果表明：产量与主要农艺性状的关联度大小依次是单株粒重＞分枝数＞株高＞生育日数＞单株荚数＞单株粒数＞主茎节数＞底荚高度＞百粒重。可见,对大豆新品种选育时,应优先考虑单株粒重,分枝数,株高和生育日数。     

晋大52×晋大57 RIL群体重要农艺性状的QTL定位

以晋大52为母本、晋大57为父本及其176个RIL群体后代为材料,应用WinQTLCart V2.0软件采用复合区间作图法对所选取对象(LOD2.5)的生育期、开花日数、单株质量、单株粒重、单株粒数、单株荚数、百粒重、株高、茎粗、主茎节数、分枝数、结荚高度等12个农艺性状进行QTL定位分析。结果表明:效应最大的QTL可解释的遗传变异分别为md221.32%、fd248.11%、wp17.01%、swpp130.67%、nppp241.32%、spp18.56%、sw441.46%、ph152.51%、st135.14%、snn231.60%、bn225.43%、hp116.31%。检测到的30个QTL分布于山西农业大学大豆研究实验室建立的5个连锁群上,大多数性状聚集在c2(Dla)、c5(C2)、c7(M)等连锁群上,部分QTL在连锁群上的位置相同,即为同一位点,这类位点共有5个,除去重复计算部分,实际位点数为23个。     

福建省近年来育成春大豆品种农艺性状的遗传变异、相关性及主成分分析

对福建省11个春大豆品种的10个农艺性状进行了遗传变异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明,大豆有效分枝数、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重等变异系数较大;单株粒重与有效分枝数和单株荚数呈显著相关。主成分分析表明,前3个主成分,其累积贡献率为83.78%,分别为荚粒性状因子、产量性状因子和株型性状因子。     

大豆单株荚数与主要农艺性状关系的分析

本试验采用适合黑龙江省第四积温带种植的21个大豆品种（系），通过田间调查、室内考种，进行关联度分析、相关和通径分析，得出单株英数与百粒重、每英粒数、主茎节数、生育前期、生育后期、茎粗等农艺性状关系密切，因此对单株荚数进行选择时，应突出百粒重、每英粒数、主茎节数、生育前期、生育后期、茎粗等农艺性状的选择。     

利用大豆四向重组自交系群体定位产量相关性状QTL

为探明大豆产量与株高、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒质量等产量构成因素间的相关性,定位控制这些性状的QTL进而提高大豆产量,以4个产量相关性状差异较大的大豆亲本配制双交组合(垦丰14×垦丰15)×(黑农48×垦丰19)衍生的包含160个株系的四向重组自交系群体(FW-RIL)为材料,在哈尔滨(2013-2015年)和克山(2013,2015年)种植,获得的株高、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒质量的表型数据,结合已经构建的包含275个SSR标记的大豆遗传图谱对产量相关性状QTL进行定位。结果表明:在多个环境下重复稳定检测到产量相关性状的QTL 28个,其中10个株高QTL可解释表型变异率在3.20%～11.72%,3个主茎节数QTL可解释表型变异率分别为6.55%,5.70%,3.77%,9个单株荚数QTL可解释表型变异率在2.60%～11.25%,4个百粒质量QTL可解释表型变异率在3.83%～9.35%,2个单株粒数QTL可解释表型变异率分别为8.58%,7.52%;28个多环境重复检测到的产量性状QTL,其中16个QTL是本研究新检测到的,12个与国内外报道过的产量相关性状QTL位点一致,说明QTL检测准确率较高。利用分子标记遗传图谱,定位控制产量相关性状的QTL,为利用分子标记改良大豆产量潜力提供了有力手段。     

大豆遗传资源农艺性状的鉴定和筛选

对来自于中国黄淮海大豆产区、北方大豆产区和南方大豆产区的316个大豆品种的主要农艺性状进行了鉴定和比较。结果表明,育成品种的分枝数、分枝荚数、单株总荚数明显不及农家品种,而其它性状如主茎荚数、单株粒重、单株粒数和百粒重优于农家品种。以育成品种和农家品种分别所作的相关分析表明,主茎荚数、分枝荚数、单株总荚数均与单株粒数和单株粒重呈显著的正相关;主茎节数与株高、主茎荚数、单株总荚数、单株粒重、单株粒数呈显著正相关;分枝数与分枝荚数、单株总荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重呈极显著或非显著正相关,但与主茎荚数呈负向显著相关;单株粒数与单株粒重显著正相关,百粒重与单株粒重正向显著相关,与单株粒数负相关显著。通过比较和分析,就百粒重、生育期和株高筛选出一些具有极端值的品种,可以用作品种选育的亲本和大豆分子育种如转基因受体或分子标记作图群体的遗传材料。     

Post-Flowering Photoperiod Effects on Reproductive Development and Agronomic Traits of Long-Day and Short-Day Crops

Pre-flowering photoperiod effects on floral initiation, flowering time and yield components of various crops have been well studied, but the post-flowering photoperiod effects on major field crops are not clearly understood. A controlled environment study was carried out using six long-day (LD) crops, flax, sugar beet, broad bean, triticale, wheat, and rapeseed, and seven short-day (SD) crops including Adzuki bean, potato, rice, peanut, mungbean, cotton and corn with a major objective of evaluating the post-flowering photoperiod effects on their reproductive development and yield components. There were significant inter- and intra-specific differences in their response to post-flowering photoperiod treatments. The effects of short days on LD crops were similar to LD effects on SD crops. The post-flowering duration was prolonged by short photoperiod in LD crops and long photoperiod in SD crops. There was, however, significant genotypic variation within a species for such effects. The post-flowering LD treatment caused abscission of flowers and pods and the resumption of vegetative growth in Adzuki bean. The post-flowering LD treatment also delayed the shoot senescence of one of the two potato varieties and decreased the number of tubers per plant in both varieties. The LD treatment delayed maturation of rice and mungbean, and decreased seed yield and 100-seed weight of peanut, although the shoot senescence of peanut was not apparently affected. Rapeseed, wheat, cotton and corn genotypes in this study did not show any sensitivity to post-flowering photoperiod. In triticale (an LD crop) exposure to short photoperiod post-flowering increased the number of spikes per plant perhaps due to a greater assimilate accumulation over a longer duration. The results from the current study as well as those from our previous experiments suggest that post-flowering photoperiod responses do exist in diverse field crops, and that there are strong genotypic differences in sensitivity and magnitude of response to post-flowering photoperiod. Photoperiod after flowering substantially regulates the source/sink relationship, and promotes partitioning and accumulation of assimilates to storage organs of crops when it favours the reproductive development of crops.     

不同光周期条件下大豆生育期主基因的效应

以大豆生育期近等基因系为材料, 比较12 h短日照(SD)及16 h长日照(LD)条件下E1/e1、E2/e2、E3/e3、E4/e4、E5/e5、E7/e7等6对生育期相关主基因的效应。结果表明, 在大多数生育期基因型中, 显性位点延迟大豆的开花期和成熟期, 隐性位点提早开花期和成熟期。同一基因在不同遗传背景下的效应值不同, 显性位点可增强其他基因的效应, 说明各基因间存在互作。生育期基因的效应受光周期影响很大, 长日照可增强大豆生育期相关基因的效应, 短日照则相反。此外, 光周期对基因效应的影响因发育阶段不同而变化, 其中, E1基因在大豆营养生长阶段、E4基因在生殖生长阶段受光周期影响较大, 而E3基因在营养生长和生殖发育阶段均受光周期的严格调控。不同光照条件下生育期基因效应的分析结果, 可为不同生态区大豆品种生育期性状的定量设计提供依据。     

QTL Mapping of Important Agronomic Traits on Chromosomes Showing Marker Segregation Distortion in Interspecific Backcross Cotton Populations

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to map QTLs for yield, maturity, and fiber quality traits of cotton interspecific hybrid populations and to mine favorable alleles from the cotton genome for QTL fine mapping, gene cloning, and molecular marker-assisted selection. [Method] Four BC₁F₁ populations, E(E3), E(3E), (E3)E, and (3E)E, were developed by crossing sea island cotton 3-79 ("3") and upland cotton 'Emian 22' ("E"), and with "Emian 22" as the recurrent parent. BC1F2 populations derived from BC1F1 populations were phenotyped to allow mapping of QTLs for yield-, maturity-, and fiber quality-related traits on chromosomes showing segregation distortion. [Result] A normal distribution test indicated that six fiber quality-related traits, except for the micronaire value in E (E3) and the short fiber ratio in all populations, followed a normal distribution pattern; in contrast, earliness-related traits were not normally distributed in all populations, which suggests that genotype-environment interactions have strong effects on maturity-related traits. Using composite interval mapping, 47 QTLs were detected on three chromosomes (2, 16, and 18): 15 in (E3)E, 13 in (3E)E, 12 in E(E3), and 7 in E(3E), with the phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 8.8%–30.9%. A total of 27 fiber-related QTLs were discovered, with the PVE ranging from 9.0%–30.9%. Five yield-related QTLs (PVE = 8.8%–17.4%) and 13 maturity-related QTLs (PVE = 9.4%–19.4%) were also identified. [Conclusion] Comparison analysis showed that most QTLs in our study were consistent with the MetaQTL, including QTLs for boll weight, fiber length, fiber length uniformity, lint percentage, and micronaire value on chromosome 2; QTLs for fiber length, fiber strength, and fiber length uniformity on chromosome 16; and QTLs for boll weight, date of boll opening, fiber length, fiber strength, fiber length uniformity, and micronaire value on chromosome 18. Several detected QTLs in our study were not found in the MetaQTL, such as QTLs for date of boll opening and lint percentage on chromosome 16 and a QTL for the date from seedling to flowering stages on chromosome 18. These newly identified QTLs may provide novel insights for cotton QTL analysis.     

