Reducing Ammonia Volatilization from Maize Fields with Separation of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Water in an Alternating Furrow Irrigation System

The objective of this 2-yr field trial, with a central composite rotatable design, was to assess and quantify the effects of separation of nitrogen fertilizer and water with alternating furrow irrigation （SNWAFI） practices on soil ammonia （NH3） emission during the summer maize （Zea mays L.） growing season. Ammonia volatilization after N sidedress and irrigation ranged from 4.8 to 17.0 kg N ha-1 and 6.2 to 20.6 kg N hal, respectively, in 2008 and 2009. The lower N input contributed to lower NH3 loss but lower yield, whereas the higher N input induced higher yield as well as higher NH3 loss. Ammonia intensity （NH3 volatilization per crop yield） after N sidedress and irrigation was 1.2-3.0 kg NH3-N t-1 yield in 2008 and 1.1-3.2 kg NH3-N t1 yield in 2009. The predicted minimum NH3 intensity in 2008 was 1.6 kg NH3-N fl yield and was obtained with the combined application of 127 kg N ha^-1 and 108 mm irrigation water. In 2009, the predicted minimum NH3 intensity was 1.3 kg NH3-N t-j yield and was obtained with the combined application of 101 kg N ha-1 and 83 mm irrigation water. We conclude that SNWAFI practices with optimum rates of water and fertilizer can significantly reduce soil NH3 intensity and maintain yield. It was more beneficial for sustainable farming strategies to minimize the NH3 intensity rather than reduce absolute NH3 emissions alone.     

The Influence of Forage/Concentrate Ratio and Full Fat Soya By-Pass Supplementation on the Fatty Acids Profile from the Carcase of Fatting Lambs

There was organized a 2×2 factorial type experience in which it has been aimed the influence of forage/concentrates ratio and the effect of supplementing the ratio with full fat soya by-pass （FFS） on the production performance and carcass fatty acid profile of fattening lambs. 32 Tsigai lambs were divided into 4 groups and were fed with 2 different diets regarding the forage/concentrates ratio （35/65 and 65/35, on a DM basis）, containing or not 5% FFS （full fat soya treated with formaldehyde 12.5%）. Including FFS in diet and the ratios rich in concentrates determined a significant improvement in weight gain （P〈0.01）, in the degree of food recovery and in fatty acid profile from the carcass. It has been significantly increased （P〈0.01） the weight of polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA） from intramuscular fat （longissimus dorsi-LD and femoral biceps-FB） and the deposit fat （subcutaneous-SC and perirenal-PR） and decreased the proportion of saturated （SFA） and monounsaturated fatty acids （MUFA）. Most significant differences were recorded about PUFA from Omega-3 series （C18：3 n-3, EPA C22：3 n-3, DPA and DHA） and CLA isomers （conjugated linolenic acid： C 18：2 C9, tl I＋C 18：2 t10, C 12）. The best profile of fatty acids, considered in light of the influence on human health （high concentration of Omega 3 fatty acids and CLA and low in SFA） was established in LD, for lambs fed with diets high in concentrates and which contained FFS （HC/S）.     

Growth and Haematological Responses of Growing Broiler Chickens （3-6 weeks） to Phosphorus and Phytase Supplementation in Low Nutrient Diet

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the low phosphorus diets supplemented with different sources of phytase in low metabolizable energy （ME） and crude protein （CP） diets in broilers. Four levels of non-phytate phosphorus （NPP） （0.33%, 0.36%, 0.39% and 0.42% of the diet） were employed in six dietary treatments in such a way that the least level of NPP （0.33%） was supplemented with two phytase enzymes namely 6-phytase （Natuphos-5,000） and 3-phytase （Sunphase） along with low nutrient composition viz. 2750 kcal ME/kg and CP 18% in growing phase （21 d-42 d）. A total of 1,400 birds were exposed to six treatments in three replicates except for the phytase supplemented diets which were replicated four times each. Non-significant results are obtained from all performance parameters （body weight gain, feed intake and feed gain） and serum minerals （calcium and phosphorus） between 21 days to 42 days. Non-significant results are seen among all treatments; even supplementation of both types of enzymes did not affect the overall results. The results of the present study demonstrate 0.33% P level without phytase are sufficient in low ME and CP diets.     

