Effect of magnetized water on infiltration capacity of different soil textures

The infiltration process is important in the planning and management of irrigation systems. This study was performed in Mazandaran province, Iran, to compare the effect of magnetized and non‐magnetized irrigation water on cumulative infiltration and final infiltration rate of three soil textures. Magnetized water was obtained by passing the water through a strong permanent magnet installed on a feed pipeline. The results showed that the effects of soil texture and magnetized irrigation water on cumulative water infiltration and final infiltration rate was significant (P < 0.01). Cumulative water infiltration and final infiltration rates with magnetized water were greater than that of non‐magnetized water. The cumulative water infiltration rate after 4 h for magnetized and non‐magnetized water was 26.4 and 12.7 cm in clay soil, 37.6 and 20 cm in silty loam soil and 40.8 and 29.3 cm in sandy loam soil, respectively. The final infiltration rates after 4 h for magnetized and non‐magnetized water were 0.05 and 0.023 cm/min in clay soil, 0.063 and 0.036 cm/min in silty loam soil and 0.076 and 0.046 cm/min in sandy loam soil, respectively. Therefore, magnetized irrigation water had most effect on the infiltration capacity of clay soil.     

磁化水膜下滴灌对棉田水盐分布特征及棉花生长特性的影响

通过田间小区磁化水滴灌试验,研究了磁化水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布特征、棉花生长特性及产量的影响。结果表明:磁化水灌溉可以提高土壤含水量,促进棉花根系对水分的吸收,0—100 cm土层内磁化强度为3 000 Gs时的土壤含水量最大,保水效果最好。磁化水灌溉可以有效降低土壤盐分含量,加快土壤盐分的淋洗,0—100 cm土层内各磁化水处理土壤平均含盐量表现为3 000 Gs4 000 Gs1 000 Gs5 000 Gs0 Gs,磁化淡水处理的土壤脱盐率为2.7%～28.2%,3 000 Gs磁化处理的土壤脱盐率最高;磁化微咸水处理的土壤积盐率为21.7%～33.9%。磁化水滴灌可以促进棉花生物量及产量的增长,淡水、微咸水磁化处理的产量较未磁化处理增加了8.98%～31.4%,3 000 Gs磁化处理下的棉花产量最高。从棉花生长特征、产量、水分利用效率等方面综合考虑,3 000 Gs为最佳磁化强度处理。     

不同水分条件下保水剂对土壤持水与供水能力的影响

为探明水分条件对保水剂作用效果的影响,采用盆栽实验,测定冬小麦生长结束后不同水分条件下保水剂不同用量（T1：0、T2：27 mg/kg、T3：54 mg/kg、T4：81 mg/kg）处理的土壤持水、供水及导水性能等。结果表明：保水剂的施用均提高了土壤持水、供水、导水能力及土壤有效水含量。轻度胁迫条件下,以T3处理的持水能力、有效水含量及导水能力最强,而供水能力以T4处理为佳;充分供水条件下,随保水剂用量的增加,土壤持水能力、供水能力、有效水含量及导水能力均提高,但T3和T4处理间差异不显著。与轻度胁迫相比,充分供水条件下各处理的持水能力、供水能力及导水能力均较高,而有效水含量以轻度胁迫条件下的T3处理较高,较对照增加18.6%。从经济的角度考虑,2水分条件下以T3处理（54 mg/kg）效果为佳。     

磁化微咸水及石膏改良对土壤水盐运移的影响

为了探究磁化水和石膏共同作用对水盐运移特征的影响,该研究通过室内一维垂直入渗试验,分析未磁化和磁化微咸水两种类型的灌溉水入渗下,5个石膏施量(0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6 kg/m2)对土壤水分和盐分运移特征的影响.结果表明:磁化和未磁化微咸水入渗时,累积入渗量和湿润锋深度均随着石膏施量的增加而减小.不同石膏施量...     

水肥减量对日光温室土壤水分状况及番茄产量和品质的影响

【目的】水肥一体化技术为改变我国长期以来设施栽培蔬菜"大水大肥"的传统管理方式,实现资源节约、环境友好发展提供了硬件物质基础和载体,但我国不同地区农业生产条件差异较大,适合当地土壤、气候、作物和栽培季节等特点的水肥一体化灌溉制度和施肥量相对缺乏。本文在陕西关中地区研究了水肥一体化条件下不同水肥处理对土壤水分状况及秋冬茬番茄养分吸收和产量等的影响,旨在制定适宜当地日光温室栽培番茄的科学合理的灌溉施肥制度。【方法】田间试验设常规水肥处理(CK)、植苗后水肥一体化灌水追肥期水肥分别减量20%(S1)及40%(S2)3个处理,其中常规处理灌水量为当季作物冠层水面蒸发量(100%ET),追肥量为当地农户的平均用量;水肥一体化为膜下滴灌+文丘里施肥系统。采用自动连续数采张力计(英国Skye Data Hog2)测定蔬菜生长期间各处理0—20 cm和20—50 cm土层土壤水势,并建立对应的土壤水分特征曲线,将土壤水势动态变化转换为土壤含水率动态变化;用直径20 cm蒸发皿测定当季番茄冠层的水面蒸发量,分析冠层水面蒸发量与土壤有效贮水量损失的关系;测定了不同水肥处理对番茄根、茎、叶、果实生物量及氮、磷、钾吸收量与产量和品质的影响。【结果】1)不同处理番茄生育期内0—50 cm土壤相对含水率均在75%以上,土壤水分供应充足。常规水肥处理灌水后0—20 cm土壤含水率达到或超过田间持水量,20—50 cm土层均超过田间持水量,表明土壤水分可下渗到50 cm以下,进而发生土壤养分的淋溶问题。追施期水肥减量40%处理的土壤水分大部分处在75%~85%的适宜值范围。2)随灌水量的减少,0—50 cm土壤有效贮水量损失降低,平均为番茄冠层水面蒸发量的65.4%,与追肥期水肥减量40%处理的灌水量相近。3)不同水肥处理番茄干物质累积、养分携出量、番茄产量、品质均无显著性差异,而灌水利用率从常规水肥处理的55.1 kg/m3提高到83.2 kg/m3,差异达极显著水平。【结论】从0—50 cm土壤水分状况、土壤有效贮水量损失及番茄冠层水面蒸发关系看,温室全覆膜滴灌条件下,当地适宜灌溉定额为作物冠层水面蒸发量的65%左右。根据番茄生育期内不同水肥处理对土壤水分状况、番茄养分吸收、产量及品质和灌水利用效率的影响,制定出适宜当地秋冬茬番茄的合理灌溉制度为:全生育期总灌溉定额为1057 m3/hm2,8~12月对应的灌水定额分别为168、169、132、105及50 m3/hm2,8~11月灌水周期分别为20~30 d、8~13 d、8~13 d和20~30d,12月份依天气少量补水或不灌水,1月份无需灌水。     

Irrigation water quality and ion balance in leaves of deciduous ornamental trees

In arid and semi‐arid regions, evaporation losses exceed replenishment from fresh water tributaries reducing water quality due to accumulation of salts. Increasing human demand for high‐quality waters has encouraged use of low‐quality, nonpotable water for landscape and agricultural irrigation. However, when used alone for irrigation, growth and appearance of some woody ornamentals are negatively impacted. To date, little is known of the impacts of low‐quality water on ion uptake and salt tolerance of most ornamental plants. Three replications of five deciduous ornamental trees were randomly planted and treated with three blended irrigation waters of high‐, medium‐, and low‐quality water [15, 80, and 120 mg sodium (Na) L¹, respectively] in a split‐plot design. Leaf tissues were sampled on October 1996 and September 1997 and analyzed for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), Na, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu). The five tree species varied in their responses to irrigation treatment with water of decreasing quality with some having increasing and others decreasing contents of a specific nutrient element. Further, although impact of low‐quality water was evident, none of the minerals tested were in the deficient or toxic range.     

Mineral composition of peanut tissue as influenced by irrigation water quality and irrigation method

Abstract

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), is produced in the Virginia and North Carolina coastal plain where sodic deep well water sources are more readily available than high quality shallow well sources. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of irrigation water quality and irrigation method on the mineral composition of peanut tissue. Virginia‐type peanuts were grown on a Kenansville loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Hapludult) in Suffolk, VA from 1985 to 1987. Peanuts were irrigated with either overhead sprinklers or deep buried trickle lines using sodic deep‐well (142 m) and nonsodic shallow‐well (10 m) water. Trickle lines were buried 350 to 410 mm below each row. Sodic water had 220 mg Na/L, a pH of 8.5, and a sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of 103. Non‐sodic water had 4.8 mg Na/L, a pH of 4.8, and an SAR of 3.1. Sodic water did not affect soil levels of Ca and Mg. Soil Na and pH were both higher to a depth of 900 mm in soil irrigated with sodic water. Sodic water appeared to reduce the concentration of Mg and increase the concentration of K in plant tissue. Plants from plots irrigated with sodic water concentrated Na in the stems and roots. Only in 1987, which was the driest year of the study, did seed concentration of plants irrigated with sodic water differ significantly from non‐sodic irrigated and non‐irrigated concentrations. Trickle irrigation reduced the amount of Na in the plants and may be the best way to use sodic irrigation water for peanut production.     

不同微咸水灌水量条件下覆砂措施对土壤水盐运移的影响

采用室内土柱模拟试验,对比研究了不同微咸水灌水量条件下覆砂与不覆砂对土壤水盐分布和运移的影响,以期为压砂地合理利用微咸水提供理论支持。结果表明,与不覆砂相比,覆砂增加了土壤水分下渗深度,最大增加深度可达8 cm;减少了试验期间土壤水分累计蒸发量,低、中、高3个灌水量分别减少了74%、54%和21%,减少幅度随灌水量增加有降低的趋势。在土壤水分再分布过程中,土壤剖面出现明显分界点,覆砂提高了分界点处土壤水分含量,增加量为2%~5%;保蓄了上层土壤水分含量,尤其是低灌水量时,不覆砂处理0~20 cm土壤水分含量在试验期间减少幅度达到34%,而覆砂处理仅减少了16.9%;增加了下层土壤水分含量。同时,覆砂明显抑制了表层土壤盐分累积,抑制幅度达到92.4%~95.2%;提高了土壤剖面盐分峰值处盐分含量,提高幅度在11.02%~37.55%;盐分峰值的位置随着试验时间延长不断向下运移。表明,微咸水灌溉条件下,覆砂措施通过减少土壤水分蒸发和增加土壤水分入渗而抑制表层土壤盐分累积,促进土壤盐分向下层运动。     

浑水含沙率对膜孔灌肥液入渗土壤水氮运移特性的影响

为研究浑水膜孔灌条件下含沙率对膜孔灌肥液入渗土壤水氮运移特性的影响,通过室内膜孔入渗试验,设5个含沙率水平(0、3%、6%、9%、12%),观测累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离、湿润体内水分以及NO-3-N和NH4+-N运移变化特性。结果表明:浑水含沙率越大,湿润锋运移距离越小,相同入渗历时内湿润体体积和高含水率区域越小,湿润体内同一位置处土壤含水率越小。单位膜孔面积累积入渗量与入渗时间符合Kostiakov模型(R2>0.9,P<0.01);随着浑水含沙率的逐渐增大,入渗系数逐渐减小,而入渗指数基本不变。垂直湿润锋运移距离和减渗率均与入渗时间呈极显著的幂函数关系,含沙率对减渗率的影响主要是通过对减渗系数的影响来实现。湿润体土壤NO-3-N和NH4+-N含量随着浑水含沙率的增大而减小,且在膜孔中心附近区域其含量均较高。土壤NO-3-N主要集中分布在湿润半径10 cm范围内,湿润体水平方向及膜孔垂向土壤NO-3-N含量均随着距膜孔中心距离的增加而降低;而土壤NH4+-N主要集中分布在湿润半径5 cm范围内,湿润半径5~10 cm范围内的土壤NH4+-N含量随着土壤深度的增加而降低。研究结果可为进一步深入研究浑水膜孔灌肥液入渗提供理论依据。     

