MMS对白花泡桐种子发芽率和内源激素的影响

在白花泡桐种子萌发的不同时段、采用不同浓度的甲基磺酸甲酯对种子进行不同时间浸泡处理,记录种子发芽率,测定各处理种苗的内源激素含量.结果表明:在3种因素中,不同时段的处理对种子发芽率和GA含量影响极显著;浸泡时间对ABA含量影响显著;而3种因素对种子芽内的IAA含量、ZR含量影响均不显著;GA含量与种子的发芽率成正相关.     

Mutagenic Action of Ethyl Methanesulfonate in Maize

Pollen of corn plants carrying three closely linked genes (alpha beta Sh(2)) on chromosome 3 were treated by ethyl methanesulfonate in order to determine the nature of genetic changes produced. In this genetic material the loss of the beta gene alone represents a discrete genetic change, possibly a point mutation, while the loss of two or more markers represents chromosome aberrations. Ethyl methanesulfonate, x-rays, and ultraviolet light all induced numerous chromosome aberrations, but only ultraviolet light and probably ethyl methanesulfonate induced discrete genetic changes.     

N-nitroso compounds: detection in ambient air

By use of a new, highly selective detection technique for N-nitroso compounds, which is sensitive to picogram quantities and which is based on the catalytic cleavage of the N-NO bond and the subsequent detection of the nitrosyl radical, dimethylnitrosamine has been found in concentrations of 0.02 to 0.96 part per billion in three out of five air samples from Baltimore, Maryland, and 0.014 to 0.051 part per billion in five out of six air samples from Belle, West Virginia. The sensitivity of the analytical procedures used was 1 part in 10(12). The presence of dimethylnitrosamine has been confirmed by using the new detector in conjunction with both a gas-liquid chromatograph and a high-performance liquid chromatograph. In addition, between one and three as yet unidentified N-nitroso compounds were detected in both cities. N-Nitroso compounds were not found in air samples from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Wilmington, Delaware; and Waltham, Massachusetts.     

HRR25, a putative protein kinase from budding yeast: association with repair of damaged DNA

In simple eukaryotes, protein kinases regulate mitotic and meiotic cell cycles, the response to polypeptide pheromones, and the initiation of nuclear DNA synthesis. The protein HRR25 from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was defined by the mutation hrr25-1. This mutation resulted in sensitivity to continuous expression of the HO double-strand endonuclease, to methyl methanesulfonate, and to x-irradiation. Homozygotes of hrr25-1 were unable to sporulate and disruption and deletion of HRR25 interfered with mitotic and meiotic cell division. Sequence analysis revealed two distinctive regions in the protein. The NH2-terminus of HRR25 contains the hallmark features of protein kinases, whereas the COOH-terminus is rich in proline and glutamine. Mutations in HRR25 at conserved residues found in all protein kinases inactivated the gene, and these mutants exhibited the hrr25 null phenotypes. Taken together, the hrr25 mutant phenotypes and the features of the gene product indicate that HRR25 is a distinctive member of the protein kinase superfamily.     

Latent meiotic anomalies related to an ancestral exposure to a mutagenic agent

When urethan is administered to cytologically normal F(2) progeny descended from grandsires exposed to ethyl methanesulfonate, meiotic anomalies in the forms of site-specific X-chromosome deletions and bivalent associations are noted in spermatocytes of male Armenian hamsters examined 6 and 8 days after treatment, respectively. These latent anomalies are initiated and retained in a premutated state for two generations after the ancestral exposure to ethyl methanesulfonate, the additional impetus required to complete the mutational processes being supplied by urethan.     

Mouse leukemia virus activation by chemical carcinogens

The induction of lymphomas in C57BL mice by methylcholanthrene, urethan, or diethylnitrosamine was accompanied by the development of murine leukemia viral antigen in most of the lymphoid tumors. The cell-free transmission of lymphomas induced by methylcholanthrene and the development of antibody to murine leukemia virus prior to the detection of overt lymphoma in these mice suggest that unmasking of a latent leukemia virus is an indigenous actuating cause of the lymphomas.     

Tumor-specific antigens detected by inhibition of macrophage migration

Tumor-specific antigens of a guinea pig hepatoma induced by diethylnitrosamine were detected by the inhibition of migration of specifically sensitized macrophages from capillary tubes, and by the local passive transfer of delayed skin hypersensitivity and the suppression of growth of intradermally same injected tumor.     

