利于水稻氮素吸收的绿肥翻压量和施氮水平研究

【目的】 紫云英是我国南方稻区重要的冬季绿肥,具有固定碳素、改善土壤物理性状、提高土壤养分含量等效果,能为后茬水稻提供良好的生长环境。本研究为探明水稻对氮素的吸收利用特性,为水稻高产栽培中氮肥的合理运筹和水稻氮素营养性状改良提供依据。 【方法】 在“紫云英–双季稻”耕作制度轮作土壤上,进行田间 4 × 4 双因素裂区试验。每小区收获的紫云英全部翻压为 100% 翻压,设不翻压、翻压 30%、60%、100% 4 个水平;每个翻压水平处理下,设置不施氮肥、施常规氮量 (N 150 kg/hm2) 的 30%、60% 和 100%,共 16 个处理。分别在分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期取水稻植株样品,调查水稻氮素吸收利用特性。 【结果】 水稻群体干物积累量随生育进程处理间差异逐渐增大。抽穗期以 M_30% + N₀ 处理最高,M_60% + N_60% 处理次之,对照 (M₀ + N₀) 最低,此阶段是水稻群体物质积累量全生育期中差异最大的时期,最高的 M_30% + N₀ 处理较对照和其他处理平均高 79.02% 和 45.04%,此阶段的干物质积累量占总干物质积累量的比例为 23.19%～44.23%。分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期干物积累量均以 M_60% + N_60% 处理最高,对照最低,在成熟期 M_60% + N_60% 处理群体总干物质重为 13.14 t/hm2,较对照高 53.15%。不同生育期水稻植株含氮量和吸氮量处理间不同。孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期植株含氮量均以 M_60% + N_60% 处理最高,较其他处理平均分别高 20.71%、14.84% 和 15.44%;分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期植株吸氮量也以 M_60% + N_60% 处理最高,对照最低,氮肥与冬种绿肥有显著协同效应。水稻氮素阶段吸收量及其占总吸收量的比例存在明显差异。分蘖期前、孕穗至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期均是紫云英翻压 60% + 施氮 60% 处理的吸收量高于其他处理,平均分别高 29.89%、79.46% 和 121.1%;而分蘖至孕穗期是 M_100% + N_100% 处理达到最大,较其他处理平均高 51.87%。 【结论】 综合来看,供试条件下,在 “紫云英–双季稻” 种植体系中,M_60% + N_60% 处理能够提高氮肥利用效率,改善稻田氮素循环,对于实现水稻氮素高效吸收和利用具有重要意义。      

化肥有机肥配合施用下双季稻田氮素形态变化

为揭示有机无机肥配合施用下稻田氮素的动态及迁移特征,在湘南双季水稻农作区第四纪红土发育的红黄泥稻田上进行了连续6年田间试验。通过比较不施氮肥（PK）、施用有机肥猪粪（M）、化肥（NPK）及有机肥化肥配合（NPKM）,研究稻田表层全氮、无机氮动态变化,不同层次（25—30、55—60、85—90 cm）土壤溶液无机氮动态,耕层土壤无机氮动态等。结果表明,NH4+-N是红壤双季稻田无机氮素存在的主要形态,施用化学肥料处理（NPK）施肥后1～3 d表面水NH4+-N浓度占全氮比例可达0.5～0.9,有机肥处理（M）为0.3左右。不同层次土壤溶液及其土壤氮素浓度呈现一致的特征,即施肥后短期内出现浓度峰值随后迅速下降,且随着往下推移,氮素峰值出现时间延长,表层水全氮及无机氮在施肥后1～2 d出现浓度高峰,耕层土壤及25—30 cm土壤溶液无机氮浓度高峰约在施肥后3～5 d。化肥有机肥配施有利于水稻稳产高产,年产量达12.2 t/hm2,比不施氮肥的对照产量（7.3 t/hm2）增加68%;土壤有机质6年提升18.5%,显著高于化肥。施用有机肥（M）及有机无机肥配合（NPKM）显著降低了稻田表层水全氮及不同层次土壤溶液和耕层土壤NH4+-N峰值浓度,提高水稻产量和培肥土壤,有利于减少当前氮肥过量施用带来的环境负荷。     