Zinc nutrition affects alfalfa responses to water stress and excessive moisture

The interactive effect of applied zinc (Zn) and soil moisture on early vegetative growth of three alfalfa (lucerne) (Medicago sativa L.) varieties was investigated in a sand‐culture pot experiment to test whether there is link between Zn nutrition and soil moisture stress or excessive moisture tolerance in alfalfa plants. Three varieties (Sceptre, Pioneer L 69, and Hunterfield) with differential Zn efficiency (ability of a variety to grow and yield well in a Zn deficient soil is called a Zn‐efficient variety) were grown at two Zn levels (low Zn supply: 0.05 mg Zn kg^‐1 of soil, adequate Zn supply: 2.0 mg Zn kg^‐1 of soil) and three levels of soil moisture (soil moisture stress: 3% soil moisture on soil dry weight basis; adequate soil moisture: 12% soil moisture on soil dry weight basis; excessive soil moisture: 18% soil moisture on soil dry weight basis) in a Zn deficient (DTPA Zn: 0.06 mg kg^‐1 soil) siliceous sand. Zinc treatments were applied at planting, while soil moisture treatments were applied three weeks after planting and continued for two weeks. Plants were grown in pots under controlled temperature conditions (20°C, 12 h day length; 15°C, 12 h night cycle) in a glasshouse. Plants grown at low Zn supply developed Zn deficiency symptoms, and there was a severe solute leakage from the leaves of Zn‐deficient plants. Adequate Zn supply significantly enhanced the leaf area, leaf to stem ratio, biomass production of shoots, and roots, succulence of plants and Zn concentration in leaves. At low Zn supply, soil moisture stress and excessive moisture treatments significantly depressed the shoot dry matter, leaf area and leaf to stem ratio of alfalfa plants, while there was little impact of soil moisture treatments when supplied Zn concentration was high. The detrimental effects of soil moisture stress and excessive soil moisture under low Zn supply were less pronounced in Sceptre, a Zn‐efficient alfalfa variety compared with Hunterfield, a Zn‐inefficient variety. Results suggest that the ability of alfalfa plants to cope with water stress and excessive soil moisture during early vegetative stage was enhanced with adequate Zn nutrition.     

海冰水盐分浓度及灌溉次数对土壤水分和棉花产量的影响

为了探讨环渤海地区海冰水灌溉技术,于2008年采用微区试验,研究了海冰水不同盐分浓度（1、3、5、7、9 g/L）和不同灌溉次数对土壤水分及棉花产量的影响。结果表明,采用海冰水灌溉能明显提高土壤水分含量,尤其以播种前灌溉和苗期灌溉效果最佳,当每次灌溉量为450 m3/hm2时,与不灌溉相比,土壤含水率增幅为22.85%～31.32%,可以有效缓解棉田春季旱情。不同处理的棉花,以盐分质量浓度1 g/L海冰水、灌溉3次的处理的产量、平均果枝数以及单颗棉桃质量3项指标均为最高,比不灌溉处理增产38.63%;其次为盐分质量浓度3 g/L海冰水灌溉2次的处理,增产率为 29.8%。随灌溉水矿化度增加,产量呈现递减趋势,盐分质量浓度为9 g/L、灌溉3次的处理与不灌溉处理相比出现显著减产,减产率为28.48%。综合考虑海冰水长期灌溉效应及海冰脱盐技术,建议采用盐分质量浓度3 g/L海冰水进行棉田灌溉,降雨正常年份以播种前和苗期2次灌溉为宜,每次灌水量450 m3/hm2,并要注意配合必要的灌溉和排水措施。     

生活污水灌溉小白菜的盆栽试验研究

污水水质及灌溉制度是影响污水灌溉安全性的主要因素.盆栽试验设置了两种水质(清水和污水)和4个灌水下限(60?,70?,80?,90?),共8个处理,研究了污灌条件下不同灌水下限对小白菜生长及品质的影响.试验结果表明:生活污水灌溉会造成小白菜轻度减产,植株的硝酸盐含量和叶片叶绿素含量增加,植株重金属累积增加;灌水下限对小白菜生长状况和品质均有较大影响,污水灌溉条件下各项指标随灌水下限变化的变化规律不同于清水灌溉条件,表明污水灌溉的灌水下限不能直接移用清水灌溉的控制指标.综合分析表明污水灌溉80? 灌水下限条件下小白菜有较高的产量、水分利用效率和叶绿素含量,较低的硝酸盐含量和重金属富集,因此选择土壤相对含水率80?以及与此相对应的叶片细胞液浓度9.3%作为污水灌溉的灌水下限指标.     

