蛋白质组学技术及其在动物营养学中的研究进展

后基因组时代,蛋白质组学提供了从蛋白质整体活动的角度来研究生命活动规律的技术,为动物营养学提供了重要的研究手段和新的研究思路。目前,蛋白质组学技术在动物营养研究中已有广泛的应用。在介绍蛋白质组学技术支撑方法的同时,综析蛋白质组学技术在畜禽和水产等动物营养学中的应用现状,并探讨其应用前景,旨在为动物营养学相关研究提供一定借鉴。     

HMGCR基因多态性与肉牛屠宰性状相关性分析

蛋白质作为功能基因表达的产物,直接或间接参与机体内各种生命代谢活动的调控,为人类认识各种生命活动的本质提供了直观的分子学基础.随着后基因组时代的到来,蛋白质组学必将在包括动物科学在内的众多生物学研究领域内发挥巨大的作用.论文介绍了蛋白质组学的研究现状及其在动物肉品质、奶品质、禽蛋、动物毛发和动物疾病等研究方面的应用,并对应用中的具体理论依据和技术手段进行说明.     

蛋白质组学在动物科学研究中的应用

蛋白质作为功能基因表达的产物,直接或间接参与机体内各种生命代谢活动的调控,为人类认识各种生命活动的本质提供了直观的分子学基础。随着后基因组时代的到来,蛋白质组学必将在包括动物科学在内的众多生物学研究领域内发挥巨大的作用。论文介绍了蛋白质组学的研究现状及其在动物肉品质、奶品质、禽蛋、动物毛发和动物疾病等研究方面的应用,并对应用中的具体理论依据和技术手段进行说明。     

蛋白质组学及其在家畜研究中的应用

蛋白质作为生物体内的生命物质,是生命现象的体现者。因而基于蛋白质组学的研究存在更贴近生命活动的优势,可以更加有效地阐明机体生命活动的内在机制,所以其在应用研究中存在重要的潜在价值。蛋白质组学的研究对于畜牧产业的健康发展发挥着举足轻重的作用。不仅对于提高肉、蛋、乳品质提供新的契机,而且为畜禽疾病的鉴别/诊断与治疗提供新的思路和方法。本文综述了蛋白质组学的研究内容、蛋白质样品的获得和制备、蛋白质表达分析所依赖的仪器及其技术或方法的优缺点,最后通过其在家畜研究中的实例揭示蛋白质组在未来畜牧业研究中的潜在价值。     

蛋白质组学在动物科学研究中的应用研究

作为功能基因表达的一种产物,蛋白质会对机体各种生命代谢活动产生间接或是直接的调控者作用,并为人体生命活动提供本质上直观的分子学基础.随着后基因组时代的来临,蛋白质组学在以动物科学为代表的生物学研究方面表现出了较高的应用价值.本文就对蛋白质组学在动物科学研究中的应用方法和现状进行了分析.     

牛肉品质蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质组学是后基因组时代出现的一个新研究领域。中国牛肉目前仍需要大量进口,提高牛肉肉品质一直是我国畜牧和食品行业科研工作者尽心研究的一大课题。随着基因组学的发展,从蛋白质水平研究肉品质及形成机理,对提高肉品质有着重要的意义。肌肉主要由水及蛋白质等成分组成,且肌肉的性状以及品质主要就是由蛋白质来表达的。因此,研究牛肉蛋白质组学对认知以及调控牛肉的品质具有重要意义。本文主要对蛋白质组学的研究技术及其在牛肉品质研究中的应用做简要介绍。     

蛋白质组学技术在动物营养与健康研究中的应用现状

蛋白质是功能基因转录翻译表达的产物,能直接或间接作用到动物生理活动和代谢调控中,是后基因组时代研究生命生理活动重要的分子学基础。蛋白质组学具有高通量和全面性的特点,可对动物机体组织或细胞全部的蛋白质进行鉴定和分析,是目前基于蛋白质水平研究生命活动规律重要的技术手段。文章简要介绍蛋白质组学技术内容和方法同时,对蛋白质组学技术在动物产品品质、分子营养原理与调控及动物健康等方面的应用现状做以综述,旨在为该技术在动物营养与健康研究中的应用提供一定的理论依据和技术借鉴。     

动物科学中的蛋白质组学技术应用

人类基因组计划的不断发展进步,让生命科学的研究进入了后基因组时代。蛋白质作为结构功能和生理功能的直接体现者,阐明了生命现象的本质和规律。随着在细胞和生命整体水平上的深入研究,蛋白质组学得以迅速发展,并已成为研究蛋白质结构、表达和功能的一门强大学科。对蛋白质组学的研究内容、最新技术和方法及其在动物科学上的应用和前景等进行了阐述,旨在为动物科学领域的研究和生产实践提供理论依据和科学指导。     

蛋白质组学在动物医学中的应用研究进展

利用蛋白质组学技术研究动物疾病,能发现与疾病发生,发展和转归过程密切相关的蛋白质及其变化特征,为相关疫苗和新型药物的开发提供新的途径.论文从蛋白质组在动物病毒性疾病、细菌性疾病、寄生虫病及其他营养代谢病方面的研究进展进行综述.     

铬对动物生产性能和肉品质影响的研究进展

铬是动物体内必需微量矿物元素之一,与其他矿物元素共同对人和动物体内碳水化合物、脂类和蛋白质等代谢起着重要的作用。因其在生产和肉质改善上有显著的效果,关于铬制剂对动物生长性能和肉品质影响的研究日益增多,其在动物生产上的应用也越来越广泛。但是,与其他微量无素相比,人们对铬的了解还较少。因此,对铬元素的生物学功能及铬制剂对动物生产性能和肉品质影响的研究进展进行综述,旨在为铬在动物生产中科学的应用提供借鉴和参考。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein