洱海湖滨带大型底栖动物的群落结构

洱海是云贵高原第二大湖泊,拥有生物较为丰富的湖滨带和特有种,如螺蛳(Margarya melanioides)、绘环棱螺(Bellamya limnophila)。2009年5月和12月在洱海湖滨带开展调查,共采集到底栖动物30个分类单元;其中,寡毛类、摇蚊科幼虫和软体动物等主要类群为11种、7种和9种,分别占物种总数的36.7%、23.3%和30.0%,其它动物3种。在密度方面,群落结构以寡毛类为主,平均密度达488个/m2(占总丰度的89.7%),密度峰值出现在弥苴河口(7424个/m2);而在生物量方面则以软体动物占优势,平均生物量为67.26g/m2(占总丰度的91.4%)。按密度的平均相对丰度计算,霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)为第一优势种(平均相对丰度24.4%),其次为异腹腮摇蚊(Einfeldia sp.)(13.2%)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)(11.6%)和正颤蚓(Tubifex tubifex)(11.5%)。按生物量计算,圆田螺(Cipangopaludina sp.)为第一优势种(占总生物量的79.3%),其次为河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)(10.6%)和环棱螺(Bellamya sp.)(6.2%)。洱海的Shannon-Wiener指数平均为1.08,西岸比东岸的生物多样性指数要高。     

碧流河水库底栖动物及其鱼产力的研究

先后对碧流河水库的5个断面、10个采样点的底栖动物进行调察,采到寡毛类3种,水生昆虫2种。底栖动物的平均密度为335.6个/m2,平均生物量为2.013 g/m2。寡毛类的数量最多,软体动物贫乏。克拉泊水丝蚓和羽摇蚊幼虫是该库的2个优势种。底栖动物种群结构简单、种类单一。还对底栖动物的鱼产潜力进行了估算,其值为8.1 kg/hm2。     

洪泽湖大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

洪泽湖是我国第四大淡水湖,然而关于洪泽湖大型底栖动物的报道较少。为了研究洪泽湖大型底栖动物群落结构特征及其影响因子,在洪泽湖设置20个采样点,进行了为期1周年的季度调查(2010年5月-2011年2月)。共采集到大型底栖动物14种,寡毛类、摇蚊科幼虫和软体动物分别有5种(占总物种数的35.7%)、3种(21.4%)和6种(42.9%)。河蚬为第一优势种(优势度Y=0.18),其次分别为苏氏尾鳃蚓(0.09)、羽摇蚊(0.07)、霍甫水丝蚓(0.06)和铜锈环棱螺(0.06)。群落的平均密度和平均生物量分别为(45.45±7.38)个/m2和(52.43±12.04)g/m2,其中软体动物平均密度和平均生物量最高[(24.80±6.20)个/m2和(49.55±11.94)g/m2],摇蚊类次之[(13.76±2.87)个/m2和(2.28±0.71)g/m2],寡毛类最低[(6.96±2.41)个/m2和(0.60±0.18)g/m2]。全湖Shannon-Wiener、Margalef和Pielou指数分别为2.69、1.10和0.71,各指数季节差异不明显。冗余分析(RDA)结果共解释物种数据累计方差的35.0%;MonteCarlo检验表明,洪泽湖水体中硝酸盐氮、总氮和化学耗氧量是影响底栖动物群落分布最关键的环境因子(F=2.181～3.277,P<0.05)。     

大兴凯湖底栖动物

2001年7月、9月对大兴凯湖底栖动物进行了研究。底栖动物共计7种，以水生昆虫为主，占42．9％。密度为117．2个／m^2，寡毛类占91．0％，水生昆虫占6．8％，甲壳类占2．2％；生物量为5．8000g/m^2，甲壳类为89．8％，寡毛类占9．6％。密度、生物量秋季大于夏季。     

