5年生种植人参对成年大鼠糖脂代谢及下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴功能变化的影响

目的观察5年生种植人参食用对成年大鼠糖脂代谢及下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴功能变化的影响,探讨人参食用对机体内分泌系统功能的调节作用。方法正常成年Wistar大鼠随机分为10组,即:对照组,5年生种植人参原粉小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参水提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参醇提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,每组14只。各组大鼠连续灌胃给药3个月,观察糖脂代谢及下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴功能变化。结果与对照组比较,人参醇提物中、大剂量组可使正常成年大鼠血糖明显降低(P0.05或P0.01),人参原粉及人参醇提物中、大剂量组均可使正常成年大鼠TG明显降低(P0.05或P0.01),人参水提物中剂量组可使正常成年大鼠T4明显降低(P0.05),人参原粉、人参水提物及人参醇提物各剂量组对正常成年大鼠甲状腺脏器系数及血清中CHO、TSH、T3含量均无明显影响(P0.05)。结论人参醇提物对正常成年大鼠具有糖脂代谢调节作用;人参原粉及人参水提物对正常成年大鼠的糖脂代谢及下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴无明显影响。     

Effect of chronic ethanol exposure on the liver of Clock-mutant mice

In humans, chronic ethanol consumption leads to a characteristic set of changes to the metabolism of lipids in the liver that is referred to as an "alcoholic fatty liver (AFL)". In severe cases, these metabolic changes result in the enlargement and fibrillization of the liver and are considered risk factors for cirrhosis and liver cancer. Clock-mutant mice have been shown to display abnormal lipid metabolism and alcohol preferences. To further understand the potential interactions between ethanol consumption, lipid metabolism, and the circadian clock, we investigated the effect of chronic ethanol intake on the lipid metabolism of Clock-mutant mice. We found that ethanol treatment produced a number of changes in the liver of Clock-mutant mice without impacting the wild-type controls. First, we found that 8 weeks of exposure to ethanol in the drinking water increased the weight of the liver in Clock-mutant mice. Ethanol treatment also increased triglyceride content of liver in Clock-mutant and wild-type mice. This increase was larger in the mutant mice. Finally, ethanol treatment altered the expression of a number of genes related to lipid metabolism in the Clock-mutant mice. Interestingly, this treatment did not impact circadian clock gene expression in the liver of either genotype. Thus, ethanol produces a number of changes in the liver of Clock-mutant mice that are not seen in the wild-type mice. These changes are consistent with the possibility that disturbance of circadian rhythmicity associated with the Clock mutation could be a risk factor for the development of an alcoholic fatty liver.     

Effect of in utero exposure of Toddy (coconut palm wine) on liver function and lipid metabolism in rat fetuses

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a country liquor Toddy (Coconut palm wine) and an equivalent quantity of ethanol on liver function and lipid metabolism in utero. Female albino rats with an average weight of 125± 5 g were exposed to Toddy from coconut palm (24.5 ml/kg-1 body weight/day) and ethanol (0.52 ml/kg body weight/day) for 15 days before conception and during pregnancy. On day 13 and day 19 of gestation, altered liver function and hyperlipidemia were seen in the fetuses of both the treated groups. Altered liver function was evidenced by the increased activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (aspartate amino transferase (GOT)), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (alanine amino transferase (GPT)). Hyperlipidemia was caused by increased biosynthesis since the incorporation of 14C acetate into lipids and activities of HMG CoA reductase and lipogenic enzymes were elevated. Toddy treated fetuses were more severely affected than those exposed to an equivalent quantity of ethanol. Toddy seemed to potentiate the toxicity induced by alcohol suggesting the role of non alcoholic components. Hepatic functions of the day 13 fetuses were effected to a lesser degree than those in the day 19 hepatic liver.     