Residual nitrogen effect of a dairy crop rotation as influenced by grass-clover ley management, manure type and age

Abstract Forecasting crop nitrogen (N) demand is important for maximizing productivity and minimizing losses to the environment, and includes taking into account residual effects. The residual N effect was estimated in a dairy crop rotation (spring barley undersown with grass-clover, first and second year ley, spring barleylpeas undersown with ryegrass, oats undersown with ryegrass and fodder beet) with different management (grazed or cut) and manure type (slurry or deep litter) by anaerobic incubation and plant N-uptake in a pot experiment and in the field. For comparison a 10-year-old grass-clover ley was included. Type of animal manure did not affect the residual N effect. Crop rotations with grazed grassland had a residual N effect that on average was 13% higher than the same rotation without grazing. Ploughing of grassland clearly increased residual N effects for several years, but age of grassland at ploughing was of little importance. Thus, the residual N effect of 10-year-old grass-clover ley only marginally exceeded that of undersown grass-clover, despite considerable difference in estimated N-surplus. The results indicate that organic N is easier to mineralize the more recently it has been formed. Good correlations existed between soil inorganic N in the spring, N released during anaerobic incubation, and plant-available N. However, chemical analyses may be difficult to implement in practical farming due to difficulty of achieving representative samples in systems characterized by huge spatial variability.     

氮肥对吉林春玉米产量、农学效率和氮养分平衡的影响

为解决东北地区玉米合理施用氮肥问题,于2014年在吉林省中部地区通过田间试验,研究了不同施氮量(0、70、140、210、280 kg/hm2)对玉米产量、氮素吸收利用、土壤无机氮积累变化规律及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,施氮量在70~210 kg/hm2范围内玉米产量随施氮量的增加而增加,当施氮量增加至280 kg/hm2产量下降,根据玉米产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合得出线性加平台关系式:y=14.63x+8 734.11(R2=0.924**),得出最佳施氮量为184.0 kg/hm2。氮素利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力随施氮量的增加而下降;氮收获指数随施氮量的增加先增后降,以施氮量210 kg/hm2处理最高,为64.9%。土壤无机氮积累量在玉米整个生育期呈现先快速下降后小幅升高的趋势。玉米成熟期施氮处理各层土壤无机氮积累量均高于不施氮肥处理,且基本随施氮量的增加而增加。玉米收获后土壤无机氮残留量在施氮量70~210 kg/hm2范围内显著增加,施氮量增加至280 kg/hm2不再显著增加;氮表观损失量随施氮量的增加显著增加。玉米氮吸收量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量与施氮量呈显著的正向相关性,玉米氮吸收量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量分别占增加氮量的21.84%、41.19%和36.97%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,最佳施氮范围为184~210 kg/hm2。     

Effects of animal manure application and crop plants upon size and activity of soil microbial biomass under organically grown spring barley

Temporal behaviour of microbial biomass C, N and respiration was measured under barley crops in two experiments on successive years in a recently converted organic production system in Scotland. Soils were fertilised with farmyard manure or poultry manure. Control soils received no manure at the start of the growing season. The effects of plants was also investigated by maintaining fallow subplots. C-flush values approximately doubled over the growing season in both years of the trial, showing a decline to pre-sowing values between the two seasons. This occurred in all soils, whether manured or not, or planted or fallow. Manure tended to increase the C-flush in the 2nd year only. N-flush in the 2nd year showed no increase in planted control plots but did increase in fallow soils. Manures significantly increased the N-flush. Respiration rates were stimulated by the presence of plants. Respiration rates were measured from soils taken from the field at post-sowing, mid-season and post-harvest occasions and incubated under constant conditions for up to 1 year. Here there was evidence that the effects of sampling and adjusting the moisture status could be as great upon microbial activity as the addition of the manures. C-flush also showed a consistent and persistent increase in these incubated soils. This suggests that the fundamental C-supplying characteristics of these soils was such that the biomass was moving towards a new equilibrium value fuelled by the relatively recent introduction of the organic farming regime. Received: 27 February 1996     