水氮耦合对膜下滴灌马铃薯产量、品质及水分利用的影响

该文通过田间试验,研究在西北旱区对膜下滴灌条件下水氮耦合效应及其对马铃薯产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响,从而确定马铃薯适宜的水氮用量,以求达到节水、节肥和高产优质的目的。试验设置2个土壤湿润比水平:40%(P1)和70%(P2),5个施氮水平:90(N1)、135(N2)、180(N3)、225(N4)、270kg/hm2(N5),共10个处理。试验结果表明:相同水分条件下,马铃薯块茎质量、块茎淀粉含量、块茎维生素C含量、耗水量、产量和水分利用效率都随施氮量的增加而呈抛物线趋势变化,块茎蛋白质含量随施氮量的增加呈增加趋势。相同氮肥条件下,湿润比P2处理的马铃薯块茎质量、块茎淀粉含量、块茎维生素C含量、块茎蛋白质含量均高于湿润比P1,湿润比P2处理的耗水量比湿润比处理P1高11%,湿润比P2处理的产量比湿润比处理P1高5%,但是湿润比P1处理的水分利用效率比湿润比P2处理高5.4%。其中,P2N3处理的马铃薯单株块茎质量、块茎维生素C含量表现最好,P1N5处理的马铃薯块茎蛋白质含量最高,P2N2处理的马铃薯块茎淀粉含量和产量表现最优,产量最高为54187kg/hm2,P1N2处理的水分利用效率最高为12.86kg/m3。P2N3处理的马铃薯高产优质,且水分利用效率较高,是西北旱区膜下滴灌条件下马铃薯生产中适宜的水氮组合。     

不同矿化度咸水结冰灌溉对重度盐碱地土壤水分入渗和盐分运移的影响

为探究不同矿化度咸水结冰灌溉对重度盐碱地土壤水分入渗和盐分运移的影响。采用室内有机玻璃土柱模拟试验,设置3个梯度灌水水质(蒸馏水、3 g/L微咸水、10 g/L咸水)和2种灌溉方式(结冰灌溉、直接灌溉)的6种不同处理,对土壤的水分入渗特性及脱盐效果进行对比分析研究。结果表明:(1)3个梯度灌水水质下,结冰灌溉方式的土壤初始入渗速率分别是直接灌溉方式的8.2,4.6,5.8倍。结冰灌溉方式下,灌溉水矿化度越高,土壤入渗速率越快;(2)Kostiakov模型适合拟合不同矿化度咸水结冰灌溉方式下的土壤水分入渗过程,Horton模型适合拟合不同矿化度咸水直接灌溉方式下的土壤水分入渗过程;(3)3个梯度灌水水质下,直接灌溉方式0—60 cm土层土壤含水率较结冰灌溉方式分别提高1.4%～6.3%,1.6%～3.6%,0.9%～7.6%;(4)各处理下0—30 cm土层土壤脱盐效果较为显著,盐分不断向土层60 cm处迁移,各处理土壤脱盐率逐渐降低。0—30 cm土层处,淡水直接灌溉方式下土壤脱盐率最大(93%～97%),3 g/L微咸水结冰灌溉的脱盐率次之(87%～91%)。50—60 cm土层处,淡水结冰灌溉方式下土壤脱盐率最高(13.3%),其次为3 g/L微咸水结冰灌溉方式(9.1%)。综合考虑,3 g/L微咸水结冰灌溉能够提高土壤水分入渗速率,有效降低0—60 cm土层的土壤盐分含量。     