Effect of exposure to a country liquor (Toddy) during gestation on lipid metabolism in rats

The objective of this study was to determine theeffects of country liquor Toddy and its equivalentquantity of ethanol on lipid metabolism duringgestation in rats. Female rats weighing an average of125 g were exposed to Toddy (24.5 ml/body weight/day)and ethanol (0.52 ml/kg body weight/day) for 15 daysbefore conception and throughout gestation. On the19th day of gestation, altered liver function andhyperlipidemia was seen in both the treated groups.Altered liver function was evidenced by the increasedactivity of alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehydedehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase oraspartate amino transferase (GOT), glutamic pyruvictransaminase or alanine amino transferase (GPT) andgamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Hyperlipidemiawas caused by increased biosynthesis and decreaseddegradation of lipids. The incorporation of ¹⁴Cacetate in lipids and activities of HMG CoA reductaseand lipogenic enzymes were elevated and activity ofLPL and bile acids contents were decreased. Toddytreated rats were more severely affected than thosereceiving an equivalent quantity of ethanol. Toddyseemed to potentiate the toxicity induced by alcoholindicating the role of the nonethanolic portion.Hepatic functions were also affected.     

茶多酚改善胰岛素抵抗的初步研究

研究了茶多酚（Tea Polyphenols,TP）降低肝脏中甘油三酯（Triglyceride, TG）含量从而对2型糖尿病性脂肪肝模型大鼠胰岛素抵抗的改善作用。健康SD大鼠分为6组：健康组、模型组、TP组、二甲双胍组、FL组和FL+TP组。所有大鼠在实验结束时测量体重、血清甘油三酯、肝脏中甘油三酯、空腹血糖、血清胰岛素等指标。TP组和二甲双胍组较模型组空腹血糖、血清胰岛素含量和胰岛素敏感指数下降;FL+TP组、TP组较FL组、模型组肝脏中甘油三酯含量下降。茶多酚可显著降低肝脏中的甘油三酯含量,调节脂代谢紊乱并改善胰岛素抵抗。     

5年生种植人参对成年大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能的影响

目的观察5年生种植人参食用对成年大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的影响,探讨人参食用对机体内分泌系统功能的调节作用。方法正常成年Wistar大鼠随机分为10组,即:对照组,5年生种植人参原粉小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参水提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参醇提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,每组14只。各组大鼠连续灌胃给药3个月,观察下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴变化。结果与对照组比较,人参原粉中、大剂量组和人参醇提物大剂量组均可使正常成年大鼠血浆CRH含量降低(P0.05),人参原粉大剂量组和人参醇提物中、大剂量组均可使正常成年大鼠血浆ACTH的含量降低(P0.05),人参原粉、人参水提物和人参醇提物各剂量组对正常成年大鼠血清GH,肾上腺、垂体脏器系数以及体重均无明显影响(P0.05)。结论人参原粉和人参醇提物对正常成年大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴具有一定的调节作用。     

5年生种植人参对成年大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能的影响

目的观察5年生种植人参食用对成年大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的影响,探讨人参食用对机体内分泌系统功能的调节作用。方法正常成年Wistar大鼠随机分为10组,即:对照组,5年生种植人参原粉小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参水提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参醇提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,每组14只。各组大鼠连续灌胃给药3个月,观察下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴变化。结果与对照组比较,人参原粉中、大剂量组和人参醇提物大剂量组均可使正常成年大鼠血浆CRH含量降低(P0.05),人参原粉大剂量组和人参醇提物中、大剂量组均可使正常成年大鼠血浆ACTH的含量降低(P0.05),人参原粉、人参水提物和人参醇提物各剂量组对正常成年大鼠血清GH,肾上腺、垂体脏器系数以及体重均无明显影响(P0.05)。结论人参原粉和人参醇提物对正常成年大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴具有一定的调节作用。     