Efficiency parameters of nitrogen in hog and cattle manure in the second year following application

The efficiency of nitrogen (N) derived from different manures in the years following application must be determined to optimize use of N and reduce impact on the environment. Five N efficiency parameters that were originally developed for commercial inorganic N fertilizers were selected to measure the manure N efficiency in the second year following application of liquid hog and solid cattle manure in semiarid east‐central Saskatchewan, Canada. The manures were applied at two sites (Dixon and Burr) at four rates covering a range from zero to 912 kg N ha^–1 in 1997. A canola (Brassica napus L.) crop was grown in 1997 followed by a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 1998 without fertilization. Tested by the wheat, N utilization efficiency (NUE) was similar between the two manures at either site, but it was higher at Dixon site, where the soil properties were better, than at the Burr site (P < 0.07) with cattle manure. Nitrogen physiological efficiency (NPE) was not affected by either manure source or soil. At the Burr site, N agronomic efficiency (NAE) and N recovery rate (NRR) were all higher with the hog than with the cattle manure (P < 0.08 and P < 0.07, respectively), but N harvest index (NHI) was lower with the hog than with the cattle manure (P < 0.04). The similar trends of the NAE, NRR, and NHI between the hog and cattle manure were also found at the Dixon site. However, the differences in NRR between the hog and cattle manure in the second year was rather small in contrast to the large differences in the year of application. Despite that the wheat crop utilized residual hog and cattle manure N equally efficient in producing grain yield, a higher grain N concentration and a higher NHI with the cattle than with the hog manure revealed different N supply dynamics between the two. Possibly due to the low proportion of ammonium (NH₃)‐N in the total N and the high C : N ratio in the cattle manure, mineralization of cattle manure N provided more available N in the later stage of wheat growth than did the hog manure. The N efficiency parameters were useful tools in understanding the impact of residual manure N on wheat production on the Canadian prairies.     

Soil carbon and nitrogen response to 25 annual cattle manure applications

Improving manure management to benefit both agricultural production and the environment requires a thorough understanding of the long‐term effects of applied manure on soil properties. This paper examines the effect of 25 annual solid cattle manure applications on soil organic carbon (OC), total N (TN), and KCl‐extractable NO₃‐N and NH₄‐N under both non‐irrigated and irrigated conditions. After 25 annual manure applications, OC and TN contents increased significantly with the rate of manure application at the top two sampling depths (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm), and the increases were not affected by the irrigation treatment. The NO₃ content increased at all sampling depths with greater increases observed under non‐irrigated conditions, while NH₄ content was not affected by manure application rates or the irrigation treatment. The changes in OC and TN at the surface (0–15 cm) and 15–30 cm depth were dependent on the cumulative weight of manure added over the years. The relationships between cumulative manure OC added and soil OC content and between cumulative manure TN added and soil TN content were linear and not affected by the irrigation treatment. For every ton of manure OC added, soil OC increased by 0.181 g kg^–1 in the topsoil (0–15 cm). Similarly, for every ton of manure TN added, surface soil TN increased by 0.192 g kg^–1. The linear relationship between manure C added and soil C content suggests that the soil had a high capacity for short‐term C sequestration. However, the total amount of NO₃‐N in the soil profile (0–150 cm) was affected by both the manure application rates and the irrigation treatment. A large amount of NO₃ accumulated in the soil, especially under non‐irrigated conditions. The extremely high level of NO₃ in the soil increases the potential risk of surface and groundwater pollution and losses to atmosphere as N₂O.     