金太阳杏果实生长发育的数学模型研究

在果实生长发育期,通过测定金太阳杏果实纵、横、侧径、体积、鲜重及干重,建立金太阳杏果实生长模型.结果表明,金太阳杏果实纵、横、侧径、体积与鲜重生长曲线呈"双S"型,生长模型曲线分别为:y=-2.7119+0.3528x-0.007x2+5×10- 5x 3(R2=0.989),y=-2.7518+0.3033x-0.0052x2+3.4×10-5x3(R2= 0.990),y=-2 .5068+0.2767x-0.0048x2+3.2×10-6x3(R2=0.988),y=-22.756+1. 9784x-0.351x2+0.0003x3(R2=0.991),y=-15.344+1.1932x-0.01x2+8.8 ×10-5x3(R2=0 .994);果实干重生长曲线呈"单S"型,生长模型曲线为y=1/(1/7+56.1212×0.880 5x)(R2=0.995).     

金太阳杏果实生长发育的数学模型研究

在果实生长发育期,通过测定金太阳杏果实纵、横、侧径、体积、鲜重及干重,建立起金太阳杏果实生长模型。金太阳杏果实纵、横、侧径、鲜重与体积生长曲线呈“双S”型,生长模型曲线分别为:y=-2.711 9+0.352 8x-0.007x2+5×10-5x3,R2=0.989;y=-2.751 8+0.303 3x-0.005 2x2+3.4×10-5x3,R2=0.990;y=-2.506 8+0.276 7x-0.004 8x2+3.2×10-6x3,R2=0.988;y=-22.756+1.978 4x-0.351x2+0.000 3x3,R2=0.991;y=-15.344+1.193 2x-0.01x2+8.8×10-5x3,R2=0.994。果实干重生长曲线呈“单S”型,生长模型曲线为y=1/(1/7+56.121 2×0.880 5x),R2=0.995。     

福建将乐灌木生物量模型研究

以实测数据为基础,采用模型法分析了福建将乐林场粗叶榕、檵木、厚叶冬青、建润楠4种灌木生物量与地径（D）、株高（H）、冠幅（C）、植冠面积（A）、DH、D²H的相关性。结果表明,以DH、D²H为参数构建的w=a+b(DH)+c(DH)²+d(DH)³和W=a+b(D²H)+c(D²H)²+d(D²H)³模型方程能更好地描述灌木的生物量与各形态因子的相关关系;同时,拟合灌木层混合生物量模型,其整株生物量模型为W_总=35.4+4.19×10^-2(DH)+2.03×10^-3(DH)²+1.08×10^-6(DH)³(R=0.921,SEE=0.921)。     

平安县三合镇寺台等六村人饮安全工程供水规模核定

供水规模包括生活用水量、牲畜用水量、管网漏失与未预见水量之和。即:Q=Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q5=720m3/d据此,平安县三合镇寺台等六村农村饮水安全工程实际供水规模按Q=720m3/d进行核定。     

小白菜肥料运筹技术

在上海市宝山区月浦镇的露地菜田设置以直播小白菜为代表的叶菜田间施肥试验,对施氮量、施磷量、施钾量、基肥施用量、氮追肥运筹、叶菜相对产量等一系列试验数据进行相关统计分析,求取相应的数学模型,初步建立露地直播小白菜的推荐施肥量指标。结果表明:(1)建立露地直播小白菜推荐氮肥效应函数为y=-0.270 3x2+104.19x+1 588.4,相关系数R2=0.909 1。磷肥效应函数为y=-3.386 7x2+420.89x-744.05,相关系数R2=0.873 0。钾肥效应函数为y=-1.729 5x2+205.51x+5 859.6,相关系数R2=0.874 3。(2)推荐每公顷小白菜基肥施用NPK复混肥应不少于300kg/hm2,当小白菜长出3～4片真叶后,应及时追施氮肥,7～10d之后再追施1次,共折合尿素320kg/hm2。2次氮追肥配比为2∶1时较有利于生物产量的形成。整个生产过程总施纯N 195kg/hm2,P2O560～75kg/hm2,K2O 60kg/hm2。     