茯砖茶对NAFLD大鼠肠道黏膜屏障及肝损伤的保护作用研究

为探讨茯砖茶对高脂诱导的非酒精性脂肪肝病（Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD）大鼠肠黏膜屏障及肝损伤的保护作用,将SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常组、NAFLD组、茯砖茶低、高剂量组,每组8只。通过分析大鼠的采食量、体重变化、血脂指标、肝脏指标及病理切片来评估NAFLD大鼠模型的构建情况及茯砖茶的干预作用。通过分析空肠与结肠病理及PAS染色切片、绒毛高度/隐窝深度值（V/C值）、血清二胺氧化酶（DAO）和脂多糖（LPS）活力评估肠道完整性和通透性;通过分析空肠上皮间淋巴细胞（JIL）数量和血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）活力评估肠道相关炎症。结果表明,茯砖茶能减少NAFLD大鼠的采食量和体重,降低血脂水平,减少血清中谷草转氨酶（AST）和谷丙转氨酶（ALT）活力,并抑制肝脏的脂质聚集和炎细胞浸润。茯砖茶还降低了血清炎症因子TNF-α和血清LPS的水平,并使血清DAO活力上升。同时,茯砖茶抑制了NAFLD大鼠空肠和结肠绒毛中发生的炎细胞浸润现象,减少了空肠绒毛脱落、断裂、稀疏和紊乱现象,增加了空肠绒毛V/C值,降低了空肠上皮间淋巴细胞数量,增加了空肠和结肠的杯状细胞数量。这些结果说明,茯砖茶能够有效的改善高脂饮食诱导的肠道黏膜屏障及肝损伤,起到防治NAFLD的作用。     

5年生种植人参对成年大鼠下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的调节作用

目的观察5年生种植人参食用对成年大鼠下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的影响,探讨人参食用对机体内分泌系统功能的调节作用。方法正常成年Wistar大鼠随机分为10组,即:对照组,5年生种植人参原粉小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参水提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参醇提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,每组14只。各组大鼠连续灌胃给药3个月,观察下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的变化。结果与对照组比较,人参原粉中、大剂量组,人参水提物大剂量组和人参醇提物中、大剂量组均可使正常成年大鼠血清FSH的含量降低(P0.05或P0.01),人参原粉中剂量组可以使正常大鼠前列腺脏器系数升高(P0.05),人参原粉小、大剂量组可以使正常大鼠睾丸+附睾脏器系数升高(P0.05),人参原粉、人参水提物和人参醇提物各剂量组对正常成年雄性大鼠血清T、Cor.及海绵体组织中NO的含量,雌性大鼠血清E2、Cor.的含量,血清中LH的含量及阴茎、子宫和卵巢脏器系数均无明显影响(P0.05)。结论人参原粉、人参水提物和人参醇提物对正常成年大鼠下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴具有一定的调节作用。     

Hepatotherapeutic effect of Aloe vera in alcohol-induced hepatic damage

There is a lack of reliable hepatotherapeutic drugs in modern medicine in the management of alcohol/drug-induced liver damage. Aloe vera extract has been used in folklore medicine for its medicinal values. This study evaluates the hepatotherapeutic activity of aqueous extract of Aloe vera gel in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups; the negative control, positive control and the extract-treated groups. The negative control received only distilled water daily. The positive control received alcohol, while the extract-treated group received aqueous extract of Aloe vera and alcohol. Hepatotoxicity was induced in the positive control and extract-treated rats with alcohol. The hepatotherapeutic effect was evaluated by performing an assay of the serum total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate and alanine transaminases and liver histopathology. Alanine transaminase activities were comparable in all groups. Alcohol treatment alone significantly (p < 0.05) increased total serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase activities. Alcohol-induced hepatic dysfunction was abrogated by Aloe vera extract. Histopathological examination revealed that alcohol induced hepatic damage. Aloe vera treatment maintained hepatic architecture similar to that seen in the control. This study shows that aqueous extract of Aloe vera gel is hepatotherapeutic and thus lends credence to the use of the plant in folklore medicine in the management of alcohol-induced hepatic dysfunction.     