施氮对不同土壤肥力下玉米氮素吸收和利用的影响

采用田间试验,研究了吉林省高、低肥力条件下不同氮肥用量对春玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,范家屯和榆树试验点的最高产量施氮量分别为N 251和206 kg/hm2,最佳经济施氮量分别为N 227和134 kg/hm2。两试验点的最高产量和最佳经济产量均表现为范家屯试验点高于榆树试验点。适宜增加施氮量可显著提高范家屯低肥力试验点玉米氮素最大吸收速率和吸收总量,提前最大吸收速率出现的天数。玉米收获后030 cm土层残留的硝态氮呈现出随着施肥量的增加而增加的趋势,其中榆树高肥力试验点土壤硝态氮积累明显高于范家屯低肥力土壤。范家屯低肥力试验点氮素的农学利用率、表观回收率和偏因子生产力高于榆树高肥力试验点。范家屯低肥力条件下可通过增施氮肥提高产量; 而榆树高肥力条件下则可通过控制氮肥用量达到提高产量和氮肥利用率的双重目标。     

The dynamics of soil-soluble nitrogen and soil-retained nitrogen in greenhouse soil

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization and manure addition on the soil-soluble nitrogen (SSN) (soil mineral N (SMN); soil-soluble organic N (SSON)) and soil-retained N (SRN) (soil fixed ammonium; soil microbial biomass N). The combined application of manure and inorganic N (different N fertilizer rates: M3N0, M3N1, M3N2, and M3N3; different manure rates: M0N2, M1N2, M2N2, and M3N2) was used in a greenhouse fertilization experiment. SSN and SRN increased with increasing N rate up to M3N2. SSON decreased with increasing manure rate and was the highest in the M1N2, whereas SMN and SRN were the highest in the M3N2, and increased with increasing manure rate on all sampling dates. Both SSN and SRN declined significantly with increasing soil depth in the different application rates of manure (p < .05). Moreover, the SSN and SRN significantly varied with plant growth and followed a different pattern during the growing season. SSN and FA peaked in the first ear fruit period, but SMBN was at its highest level in the second ear fruit period. There was a significant positive relationship (p < .05) between SSN and SRN throughout the plant growing season, and the annual apparent loss of N in the M3N3 was the highest. The combined application of inorganic N fertilizer and manure at an appropriate rate may be an effective strategy for maintaining the long-term health of greenhouses.     

不同类型有机肥与化肥配施对小麦品质的影响

【目的】 综合分析不同类型有机肥与化肥配施对小麦籽粒、面粉、面团品质指标的影响,为提升小麦品质提供有机肥科学施用基础。 【方法】 以鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪为供试有机肥料,冬小麦品种济麦22为供试作物进行了田间试验。在施N 225 kg/hm2前提下,设单施化肥（尿素）、鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪处理,及三种有机肥各自分别以25%、50%和75%配合75%、50%、25%的化肥处理,以及化肥、鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪施肥料量加倍处理,共18个处理。小麦收获后,分析了3个籽粒品质指标、5个面粉品质指标、7个面团品质指标,运用多元统计分析方法评价了三种有机肥的不同利用方式和用量对小麦品质的影响。 【结果】 施N 225 kg/hm2条件下,单施鸡粪、猪粪对小麦各品质指标的提升作用与单施化肥处理相当,明显优于牛粪;与单施牛粪处理相比,单施鸡粪、猪粪、化肥处理的平均面团形成时间延长了50.85%,平均粉质指数提高了25.75%,平均湿面筋含量提升了19.71%,平均沉淀值提升了18.17%,平均粗蛋白含量提升了14.37%,面团拉伸比降低了36.84%。增加肥料用量一倍对小麦品质指标的提升作用不显著。常量处理中,25%有机肥+75%化肥最有利于籽粒蛋白含量的提高。将15个品质指标分为3个主成分组,以湿面筋为代表的第一主成分方差贡献率占到60.2%,代表了大部分的数据信息。根据各施肥处理对品质指标影响的相似性,将18种施肥方式聚为四类:1)不施肥;2)单施常量、加倍牛粪处理;3)常量鸡粪、猪粪、化肥单施及常量配施处理;4)加倍化肥、加倍鸡粪和加倍猪粪处理,从1）至4）小麦多数品质指标呈现依次升高的趋势。 【结论】 以常规施氮量(225 kg/hm2)为前提,鸡粪、猪粪配施少量或者不配施化肥,牛粪配施75%化肥都可以显著提升小麦品质,单施牛粪提升小麦品质作用不显著。因此,在有机肥源充足的条件下,在总施氮量不增加的前提下,鸡粪、猪粪氮的施用比例可提高至75%,牛粪的实用比例控制在25%,以获得优质的小麦籽粒品质。     