南太湖底栖动物调查

调查了南太湖水体蓝藻爆发前后底栖动物的种类及数量。2008年在南太湖中共采集到底栖动物21种（属）,隶属于11科。底栖动物平均密度为769 个/m2 ,平均生物量为248.859g/ m2。第一优势种群为软体动物的河蚬、其次为环节动物寡毛纲的霍甫水丝蚓。结果同时显示,在蓝藻爆发高峰期底栖动物的密度和生物量明显降低。     

泥河水库底栖动物群落的研究

1997年对泥河水库进行资源调查，共获底栖动物4大类26种。其中软体动物14种，摇蚊幼虫6种，寡毛类5种，甲壳类1种。底栖动物的年平均密度为621.9个/m^2，生物量年平均为37.226g/m^2。阐述了底栖动物的季节变化、渔产潜力及底栖动物在环境检测中的作用。     

黑龙滩水库的底栖动物

黑龙滩水库底栖动物主要由寡毛类和水生昆虫组成。共检出底栖动物３５种（属），年均生物量６．５５５ｇ／ｍ＾２，密度１７６３个／ｍ＾２，每年提供的鱼产潜力为１０．９ｋｇ／ｈａ。     

长江中游透水框架护岸工程对底栖动物群落结构的影响

2014年3月对长江中游干流水陆洲、三八滩、金城洲和牯牛沙等江段四面六边透水框架护岸工程区大型底栖动物群落进行了调查,对比分析了工程区和对照区底栖动物群落结构和多样性差异,以了解航道整治透水框架工程实施对河流底栖动物群落的影响,为河流生态水利工程建设及生态修复提供依据。在每个调查站点工程区内设置3个采样点,工程区外设置3个对照点,对照点在工程区上游或下游设置,选取水流条件不受工程区影响的区域,且保证对照点水深、岸边植被等条件与工程区样点相近。在透水框架工程区及对照区共采集底栖动物22种,隶属于3门6纲8科;摇蚊幼虫种类最多（占50.0%）,其次是寡毛类（27.2%）和软体动物（13.6%）。水陆洲、三八滩、金城洲和牯牛沙等江段透水框架工程区底栖动物密度分别为1450、175、125和160 ind/m2,生物量分别为4.19、0.10、0.48和0.17 g/m2;对照区底栖动物密度分别为140、20、35和33 ind/m2,生物量分别为2.30、0.01、0.02和0.07 g/m2。底栖动物多样性指数dM、H′和J的变化范围工程区分别为0.21~1.37、0.41~1.62和0.38~0.87,对照区分别为0.14~0.40、0.28~0.96和0.41~0.68。透水框架工程区底栖动物种类丰度、密度、生物量和多样性指数表现出高于对照区的趋势,表明透水框架工程区群落结构较复杂性并提高了底栖动物的多样性,可能与透水框架群能降低河水流速、减小河水对底质的冲击有关。     

东江干流底栖动物群落结构与水质生物学评价

2009年7月14-30日对东江设43个点位进行调查,共采到底栖动物28种,密度为26～2 167个/m2;其中,昆虫纲16种,软体动物门6种,寡毛纲动物5种,蛭纲1种。调查发现,所有底栖动物中,出现频率最高的是管水蚓属（Aulodrilus sp.）,为53.5%。根据已有水质生物学评价标准并结合水体理化指标,对比5...     