Chitosan Oligosaccharide Alleviates Abnormal Glucose Metabolism without Inhibition of Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in a High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model

This study investigated the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on glucose metabolism and hepatic steatosis in a high-fat (HF) diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Male Wistar rats were divided into: (1) normal control (NC group), (2) HF diet (HF group), (3) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes with HF diet (DF group), and DF group supplemented with (4) 0.5% COS (D0.5F group), (5) 1% COS (D1F group), and (6) 5% COS (D5F group) for 4 weeks. COS supplementation significantly decreased the plasma glucose, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels, and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity, and significantly increased hepatic hexokinase activity and glycogen content in diabetic rats; but the increased hepatic TG and TC levels could not be significantly decreased by COS supplementation. Supplementation of COS increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased lipid peroxidation products in the diabetic rat livers. COS supplementation significantly increased phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein expression, and attenuated protein expression of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and phosphorylated p38 and renal sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) in diabetic rats. These results suggest that COS may possess a potential for alleviating abnormal glucose metabolism in diabetic rats through the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid peroxidation and renal SGLT2 expression.     

Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic and Antiglycation Effects of Byrsonima crassifolia Fruit and Seed in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

The hypoglycemic effects of hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts from fruits and seeds of Byrsonima crassifolia were evaluated by oral administration to normoglycemic and streptozotocin-induced severe diabetic rats (SD). The anti-diabetic effect was examined by blood glucose, triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, total cholesterol levels in the serum, glycogen content of liver and skeletal muscles, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. The most active extracts were obtained with hexane. Hexane and chloroform extracts from fruits and seeds of Byrsonima crassifolia increased the levels of SOD, GSH, GSSG and CAT, hepatic glycogen content, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and the plasma insulin levels. They also decreased glucokinase (GK) and TBAR (thiobarbituric acid assay). In conclusion, Byrsonima crassifolia possesses significant antihyperglycemic properties after 4 h of a single oral dose. It can also improve hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Both extracts exhibited significant inhibitory activity against AGEs (advanced glycation end products) formation with IC₅₀ values ranging from 94.3 to 138.7 μg/ml. Therefore, B. crassifolia can be considered as a potential safe anti-diabetic agent.     

Biochemical and Molecular Study of the Influence of Amaranthus hypochondriacus Flour on Serum and Liver Lipids in Rats Treated with Ethanol

Hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis are frequent alterations due to alcohol abuse. Amaranth is a pseudocereal with hypolipidemic potential among other nutraceutical actions. Here we study the effect of Amaranthus hypochondriacus (Ah) seeds on serum and liver lipids, and the expression of genes associated to lipid metabolism and liver histology in male Wistar rats intoxicated with ethanol. The animals were divided into four groups; two groups were fed the American Institute of Nutrition 1993 for maintenance diet (AIN-93M), and the other two with AIN-93M containing Ah as protein source. One of each protein group received 20 % ethanol in the drinking water, thus obtaining: CC (control casein), EC (ethanol casein), CAh (control Ah) and EAh (ethanol Ah). When comparing EAh vs. EC, we found a positive effect of Ah on lipids, preventing the increment of serum cholesterol (p?<?0.001), through the higher expression of the LDL receptor (p?<?0.001); and it also decreased free (p?<?0.05) and esterified cholesterol (p?<?0.01) in liver, probably via the reduction of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase expression (p?<?0.001). We also observed that amaranth contributed to the decrease of fat deposits in liver, probably through the decrease in acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (p?<?0.01), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 (p?<?0.01) and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (p?<?0.05) expression. The histological study showed a decrease in the fat deposits in the amaranth group when compared to casein; this is consistent with the biochemical and molecular parameters studied in this work. In conclusion, amaranth could be recommended to avoid the alterations in the lipid metabolism induced by alcohol and other harmful agents.     