秸秆覆盖条件下水分亏缺对春青稞水分利用和产量的影响

提高水分利用效率对发展西藏高海拔地区节水农业至关重要。该文通过小区试验,研究了秸秆覆盖条件下春青稞不同生育期对水分亏缺程度的响应。试验处理包括全生育期充分灌溉处理(对照)以及苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期水分亏缺处理。结果表明,水分亏缺处理显著降低了春青稞耗水量和耗水强度(P0.05),且其减小程度随着亏缺程度的增加而增大。灌浆期水分亏缺对全生育期作物耗水量的影响最大,其轻、重度水分亏缺处理分别减少全生育期耗水量19.6%和24.2%;在水分亏缺处理下春青稞产量差异不显著。在试验条件下,不同水分亏缺没有导致减产,而水分利用效率提高4.64%~21.85%,节水4.96%~24.24%。当土壤水分下限控制在55%田间持水率时,对春青稞产量及构成没有产生显著不良影响且获得了较高的节水率,表明在西藏高海拔半干旱寒区,可以通过秸秆覆盖农田管理措施,使春青稞获得更大的节水空间。     

不同灌溉措施对黄淮海地区冬小麦水氮利用及产量和品质的影响

通过设置不同灌溉处理来研究灌溉次数和时期对黄淮海地区冬小麦产量、籽粒品质和水氮利用的影响。结果表明:浇足底墒基础上拔节期灌一水不仅可获得较高的产量并提高水氮利用效率,减低硝态氮淋失风险,而且可获得较好的物理品质(硬度指数、容重)和蛋白质品质(粗蛋白、湿面筋和沉淀值)及最优的粉质仪质量指数、拉伸仪参数和降落数值。在此基础上增加冻水、开花水、灌浆水等处理的产量增加不显著,各项品质指标没有明显改善,水分利用效率降低,而且显著增加硝态氮淋失风险;因而黄淮海地区最优的节水灌溉模式是浇足底墒基础上拔节至挑旗期灌溉一水。     

不同滴灌水量对干旱荒漠区酿酒葡萄光合及产量的影响

在甘肃河西走廊干旱荒漠区研究了覆膜与不覆膜条件下不同滴灌水量对酿酒葡萄生长、光合特征及产量的影响。结果表明: 在不同滴灌水量下, 葡萄新梢长、二次新梢长和主蔓基部直径均随滴灌水量的增加而增大, 且覆膜处理下, 滴灌水量低于不覆膜处理时, 上述3项指标等于或略大于不覆膜处理, 说明覆膜有利于葡萄生长。不同滴灌水量下, 葡萄净光合速率和蒸腾速率、气孔导度的日变化规律相近, 均总体呈下降趋势, 而胞间CO₂浓度呈降低?升高趋势; 滴灌水量为240 mm和300 mm覆膜处理(T1和T2)的光合指标值低于灌水量为360 mm和420 mm的覆膜处理(T3和T4)和滴灌水量为360 mm的不覆膜CK处理。T1处理的水分利用效率高于T2、T3、T4和CK处理。回归分析表明, 不同滴灌水量下, 葡萄的胞间CO₂浓度与土壤水分相关性最高, 气孔导度次之, 净光合速率和蒸腾速率较低。对不同处理下葡萄产量和品质的研究结果表明, 覆膜各处理的葡萄产量高于不覆膜的CK处理, 且含糖量以不覆膜的CK处理最高, 灌水量最低(240 mm)的覆膜T1处理次之。T1处理是实现葡萄高品质、产量和水分利用效率的最优组合。     