氮肥分次施用比例对春玉米光合速率及产量的影响

为了探索河套灌区春玉米氮肥适宜分次施用比例,依照测土配方施肥技术原理,在全生育期施N 171kg/hm~2条件下,研究了播种前(基施)、拔节期、大喇叭口期分次施氮比例对春玉米光合速率、地上部干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,春玉米生育期内二次施氮可显著提高光合速率和产量;除基施外,最佳追肥时期为大喇叭口期。其中,氮肥基施和在大喇叭口期追肥比例为1∶2时春玉米可获得最高产量(13.42 t/hm~2),其光合速率最高值比同时期对照处理提高了34.11%,成熟期地上部干物质量比对照处理提高了31.47%,产量、穗粒数、千粒重也分别比对照处理提高了28.03%、15.84%、22.48%。综合考虑光合速率、地上部干物质量及产量,推荐河套灌区春玉米合理氮肥运筹方式为:基施氮肥57 kg/hm~2,大喇叭口期追施氮肥114 kg/hm~2。     

Alterations in yield,physicochemical components and mineral composition of onion following organic manure and inorganic nitrogen application

Onion is the one of the most important vegetable crops grown extensively throughout the world; hence, understanding the response of the crop to the form and amount of N provided is of immense importance. In a field experiment, poultry and cattle manure (at 10?t/ha) were compared with four inorganic nitrogen (N) application levels (0, 60, 90 and 120?kg?N/ha), and six combinations of manure and N applications were investigated. Plant growth and total yield (kg/ha) significantly increased, when N application increased from 0 to 120?kg/ha, with or without added poultry manure. Plant height, leaf number and neck thickness were significantly reduced at 0?kg/ha?N plus cattle manure. The bulb ascorbic acid concentration significantly increased with the use of poultry manure (15.94?mg/100?g) and cattle manure (15.94?mg/100?g), compared with 120?kg/ha inorganic N (11.42?mg/100?g). No significant effects were observed on total phenolics and total soluble solids of onion bulbs following the different fertiliser treatments. Cattle manure increased P and K concentrations, whilst poultry manure significantly increased Zn and Fe concentrations in onion bulbs. Onion bulb Ca and Mg concentrations were lower when cattle manure (0.19% and 0.12%) was used than when other organic or inorganic fertilisers were used. Therefore, organic manure increases the concentrations of certain minerals in onions, compared with inorganic N application, without negatively affecting bulb size.     