L-茶氨酸改善来曲唑诱导的多囊卵巢综合征大鼠临床症状

为探究L-茶氨酸（L-theanine,LTA）对来曲唑诱导的多囊卵巢综合征（Polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS）大鼠临床症状的改善效果。将28只雌性SD大鼠按每组7只随机分为正常对照组、PCOS模型组、PCOS+低剂量LTA组和PCOS+高剂量LTA组。建模阶段,除正常对照组以生理盐水灌胃外,其余3组持续灌胃来曲唑28 d诱导PCOS模型。干预阶段,正常对照组和PCOS模型组以生理盐水持续灌胃,两个LTA干预组大鼠分别持续灌胃对应剂量LTA干预30 d。结果显示,与PCOS模型组相比,LTA干预组大鼠血清中睾酮（Testosterone,T）、黄体生成素（Luteinizing hormone,LH）、胰岛素（Insulin,INS）、甘油三酯（Triglyceride,TG）、总胆固醇（Total cholesterol,TC）、低密度脂蛋白（Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）、脂多糖（Lipopolysaccharide,LPS）水平及胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）均显著降低（P<0.05）,高密度脂蛋白（High-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）水平均显著升高（P<0.05）,黄体生成素与卵泡刺激素的比值（LH/FSH）、空腹血糖（Fasting plasma glucose,FPG）和体重均有所下降（P>0.05）;低剂量LTA干预组大鼠血清雌二醇（Estradiol,E2）显著升高（P<0.05）;高剂量LTA干预组大鼠卵泡刺激素（Follicle stimulating hormone,FSH）显著升高（P<0.05）;LTA干预组大鼠的发情周期紊乱、卵巢组织多囊样病变较PCOS模型组均有一定程度的改善。结果表明,LTA干预能有效调节PCOS大鼠性激素分泌、恢复发情周期规律变化和改善其卵巢多囊样病变,同时显著改善PCOS大鼠胰岛素抵抗（Insulin resistance,IR）、血脂代谢紊乱并抑制异常水平的脂多糖（Lipopolysaccharide,LPS）分泌。     

Conversion of starch from dry common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to ethanol

Dry common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated for potential conversion of starch to ethanol. Eight varieties of beans with average starch content of 46% (db) were assayed in a laboratory-scaled process based upon the commercial corn dry grind fermentation process. Ethanol yield was 0.43-0.51 g ethanol/g glucose (0.19-0.23 g ethanol/g beans). The average ethanol yield for the eight bean types was 92% of maximum theoretical yield, demonstrating that starch from beans could be efficiently converted to ethanol. Ethanol concentration obtained from 20% (w/w) solids loading was 3.5-4.4% (w/v). The residual fermentation solids contained, on a dry basis, 37.1-43.6% crude protein, 10.8-15.1% acid detergent fiber and 19.1-31.3% neutral detergent fiber.     

Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Influence Liver Triacylglycerol and Insulin Resistance in Rats Fed a High-Fructose Diet

This study aimed to examine the benefits of different amounts of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil (FO) on lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and gene expression in rats fed a high-fructose diet. Male Wistar rats were separated into two groups: Control (C, n = 6) and Fructose (Fr, n = 32), the latter receiving a diet containing 63% by weight fructose for 60 days. After this period, 24 animals from Fr group were allocated to three groups: FrFO2 (n = 8) receiving 63% fructose and 2% FO plus 5% soybean oil; FrFO5 (n = 8) receiving 63% fructose and 5% FO plus 2% soybean oil; and FrFO7 (n = 8) receiving 63% fructose and 7% FO. Animals were fed these diets for 30 days. Fructose led to an increase in liver weight, hepatic and serum triacylglycerol, serum alanine aminotransferase and HOMA1-IR index. These alterations were reversed by 5% and 7% FO. FO had a dose-dependent effect on expression of genes related to hepatic β-oxidation (increased) and hepatic lipogenesis (decreased). The group receiving the highest FO amount had increased markers of oxidative stress. It is concluded that n-3 fatty acids may be able to reverse the adverse metabolic effects induced by a high fructose diet.     