干旱区膜下滴灌制度对土壤盐分分布和棉花产量的影响

土壤盐渍化在干旱区越来越加重。因此在干旱区盐碱粉砂壤土中应用滴灌时,如何制定合理的灌溉制度使得灌溉水对土壤盐分的淋洗是一个关键的科学问题。本文就此问题,2007～2009年进行了3年的膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移的试验研究。结果表明,在棉花生长阶段,随着灌溉定额的增加,土壤盐分峰值位呈现下移的趋势。当灌溉定额从DIA(3 000 m3 hm-2)增加至1.6 DIA时,盐分峰值位置向垂直方向从35 cm下移至65 cm。滴灌结束之后,土壤盐分峰值的下移顺序为1.6 DIA>1.4 DIA>1.2 DIA>DIA。随着滴头流量的增加,在一定的滴水强度范围之内,土壤盐分峰值位置呈现下移的趋势,当滴头流量进一步增加时,土壤孔隙的入渗能力变得小于滴头流量,致使土壤盐分下移受水分运动的影响。灌溉结束之后土壤盐分峰值的下移顺序为2.6 L h-1>2.2 L h-1>1.8 L h-1>3.2 L h-1。在时间尺度上,灌溉结束时,随着时间的推移,土壤盐分呈现从深层到地表和从膜下到膜间的双向迁移趋势。随着灌溉定额或滴头流量的增加,棉花产量也呈现先增加后减少的趋势。由此可见,无论是水分亏缺或者过量灌溉均会降低棉花产量,同时过小或过大的滴头流量也不利于增加棉花产量。因此在干旱区的粉砂壤土中进行膜下滴灌时,要使棉花产量达到较高值,应尽量采用2.6 L h-1的滴头流量和1.4 DIA的灌溉定额处理为宜。     

Effects of coalbed methane‐produced water on sorghum‐sudangrass growth and soil chemical properties

Abstract

Production of methane gas from coal seams generates well water that is slightly to moderately saline. Since land application is a potential method of disposal for this water, a greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate plant response and changes in soil chemical properties resulting from irrigation with coalbed methane‐produced water. The soil was a Montevallo (Typic Dystrochrepts)‐Nauvoo (Typic Hapludults) association located in northern Alabama. Two irrigation methods used in the initial greenhouse test were 1) continuous, irrigation 24 h d^‐1 and 2) intermittent, irrigation for 12 h and off for 24 h. In a second greenhouse test, three irrigation methods were used: 1) continuous, irrigation for 24 h d^‐1, 2) intermittent, irrigation for 12 h and off for 48 h, and 3) irrigation to maintain field capacity, by daily additions of the respective irrigation water. The flow rate for continuous and intermittent irrigation treatments was 3.75 mm h^‐1. In each greenhouse test, 5 levels of salinity were generated by mixing well‐produced water with deionized water to give solutions containing 0, 10, 20, 40, and 100% well‐produced water (specific conductance (second greenhouse test) of 0.2, 1.4, 2.2, 4.4, and 9.3 dS m^‐1, respectively). Corresponding sodium adsorption ratios were 0.1, 27, 36, 55, and 81, respectively. Sorghum‐sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monech] was harvested for forage yields and chemical analysis at 14–30 days after initiation of irrigation treatments. Results from these preliminary short term, greenhouse studies show that coalbed methane produced water that is typical for Alabama (total dissolved solids ≤2000 mg L^‐1) can be applied to highly weathered soils. The results indicate that plant growth of summer annual grasses will be optimized if an irrigation system is used to apply produced water at a rate to maintain soil moisture at or near field capacity.     

滴灌模式对棉花根系分布和水分利用效率的影响

理解膜下滴灌参数对土壤盐分运移和作物生长的影响是制定科学滴灌制度、合理利用水资源的重要环节。毛管布置方式和滴灌水质是膜下滴灌的重要参数,为研究其对土壤盐分变化、棉花根系分布及水分利用效率的影响,设计了2种毛管布置方式（一管四行（Ms）和一管两行（Md））和3个滴灌水质水平（淡水0.24?dS/m、微咸水4.68?dS/m、咸水7.42?dS/m）。结果表明,滴管布置方式对土壤盐分变化和根系分布有显著影响。在相同滴灌水质条件下,Ms处理有利于降低棉花根区土壤含盐量。所有处理根系主要分布于0～40?cm土层内,矿质水滴灌时Md中根系受抑制程度明显高于Ms,但其主要影响根系密度δR＞0.5?kg/m3区域的分布范围,对δR＞0.2?kg/m3区域范围分布无明显影响。生育期内棉花总耗水量随滴灌水矿化度的上升而降低,与滴管布置无关。相对淡水滴灌而言,矿质水滴灌时Ms处理产量有所降低,但其水分利用效率随灌水矿化度上升而升高;而Md处理产量和水分利用效率均随灌水矿化度上升而下降。