除草剂甲磺隆·苄嘧磺隆与过氧化氢酶相互作用对其活性的影响

[目的]探讨除草剂甲磺隆和苄嘧磺隆和过氧化氢酶的相互作用。[方法]用油菜作为指示生物,采用高锰酸钾滴定法,通过水培试验研究除草剂甲磺隆、苄嘧磺隆和过氧化氢酶相互作用对其活性的影响。[结果]当固定除草剂浓度为2.5μg/ml,随着过氧化氢酶的浓度不断增大,油菜平均根长反而不断减小。表明过氧化氢酶的存在会促进除草剂甲磺隆、苄嘧磺隆被植物体的吸收,使甲磺隆、苄嘧磺隆与受体作用增强,对油菜类作物毒害作用增强,而且环境中过氧化氢酶的浓度越大,其危害越大。除草剂甲磺隆、苄嘧磺隆对过氧化氢酶活性没有影响,即除草剂甲磺隆、苄嘧磺隆不是过氧化氢酶的抑制剂。[结论]该研究为磺酰脲类除草剂的作用机理研究奠定了基础。     

An Altered aroA Gene Product Confers Resistance to the Herbicide Glyphosate

The hypothesis that the herbicide glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) acts on plants and microorganisms by inhibiting synthesis of 5-enolpyruvyl-3-phosphoshikimate, a precursor to aromatic amino acids, was tested. Salmonella typhimurium was treated with ethyl methanesulfonate, and mutants mapping at the aroA locus, which encodes 5-enolpyruvyl-3-phosphoshikimate synthetase, were isolated by selection for glyphosate resistance. One of the mutants results in the synthesis of a 5-enolpyruvyl-3-phosphoshikimate synthetase that is resistant to inhibition by glyphosate. The mutant aroA gene and the corresponding wild-type allele were cloned. The mutation confers high resistance to glyphosate when introduced in Escherichia coli in the presence or absence of the wild-type aroA allele.     

Field and vegetable crop mutants with increased resistance to herbicides

Wheat mutants with increased seedling resistance to terbutryn (2-tertbutylamino-4-ethylamino-6-methylthio-s-triazine) and tomato mutants with increased resistance to diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) were selected by the experimenters out of populations grown from seeds treated with ethyl methanesulfonate. Induced mutations may thus provide a tool for breeding crop cultivars with increased resistance to certain herbicides.     

Vitamin E reversal of the effect of extracellular calcium on chemically induced toxicity in hepatocytes

Isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated in the presence or absence of extracellular calcium and alpha-tocopherol succinate with three different toxic chemicals; namely, adriamycin in combination with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, ethyl methanesulfonate, and the calcium ionophore A23187. In the absence of extracellular calcium these three compounds were far more toxic to the cells than in its presence. The addition of vitamin E to calcium-free medium, however, protected hepatocytes against toxic injury, whereas cells incubated in medium containing calcium were not protected. Hepatocyte viability during each toxic insult correlated well with the cellular alpha-tocopherol content but not with the presence or absence of extracellular calcium. These results suggest that cellular alpha-tocopherol maintains the viability of the cell during a toxic insult and that the presence or absence of vitamin E in the incubation medium probably explains the conflicting reports on the role of extracellular calcium in toxic cell death.     

FgHAT2 is involved in regulating vegetative growth,conidiation, DNA damage repair,DON production and virulence in Fusarium graminearum

Histone lysine acetylation is catalyzed by acetyltransferases(HATs), which is important in regulating gene expression and physiological function in eukaryotic cells. HATs can be classified into two main types: A-and B-type HATs. Recently, in Fusarium graminearum, it has been reported that A-type HATs are involved in hyphal development, conidiation, sexual reproduction and virulence. However, the biological roles of B-type HATs are unknown. Here we report the identification and characterization of two B-type HATs(FgHat1 and FgHat2) in F. graminearum. Targeted deletion of FgHAT1 did not result in any detectable phenotypes. However, ΔFghat2 mutants were severely defective in vegetative growth, conidia production and morphogenesis, deoxynivalenol(DON) biosynthesis and virulence. Interestingly, deletion of Fg HAT2 resulted in significantly increased sensitivity to the DNA-damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate(MMS). Furthermore, double deletion mutants(ΔFghat1ΔFghat2) displayed similar phenotypes to the ΔFghat2 mutants. Taken together, we conclude that FgHat2 but not FgHat1 plays essential roles in regulating morphogenesis, DNA damage repair, DON production and virulence in F. graminearum.     

Gene mapping and candidate gene analysis of aberrant-floral spikelet 1(afs1) in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

The spikelet is a unique inflorescence structure in grasses. However, the molecular mechanism that regulates its development remains unclear, and we therefore characterize a spikelet mutant of rice(Oryza sativa L.), aberrant-floral spikelet 1(afs1), which was derived from treatment of Xinong 1 B with ethyl methanesulfonate. In the afs1 mutant, the spikelet developed an additional lemma-like organ alongside the other normally developed floral organs, and the paleae were degenerated to differing degrees with or without normally developed inner floral organs. Genetic analysis revealed that the afs1 phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. The AFS1 gene was mapped between the insertion/deletion(In Del) marker Indel19 and the simple sequence repeat marker RM16893, with a physical distance of 128.5 kb on chromosome 4. Using sequence analysis, we identified the deletion of a 5-bp fragment and a transversion from G to A within LOC_Os04 g32510/LAX2, which caused early termination of translation in the afs1 mutant. These findings suggest that AFS1 may be a new allele of LAX2, and is involved in the development of floral organs by regulating the expression of genes related to their development. The above results provide a new view on the function of LAX2, which may also regulate the development of spikelets.     