Marine Chitooligosaccharide Alters Intestinal Flora Structure and Regulates Hepatic Inflammatory Response to Influence Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

In this study, C57BL/6 mice were given an HFHSD diet for 8 weeks to induce hepatic steatosis and then given COSM solution orally for 12 weeks. The study found that the HFHSD diet resulted in steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. The formation of NAFLD induced by HFHSD diet was related to the imbalance of intestinal flora. However, after COSM intervention, the abundance of beneficial bacteria increased significantly, while the abundance of harmful bacteria decreased significantly. The HFHSD diet also induced changes in intestinal bacterial metabolites, and the content of short-chain fatty acids in cecal contents after COSM intervention was significantly higher than that in the model group. In addition, COSM not only improved LPS levels and barrier dysfunction in the ileum and colon but upregulated protein levels of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin in the colon and downregulated the liver LPS/TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway. We concluded that the treatment of marine chitooligosaccharide COSM could improve the intestinal microflora structure of the fatty liver and activate an inflammatory signaling pathway, thus alleviating the intrahepatic lipid accumulation induced by HFHSD.     

5年生种植人参对成年大鼠心功能和血流动力学的影响

目的观察5年生种植人参食用对成年大鼠心功能和血流动力学的影响,探讨人参食用对机体心血管系统功能的调节作用。方法正常成年Wistar大鼠随机分为10组,即:对照组,5年生种植人参原粉小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参水提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参醇提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,每组14只。各组大鼠连续灌胃给药3个月,观察心功能和血流动力学变化。结果与对照组比较,人参原粉和人参醇提物可使正常成年大鼠动脉收缩压(SBP)、左室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室内压最大上升和下降速率(±dp/dtmax)均明显增高(P0.05或P0.01),对舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、左心室舒张末压(LVEDP)及心率(HR)均无明显影响(P0.05)。人参水提物各剂量组对SBP、DBP、MAP、LVSP、±dp/dtmax、LVEDP及HR均无明显影响(P0.05)。结论人参原粉和人参醇提物对正常成年大鼠具有明显的正性肌力(强心)作用,人参水提物对正常成年大鼠的血压及心脏心收缩和舒张功能均无增强或降低作用。     

Effect of inclusion of cashew globulin (Anacardium occidentale) to a casein diet on lipid parameters in rats

The effect of inclusion of cashew globulin to a casein diet on lipid metabolism was studied in rats fed diets with two levels of cashew globulin meal. Inclusion of cashew globulin to a casein diet produced lower levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipids in the serum and tissues and lower levels of serum lipoprotein cholesterol. There was decreased cholesterogenesis in the liver as evidenced by decreased activity of HMG CoA reductase and decreased release of lipoproteins into circulation. Rats fed cashew globulin along with casein also showed higher activity of LPL in the heart and adipose tissue and higher activity of LCAT. Increased hepatic diversion of cholesterol to bile acid synthesis and increased excretion of bile acids and sterols were also observed in these groups. Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme was decreased in rats fed cashew globulin along with casein. This study demonstrates that cashew globulins included in the diet of rats are able to alter lipid metabolism which results in lower levels of lipid parameters in the serum and tissues.     

Optimization of ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFPEDA 1238 in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of delignified sugarcane bagasse

Ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFPEDA1238 was performed in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of delignified sugarcane bagasse. Temperature (32 °C, 37 °C), agitation (80; 100 rpm), enzymatic load (20 FPU/g cellulose and 10%, v/v β-glucosidase or 10 FPU/g cellulose and 5% β-glucosidase) and composition of culture medium were evaluated. Ethanol concentration, enzymatic convertibility of cellulose and volumetric productivity were higher than 25 g/L, 72% and 0.70 g/L h, respectively, after 30 h, when the culture medium 1 and 20 FPU/g cellulose/10%, v/v β-glucosidase or the culture medium 2 and 10 FPU/g cellulose/5% β-glucosidase were used in SSF at 37 °C and 80 rpm. In the SSF with culture medium 2 (supplemented with ammonium, phosphate, potassium and magnesium), 150 L ethanol/t bagasse was achieved, with minimum enzyme loading (10 FPU/g cellulose and 5%, v/v β-glucosidase) for 8%, w/v of solids, which is often an important requirement to provide cost-efficient second generation ethanol processes.