太湖流域春季底栖动物群落结构特征及水质评价

2010年春季对太湖流域14个湖泊、7座水库及8条河流的底栖动物进行了调查。共调查到底栖动物57种,隶属4门、8纲,其中水生昆虫(17种)和寡毛类(15种)物种数最多。霍甫水丝蚓为整个流域的绝对优势种。聚类分析表明,可将29个水体的底栖动物划分为10种群落类型,其中霍甫水丝蚓在15个水体中占绝对优势,铜锈环棱螺为5个水体的第一优势种。底栖动物平均密度和生物量分别为2 741.2个/m²和47.2 g/m²,寡毛纲在密度中占绝对优势(90.9%),双壳纲和腹足纲在生物量中占93.4%。密度河流最高、水库最低;生物量湖泊最高、水库最低,底栖动物类群数量组成水体类型间差异明显。物种多样性与丰富度和均匀度均显著相关,但更多地受均匀度的影响。水库、湖泊的Shannon多样性、物种丰富度、均匀度指数均显著高于河流,物种数差异接近显著水平。养殖型湖泊底栖动物密度显著高于非养殖型湖泊,生物量、Shannon和均匀度指数相反。Wright指数显示,太湖流域水库水质多处在清洁—轻污染等级,Shannon和BPI指数说明绝大多数湖泊和河流处在中—重污染水平。     

Complex habitat generated by marine bryozoans: a review of its distribution,structure, diversity,threats and conservation

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Effects of glycinin on growth performance,immunity and antioxidant capacity in juvenile golden crucian carp,Cyprinus carpio × Carassius auratus

This study was designed to examine the effects of glycinin on growth, digestive ability, immune responses, antioxidant capacity and gene expression levels of golden crucian carp. Golden crucian carp were fed diets containing glycinin at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 g/kg, respectively, for 8 weeks. Body weight, weight gain percentage, specific growth rate and feed efficiency ratio were negatively related to the content of glycinin in diet. Activities of protease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme in hepatopancreas, and activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity in the proximal intestine, mid intestine, distal intestine and hepatopancreas were negatively related to the content of glycinin in diet, whereas malondialdehyde in proximal intestine, mid intestine, distal intestine and hepatopancreas increased directly with the content of glycinin in diet. Furthermore, the relative expressions of TNF‐α and IL‐1β in proximal intestine, mid intestine and distal intestine increased directly with the content of glycinin in diet, whereas the relative expressions of TNF‐α and IL‐1β in hepatopancreas were negatively related to the content of glycinin in diets. The relative expressions of IL‐10 in proximal intestine, mid intestine, distal intestine and hepatopancreas all were negatively related to the content of glycinin in diets. In conclusion, reductions in growth, immunity and antioxidant capacity, intestine inflammation with dysfunction of digestive system occurred in golden crucian carp that fed a diet containing glycinin at 30 g/kg or higher after 8 weeks.     

Synchronized effect of citric acid and phytase supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Labeo rohita

A 2‐month trial was conducted to record the effect of citric acid and phytase supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in labeo rohita. Nine treatment (T) diets having 0, 500 and 1,000 FTU/KG phytase and 0, 15 and 30 g/kg citric acid were prepared and were designated as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9 diets. There were three replicates for each of the test diets. Fish samples (n = 324) were stocked in different tanks and were fed with T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9 diets. Significant (p < .05) increase in growth parameters, apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, gross energy and minerals (Na, K, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn) was recorded in fish fed with T9 diets.     

Development of Digestive Enzymes in California Halibut <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys californicus</Emphasis> Larvae

California halibut Paralichthys californicus is an important commercial species with high aquaculture potential in Baja California Sur, México. To optimize the feeding process using live prey and/or inert diets, we evaluated alkaline proteases, pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, lipase, α-amylase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities on starved larvae and larvae fed live prey. Highest activities were observed for alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase in feeding larvae than starved larvae on day 4 after hatching. At day 5, a sizeable increase in all enzymatic activities was detected in feeding larvae. Alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and alkaline phosphatase decreases progressively from day 5 until day 18. At day 18, a slight pepsin activity was observed. This was considered an indicator of the start of digestive system maturation. We concluded that total enzymatic equipment for this species is complete between day 18 and 30 after hatching. Based on this evidence, early weaning from live prey to inert feed would be possible at this time.     