有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮对棉花养分吸收、氮素利用和产量的影响

为探讨有机肥氮替代化肥氮在新疆棉花生产中的增产增效作用,在滴灌条件下,采用连续2年定位试验,研究了不施氮(CK)、牛粪堆肥(OM)、农民常规施肥(CF)和不同有机肥氮替代10%(OF1)、20%(OF2)和30%(OF3)的化肥氮时,对棉花氮磷钾养分吸收、氮素利用率及产量的影响。与单施化肥相比,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮均有利于棉花氮磷钾养分吸收,可提高棉花氮素表观利用率、偏生产力、肥料氮贡献率和农学效率。在有机肥氮替代10%化肥氮的情况下,氮素利用率最高并能提高氮素表观利用率10.5个百分点,棉花产量增加6.8%(P<0.05),而且棉花经济效益与单施化肥相当。有机肥氮替代20%的化肥氮时,棉花产量增加7.9%(P<0.05)。有机肥氮替代30%化肥氮,获得与单施化肥相当的产量,氮素表观利用率仅提高3.4个百分点。综合养分吸收、氮素利用效率、产量及经济效益等方面考虑,有机肥氮替代10%化肥氮是该地区中等肥力棉田增产稳产、氮肥增效的合理施肥方式。     

不同施肥方式下氮肥用量对直播稻根系形态及氮素吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究施肥方式(点施于距土表1、5 cm土柱中心位置,分别记为M1、M2;距土表0~5、0~10 cm土壤与氮肥混匀施用,分别记为M3、M4)和氮肥用量(N 0、0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2 g/盆)对直播稻苗期生物量、根系形态及氮素吸收的影响,以期为直播稻科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。结果表明,M1、M2施肥方式下N0.6处理地上部和根系生物量都显著高于其他处理,增幅分别为17.8%~84.8%和13.9%~46.9%,根系形态指标表现为N0.3和N0.6高于N1.2处理;M3、M4施肥方式下N1.2处理地上部和根系生物量都显著高于其他处理,增幅分别为32.6%~36.3%和14.9%~16.2%,根系形态指标有随着施氮量增加而增加的趋势。施肥方式和氮肥用量对氮素吸收量的影响趋势与生物量表现一致,氮素吸收利用率表现为点施条件下M1M2,混施条件下M3M4。相关分析结果表明,水稻地上部生物量及其氮素吸收与根系形态参数及氮素吸收量存在显著正相关关系。综上所述,低氮条件下浅层点施、高氮条件下浅层混施有利于促进水稻苗期的生长发育,稳固良好的根系形态特性,增强其对养分的吸收利用。     

不同氮肥施用方式下春玉米根系时空分布特征

通过剖析不同氮肥施用方式下,玉米根系统随生育进程在0～ 60 cm不同土层内分布特征及地上部产量和氮累积量的变化,以期为氮肥合理施用提供理论依据.以先玉335为供试品种,进行了4年田间定位试验.设3个处理:无氮区(N0);氮肥一次性基施200kg/hm2 (N1);氮肥分次施用(N2),基肥50 kg/hm2,拔节期1...     

推荐氮肥适宜施用量的方法论刍议

本文对推荐氮肥施用量的两种技术路线进行了讨论。根据80年代和20032～004年在太湖地区进行的氮肥施用量试验网的水稻和小麦田间试验结果,对区域平均适宜施氮量法的产量效益、经济效益和环境效益进行了初步评价,提出了以区域平均适宜施氮量作为宏观控制的基础,结合田块具体情况进行微调的推荐路线。     

有机无机配施比例对华北褐土冬小麦产量与氮肥利用率的影响

以保麦9号为试材,在氮磷钾用量一致的基础上,研究了有机无机氮配施比例对土壤有机质和养分含量、冬小麦产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:施用无机氮和有机氮均能提高土壤有机质和养分含量,与对照相比,单施无机氮耕层土壤有机质增加1.7%,有机无机氮配施增加7.8%~11.2%,单施有机氮增加23.6%;土壤有效磷和速效钾变化趋势与有机质基本一致。施用无机氮和有机氮均可提高冬小麦的产量、蛋白质含量和氮肥利用率,以35%M和50%M处理最佳,小麦产量比对照增加2 292和2 419 kg/hm2,比单施无机氮增加656和783kg/hm2。相对于单施无机氮处理较高的小麦氮肥利用率(38.6%),35%M和50%M处理的氮素损失少,氮肥利用率高达47.9%和53.0%,高于单施化肥处理。说明在等氮量水平下,以35%和50%有机氮替代无机氮不但提高土壤有机质、养分含量、作物产量和氮肥利用率,还可减少氮素损失,可获得较高的经济和环境效益。     