潮沙泥田氮磷钾肥配施对油菜产量及经济性状的影响

试验采用"3414+1"肥效试验方案,建立的回归方程为y=40.93+7.89x1+4.75x2+2.38x3+ 0.05x1x2+0.10x1x3+0.04x2x3-0.31x1+-0.31x22-0.15x32,从而导出了潮沙泥田种植油研9号的最佳施肥量为667 m2施尿素30.0kg、普钙51.3kg、氯化钾17.3kg,可获产量140.5kg/667m2.在667 m2施用有机肥2 500 kg的条件下,每100 kg有机肥油菜可增产1.53 kg/667m2,增产率为3.69%,增产效果显著.     

局部射影平坦且具有迷向S 曲率的两类重要的芬斯勒度量

研究了两类重要的分别形如F=αekβ/α和F=α+εβ+2kβ2/α-k2β4/3α3的芬斯勒度量,其中k≠0,ε为常数,α=((aij(x)yiyj)～(1/2))为黎曼度量,β=bi(x)yi为流形上的1-形式.得到了它们为局部射影平坦度量且具有迷向S-曲率的充要条件.     

小麦8539高产系统模式栽培研究

采用播期（ｘ１）、密度（ｘ２）、氮肥（ｘ３）、磷肥（ｘ４）、钾肥（ｘ５）五元二次正交旋转回归组合设计,建立小麦８５３９高产栽培优化模型ｙ＝３５６．６４－３０．３１ｘ１＋１４．２３ｘ２＋３４．０８ｘ３＋７．５６ｘ４－１８．０７ｘ１ｘ２－１３．５１ｘ１ｘ３－１８．９８ｘ１ｘ４－８．６２ｘ４ｘ５＋１０．００ｘ５２。因子水平选优,当ｘ１取－２、ｘ２取２、ｘ３取２、ｘ４取２、ｘ５取－２时,获得产量１２０８５．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,比各因子取０水平时,净增６７４７．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,增产１２５．９２％,比四川小麦历史最高产量７５７５．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,增产８３．３８％。这是目前粮食作物高产模式栽培中罕见的增产效益。经大田验证,模型信度均达０．９５以上,具有较好的稳定性。模型的建立,对小麦８５３９的高产栽培和四川小麦上新台阶具有重要的指导作用。     

气调贮藏不同气体比例对哈密瓜86-1贮期品质及生理活性的影响

[目的]筛选适宜的哈密瓜86-1贮藏保鲜条件.[方法]在3 ℃贮藏条件下,设置O_2+CO_2:3;+0;;O_2+CO_2:4;+1;;O_2+CO_2:5;+2;三种气体条件,研究不同贮藏气体条件对86-1采后呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量、总酸含量、硬度、果肉细胞膜透性等生理指标的影响.[结果]在3℃的贮藏温度下,各气调处理并没有起到抑制果实呼吸强度、减少其乙烯释放量等作用.与冷藏相比,气调处理的果实糖酸等营养物质的消耗略低,对其品质及风味保持较好.[结论]相对而言,CO_2含量较高的气体环境更利于瓜的贮藏,CO_2/O_2=2/5明显优于CO_2/O_2=0/3,究其原因还需进一步研究验证.     