大豆几种光周期处理效应的植物激素解析

研究了大豆光照后效应、开花逆转、光周期对源库关系的调控、摘荚后光周期反应等现象中,内源激素的变化及几种外源生长物质对大豆发育的效应。结果表明,开花前对超早熟大豆品种东农36进行短日处理,明显加快开花后发育速度,降低叶片中的ABA和ZRs含量;幼苗期(VE-V2)对晚熟品种自贡冬豆进行l0 d左右的短日处理,尔后置15 h长     

Mapping quantitative trait loci influencing panicle‐related traits from Chinese common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) using introgression lines

Panicle‐related traits are important agronomic traits which directly associated with grain yield. In this study, we investigated quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with panicle‐related traits using a set of 265 introgression lines (ILs) of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) in the background of Indica high‐yielding cultivar Guichao 2 (O. sativa L.). A total of 39 QTLs associated with panicle‐related traits including panicle length (PL), primary branch number (PBN), secondary branch number (SBN), spikelet number per panicle (SPP) and spikelet density (SD), were detected in the ILs with single‐point analysis. The alleles of 20 QTLs derived from wild rice showed positive effects, and some QTLs, such as, QPl1b for PL, QPbn8 for PBN, QSd4 and QSd11b for SD and QSpp4 for SPP showed larger positive effects, providing good candidates and useful information for marker‐aided improvement of yield potential of rice. Most of the QTLs controlling SPP, SBN and SD were located in cluster or closely linked on chromosomes, and the directions of their additive effects were consistent, which explained the genetic basis of significant correlations between their phenotypic characters.     

以光周期处理与分期播种试验综合鉴定大豆品种的光温反应

设置短日照(12 h)和长日照(16 h)两种光周期处理,并以春播模拟低温、夏播模拟高温条件,形成长日+低温、长日+高温、短日+低温、短日+高温4种光温组合。2007年对近年育成的10个北方春大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]品种(系)和18个黄淮海夏大豆品种(系)进行了光温反应特性鉴定。2008年对50份材料进行了光周期反应鉴定。结果表明,不论在低温(春播)还是高温(夏播)条件下,短日照均加快大豆的发育进程,导致开花提前;不论在长日照还是短日照条件下,高温均减少出苗至初花的日数。光周期和温度对大豆的发育存在明显的互作,随着温度的升高,短日照促进大豆发育的效应有所加强;随着日照的缩短,高温加快发育的作用也有所增大。供试大豆品种生态类型在光周期反应敏感度(PRS)、温度反应敏感度(TRS)及光温综合反应敏感度(PTCRS)等方面均存在显著差异。北方春大豆品种的上述3个指标均小于黄淮海夏大豆品种,但前者在不同光照条件下的温度反应敏感度差值和在不同温度条件下的光周期反应敏感度差值均较后者高,说明北方春大豆品种光温互作效应较强。     

Several stably expressed QTL for spike density of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) in multiple environments

Spike density (SD), an important spike morphological trait associated with wheat yield, is the spikelet number per spike (SNS) divided by spike length (SL). In this study, phenotypic data from eight environments were collected and a recombinant inbred line population (RIL) constructed by the wheat line 20828 and the cultivar 'Chuannong16' and a Wheat55K SNP array-based constructed genetic linkage map were used to identify SD quantitative trait locus (QTL). Correlation between SD and other agronomic traits was calculated. Genes associated with plant growth and development for major loci were predicted. The results showed that 24 QTLs associated with SD were detected in eight environments. Among them, three major QTL, namely QSd.sicau-5B.2, QSd.sicau-2D.3 and QSd.sicau-4B.1, explained up to 35.62%, 14.21% and 11.23% of phenotypic variation, respectively. The positive alleles of them were all derived from 'Chuannong16'. The significant relationships between SD and other agronomic traits were detected and discussed. Taken together, the stably expressed SD QTL under different environments identified in this study provided theoretical guidance for further fine mapping and germplasm improvement.     