苄嘧磺隆对蛋白核小球藻的生长效应研究

通过不同浓度的苄嘧磺隆对蛋白核小球藻的96h急性毒性试验，研究苄嘧磺隆对蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa）的生长效应。结果表明，低浓度苄嘧磺隆（<1mg/L）具有刺激藻细胞生长的作用，其叶绿素含量和蛋白质含量均有明显的增加；高浓度的苄嘧磺隆(>5mg/L)抑制藻的生长，藻细胞叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量随药剂浓度增加而明显下降，且表现出较好的计量－效应关系，其对蛋白核小球藻的96h-EC50值为15.7mg/L。     

二十碳五烯酸甲酯标准样品的研制

以深海鱼油为基础原料,将其皂化水解为游离脂肪酸,经尿素—甲醇包合粗分离后,以硫酸—甲醇甲酯化,再经硝酸银—硅胶柱层析精分离,得到高纯度的二十碳五烯酸甲酯标准物质。经定值检测,确定其化合物纯度≥98%。     

家蚕人工饲养配方研究

比较四种成分不同的人工饲料配方,其饲料成本、疏毛率、蚕体生长发育及防腐性能均有明显 的差异。用豆腐渣、乙醇处理豆饼粉、甲醇处理豆饼粉及未处理豆粉配制成人工饲料饲养小蚕,收蚁后 ４８ ｈ的疏毛率分别为６８．２％,８４．７％,９５．４％和８０．９％,结果表明以乙醇和甲醇浸提处理后的豆饼粉配 制人工饲料,蚕的疏毛率和生长发育速度均有显著改善,其中以甲醇处理为最好。     

水稻向地性突变体的鉴定与遗传和定位分析

从水稻籼稻品种E优428的诱变M1代群体中获得向地性突变体la(t),该突变体在苗期倒伏生长,成熟期呈匍匐型生长,其它性状未发现异常。初步的生理研究表明该突变体不受外源激素(2,4-D,赤酶素)和光照的影响,并失去了感受重力的能力。遗传分析表明,该突变属单基因隐性突变,将该基因暂定名为la(t)。利用该突变体与籼稻品种D62B杂交,构建了F2代分离群体,用微卫星标记分析,将该基因定位于水稻第11染色体上的微卫星标记Lu2和Lu18之间,与目的基因分别相距1.0和1.7cM。通过电子杂交的方法将该基因所在区域的遗传图谱整合到国际水稻基因组计划的水稻第11染色体物理图谱中,其la(t)基因两端毗连的Lu2和Lu18SSR标记之间的物理距离约为140～200kb。为用图位克隆法分离此目的基因和研究水稻向地性生长的分子机理奠定基础。     

Metal ion activation of phosphate transfer by bidentate coordination

The hydrolysis of methyl phosphate bound to the triethylenetetramine-cobalt(III) ion is much faster than the hydrolysis of either dimethyl phosphate bound to the same cation or methyl phosphate bound to the pentamminecobalt-(III) ion. The rate enhancement is attributed to bidenate coordination of the methyl phosphate. This feature suggests a pseudorotation mechanism analogous to that proposed by Westheimer for the hydrolysis of ethylene methyl phosphate. Stabilization of bidentate coordination might play a role in metal ion activation of phosphate-transfer enzymes.     

解毒酶降解甲基对硫磷的研究

为验证产碱假单胞菌代谢产生的解毒酶对农药的降解作用,研究了该酶对水体系和蔬菜中的甲基对硫磷的降解规律,同时采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析了酶作用后甲基对硫磷的降解产物。结果表明:此酶可以有效降解甲基对硫磷的残留,且酶浓度越高,其降解效果越好。当水体系中甲基对硫磷起始浓度为03 mg/L时,添加320 mg/L的酶作用90 min后,甲基对硫磷的降解效果可达81.7%;当蔬菜体系中甲基对硫磷浓度为0.5 mg/kg时,添加相同量的酶作用60 min后,甲基对硫磷的降解效果可达58.5%。通过GC-MS确定降解产物为4-硝基酚,水体系中甲基对硫磷的降解规律符合一级反应动力学模型(R2>0.84),这为促进其在实际生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

茉莉酸甲酯局部诱导长白落叶松对舞毒蛾生长发育的影响

为了解茉莉酸甲酯局部处理对林木诱导抗虫性的影响,本研究以长白落叶松幼苗为试验材料,分别用浓度为0.01、0.10和1.00mmoL/L的茉莉酸甲酯全株或局部喷施处理,分析不同处理苗木对舞毒蛾生长和繁殖的影响。结果表明,取食3个浓度茉莉酸甲酯局部或全株处理过的长白落叶松后,舞毒蛾的3~6龄幼虫平均质量、蛹质量以及成虫产卵量与对照组相比均显著下降(P<0.05),幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率也都低于对照组,且相同浓度的局部处理与全株处理间结果相近,无显著差异(P>0.05),其中0.10mmoL/L茉莉酸甲酯局部处理诱导效果最好。本研究结果说明3个浓度茉莉酸甲酯局部和全株处理后均能不同程度诱导长白落叶松增强其对舞毒蛾生长发育的抑制能力,并且茉莉酸甲酯局部喷施长白落叶松可以达到全株喷施的诱导效果,以0.10mmoL/L浓度的诱导效果最好。