氮肥运筹对水稻农学效应和氮素利用的影响

通过田间试验,以不同氮肥量级为参照,结合关键生育期叶片叶绿素含量（SPAD值）指导氮肥施用,以探明潜江地区水稻关键生育期的氮肥适宜用量。结果表明,在施N 90～180kg/hm2间水稻产量差异不显著,当超过N 180 kg/hm2,产量降低。根据水稻产量（y）和施氮量（x）拟合得出一元二次关系式:y = -0.0728x2 + 22.335x + 6811.5,R2 = 0.9442。结合当年水稻价格肥料投入费用等计算出水稻的经济效益（Y）和施氮量（X）之间的函数式:y = -0.134x2 + 37.097x + 12533-M,R2 = 0.9331;由此得出经济效益最大时水稻的施氮量是N 138 kg/hm2。该施氮量下水稻的氮肥表观利用率,农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力可保持在40.9%,11.5 kg/ kg和63.2 kg/ kg,与完全依据SPAD值指导关键生育期的氮肥施用量相近似（N 140 kg/hm2）,保证了水稻最大的经济效益,同时也保持了较高的氮肥利用率,降低氮素表观损失。     

Nematode faunal response to long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure in Northeast China

Nematode faunal response to the long-term (20-year) application of nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure was monitored in a Hapli-Udic Cambosol of Northeast China, where no fertilizer (C), nitrogen fertilizer (N), organic manure (M) and nitrogen fertilizer plus organic manure (N + M) treatments were compared. The obtained results showed that total nematode abundance responded positively to the M and N + M treatments. The numbers of Acrobeloides increased in the M and N + M treatments at maize jointing and booting stages, and those of Aphelenchoides were higher in the N + M treatment than in the N treatment at maize ripening stage. Early in the growing season, the numbers of bacterivores of cp-1 (cp, colonizer-persister) and cp-2 guilds were higher in the M and N + M treatments than in the N treatment, while those of bacterivores and fungivores of cp-4 guilds were higher in the C treatment than in the N, M and N + M treatments. Except at maize seedling stage, the numbers of fungivores of cp-2 and herbivores of cp-3 guilds were higher in the N + M treatment than in the C treatment. Ratios of the weighted abundance of representatives of specific functional guilds were used as indicators of food web structure, enrichment and decomposition channels. Values of the enrichment index (EI) at maize seedling and jointing stages were higher in the M and N + M treatments than in the C and N treatments, while an opposite trend was observed in the channel index (CI). Higher EI and lower CI suggest an enriched soil food web dominated with bacterial decomposition channels in the M and N + M treatments.     

春玉米产量、氮素利用及矿质氮平衡对施氮的响应

通过在辽宁省昌图县的田间试验,研究了不同施氮水平(0、60、120、180、240和300 kg hm-2)对春玉米产量、氮素利用及农田矿质氮平衡的影响。结果表明:春玉米产量随施氮量增加而显著提高,当施氮量高于N 240 kg hm-2时,产量有减少趋势;氮素当季利用率随施氮量增加先增加后降低,在施氮量180 kg hm-2时达到最大,为27.95%。随着施氮量增加,氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收效率和氮素偏生产力均显著降低,而氮肥生理利用率和氮肥表观残留率均先增加后降低,这与氮肥表观损失率的变化正好相反。作物吸氮量随施氮量增加而显著增加,氮盈余主要以土壤残留为主,表观损失在氮盈余中的比例虽小,但随着施氮量增加而明显增加。低量施氮(<180 kg hm-2)主要引起土壤矿质氮残留量的显著增加,而高量施氮(240 kg hm-2和300 kg hm-2)主要引起土壤氮素表观损失量的显著增加。在本试验条件下,合理施氮量应控制在180～209 kg hm-2左右。