大豆产量和产量构成因子及倒伏性的QTL分析

随机选取中豆29×中豆32重组自交系群体中165个家系作为2年田间试验材料,分析大豆单株产量、产量构成因子及倒伏性等性状的相关性和遗传效应,并检测各性状QTL。结果表明,38个与产量、产量构成因子及倒伏性状等有关的QTL,主要集中在C2、F和I连锁群。表型相关分析结果与QTL定位结果一致。在F连锁群上,2年均检测到倒伏QTL qLD-15-1,解释的表型变异超过20%,与百粒重和分枝荚数QTL分别位于相同和相邻标记区间,表明产量相关性状与倒伏性存在一定的关联。在I连锁群上,每荚粒数QTL和二、三、四粒荚数QTL不仅于同一位置,解释的表型变异为32%~65%,并且2个年份均重复出现,每荚粒数和四粒荚数QTL与二、三粒荚数QTL的增效基因分别来自不同的亲本。这4个粒荚性状QTL的共位性与表型相关分析结果一致,证实每荚粒数和四粒荚数与二、三粒荚数分别由不同的机制调控,对于育种上探讨以改良大豆粒荚性状为途径提高大豆产量,提供了重要依据。     

甘蓝型油菜产量及相关性状的QTL分析

高产是甘蓝型油菜育种的重要目标之一，产量是多基因控制的数量性状。本文通过QTL作图分析了产量及其相关性状的数量性状位点，以甘蓝型油菜中油821和保604 F₁代小孢子培养获得的DH系为作图群体，构建了由20个连锁群组成的，包括251个分子标记( 2个RFLP标记，72个RAPD标记，91个SSR标记，86个SRAP标记)的遗传连锁图(10个标记没有分配到连锁群中)。图谱的平均图距为6.96 cM，共覆盖油菜基因组1 746.5 cM。在此图谱基础上采取复合区间作图法，检测到与油菜产量及其相关性状有关的QTL共17个。其中控制株高的3个分别位于第4、第9和第10连锁群上，对性状的解释率为9.42%～17.58%；与分枝部位有关的4个分别位于第4、第6和第7连锁群上，其中Bp1 和Bp2 均位于第4连锁群，对性状的解释率为8.13%～15.20%；与主花序有效长有关的3个分别位于第4、第10和第16连锁群上，对性状的解释率为7.49%～23.36%；与一次有效分枝有关的2个分别位于第1、第4连锁群上，对性状的解释率为15.29%～19.58%；与角果总数和千粒重有关的分别位于第4连锁群和第9连锁群上，贡献率分别为17.42%和7.64%；与单株产量有关的3个分别位于第3、第4和第15连锁群，共解释26.60%的表型变异。部分性状的QTL在连锁群上成簇分布,对性状贡献率很大，表现主效QTLs的特点，相应的性状之间也呈显著相关，这表明一因多效或者相关的QTLs之间紧密连锁是性状相关的遗传基础。本研究中与主效QTLs连锁的标记可用于油菜产量性状的分子标记辅助选择。     

江汉平原大豆品系表型分析及综合评价

种质资源是大豆育种的基础,理论方法是品种选育的关键。以64份大豆品系为材料,采用变异性分析、相关性分析、因子分析和聚类分析等多元分析方法相结合,对大豆品系的10个农艺性状及产量性状进行研究,筛选适宜江汉平原种植的大豆品系,同时探究影响大豆产量的关键因素,为选育优质高产大豆品种提供种质和理论依据。结果表明,大豆品系10个农艺性状的变异系数为4.19%~46.95%,有效分枝数变异系数最大,蛋白质含量变异系数最小;因子分析将10个农艺性状转化为4个主因子,分别为产量构成因子、株高因子、粒重因子和品质因子,累计贡献率为80.067%。由农艺性状与综合得分相关性分析可知,生育期、株高、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和蛋白质含量7个农艺性状可作为大豆品系综合评价指标。聚类分析将64份大豆品系分成3个类群,类群Ⅰ31份,类群Ⅱ24份,类群Ⅲ 9份,类群Ⅲ大豆品系综合表现较好,适宜在江汉平原种植。