Effect of cage culture environment on farmed fish in terms of metal accumulation

Metal pressure under farm conditions was examined on the gill and muscle tissues of farmed Sparus aurata and compared with their wild counterparts (Sparus aurata, Trachurus trachurus, Mullus barbatus). Al, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn accumulation amounts in gill tissue of farmed fish were 28.821, 37.620, 0.136, 0.300, 3.730, 2.441, 3.222, 2.474 and 127.494 mg/kg respectively. Among them, Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb concentrations in gill tissue of farmed fish were higher than that in wild fishes. Metal depositions in muscle tissue of farmed fish were far below that in the gill tissue. The accumulated Al (6.700 mg/kg) in the muscle tissue of farmed fish was higher than in wild ones. The results showed that metal accumulation levels (especially Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb) in the gill tissue of farmed fish indicate metal pressure under captive conditions. Furthermore, the calculated hazard index (HI) and total hazard index (THI) of the considered elements in the edible part of farmed fish were below the level considered safe, which elucidates that farmed fish do not pose any threat to the human consumer in terms of metal toxicity.     

Economies of scale for juvenile production of common snook (Centropomus undecimalis Bloch)

Abstract

Construction and operating costs for three common snook (Centropomus undecimalis) hatcheries in Florida, USA, are illustrated. Hypothetical capacities and targets of the three hatcheries (Scenarios I, II and III respectively) were 615, 000 juveniles (8 ‐ 10 g in weight) for stock enhancement, and 1, 275, 000 and 3, 000, 000 juveniles (1‐g in weight) for commercial grow‐out. Estimated production costs were lower than for many marine finfish species. The 20‐year mean costs per 1, 000 juveniles were estimated to be $324, $215, and $159, for hatcheries I, II, and III respectively, and the initial capital investments were $731, 660, $1, 162, 460, and $1, 896, 030¹, respectively. Major cost items of annual production were labor (22 ‐ 33%), supplies (14 ‐ 20%), fixed costs (15 ‐ 17%), and interest (13 ‐ 15%). The most profitable hatchery was the 3 million 1‐g juvenile hatchery due to the hatchery size effect, with a net present value (NPV) of $1, 760, 000, an internal rate of return (ERR) of 81%, a payback period of 3.6 years, and a profitability index of $2.86 for every dollar invested. Possible cost reductions to increase financial profitability were discussed.     

长江鲢、鳙、草鱼和青鱼原种亲鱼标准与检测的研究

主要报导长江原种亲鱼鲢、鳙、草鱼和青鱼的形态特征、年龄生长和繁殖特性。通过可数可量参数的测定，年龄生长、性成熟年龄、繁殖力、成熟系数及卵比重等单项的相对关系的研究，讨论并提出了原种亲鱼鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼的标准参数，可供原种场生产管理、原种检测及种质资源保护的依据。     

2013年中国典型对虾养殖区白斑综合征病毒流行株高变异区序列的分析比较

为了解中国不同地区白斑综合征病毒的流行变异情况,本研究取用2013年3—12月从7个省市发病地区采集到的64份WSSV阳性样本,以特异的引物扩增目的片段,通过测序分析不同样本的缺失及变异差异。结果显示,在开放阅读框ORF14/15的扩增中,分别有6530 bp、6533 bp和5138 bp的片段缺失,而在ORF23/24扩增中有12070bp大片段的缺失,不同地区样本中未能成功扩增ORF75,而ORF94的重复单元数目分别为0、3、4、12不等,ORF125的重复单元数目为0、7。SNP分析表明,含有3个重复单元的ORF94在48位的碱基为T、T、T,重复单元数为4的在48位的碱基为T、T、T、T,重复单元数为12的在48位的碱基分别为T及11个A。而ORF125所有重复单元数为7的情况在8、18、25、66、69位置的碱基均为G、G、G、G、A,在9、50、53、61位的碱基也普遍出现了变异。结果表明,WSSV在中国不同地区存在一定程度的变异,其在序列中的缺失、重复单元数目以及SNP的差异较为明显。