野生百合与栽培百合的核型比较

参照李懋学和Stebbins的方法,对细叶百合、兰州百合、亚洲百合("精粹"和"托里诺")进行了染色体数目鉴定和核型分析。结果表明:细叶百合和兰州百合为二倍体种,核型公式分别为2n=2x=24=2m+4sm(2SAT)+8st+10t和2n=2x=24=10sm(4SAT)+6st+8t,分属3A和3B型;"精粹"百合和"托里诺"百合为三倍体种,核型公式分别为2n=3x=36=3 m+6sm+18st+9t和2n=3x=36=3 m+3sm+12st+18t,均为3B型。此外,细叶百合、"精粹"百合和"托里诺"百合株间或细胞间均存在着染色体数目变异。     

吉林省3种萱草的核型研究

本文对吉林省３种萱草进行了细胞学观察，其染色体数目和核型报道如下：北京黄花菜Ｈｅｍｅｒｏｃａｌｌｉｓｌｉｌｉｏ－ａｓｐｈｏｄｅｌｕｓＬ．２ｎ＝２２＝１０ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ＋２Ｔ；小黄菜菜Ｈ．ｍｉｎｏｒＬ．２ｎ＝２２＝４ｍ＝１４ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２Ｔ ；重瓣萱草Ｈ．ｆｕｌｖａＬ．ｖａｒ．ｋｗａｎｓｏＲｅｇｅｌ为三倍体，２ｎ（３ｘ）＝３３＝１８ｍ＋９ｓｍ＋３ｓｔ＋３Ｔ，３个种的核型均属于２Ｂ型     

石阡县黄泥田水稻氮磷钾肥配施试验初报

针对石阡县主要水稻土种黄泥田进行"3414"氮磷钾肥配方施肥试验.得出,石阡县黄泥田水稻种植施肥数学模型为y=311.72+25.44x1+12.20x2+5.49x3-0.26x1x2+0.12x1x3+2.20x2x3-1.10x21-2.23x22-0.91x23;最佳施量为:667m2施N 10.487 kg、P 6.222 kg、K 9.267 kg,可获水稻产量533.991 kg/667m2.     

优良玉米新杂交种川单13号高产栽培技术初步研究

本文采用三因素二次回归正交旋转组合设计,建立了玉米川单１３ 号小区产量与播种期（ Ｘ１） 、种植密度（ Ｘ２） 和ＫＣｌ 施用量（ Ｘ３） 的数学模型＾ｙ ＝ ６７７０８６９５ － １８４０８３０ Ｘ１ ＋ ２７８５２３０Ｘ２ ＋１１８８８１０ Ｘ３ ＋ ８６２５０ Ｘ１ Ｘ２ － ３９７５０００ Ｘ１ Ｘ３ ＋ ２４６３７５０Ｘ２ Ｘ３ － ９２２４４０Ｘ１２ ＋ １９１８５３０Ｘ２２ －１０１０５６５ Ｘ３２ 。经因子水平选优,得出产量在７５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２ 以上的栽培模式为：３ 月１９ 日～２９ 日播种,按５０４３０～５１３６０ 株／ｈｍ２ 密度种植,施ＫＣｌ１５７６５～２２０８０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２ 。     

红叶石楠组织培养技术的研究

以红叶石楠红罗宾的半木质化嫩茎为外植体,采用组织培养技术,进行了诱导、增殖、壮苗和生根培养。试验结果表明:适宜的诱导培养基为:MS+6-BA 3 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L;增殖培养基为:MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L,增殖系数最高可达8以上;适宜的生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.2 mg/L+IBA 0.2 mg/L。从多种基质配比试验中发现,蛭石∶珍珠岩∶泥炭=5∶3∶2较好,红叶石楠组培苗的移栽成活率可达92%以上。     

旱地甘蔗配方施肥研究初报

采用3因子5水平3次重复回归最优设计方案，研究旱地甘蔗平衡施肥。结果表明：（1）氮、磷对产量的影响相对较大，采用SAS进行二次响应曲面统计分析，得产量与施肥量回归方程：Y=103．75＋86．08X1＋552．18X2＋168．71X3-2．01X1^2＋4．34X2^2-1．15X1X3-6．78X2X3-1．70X3^2，差异达极显著（F=35．09），当氮、磷、钾的施用量分别为34．30、14．40、9．30kg／0．067hm^2时获得预期的最高产量6132．7kg／0．067hm^2。（2）配方施肥极显著影响单位面积产糖量，用SAS进行二次响应曲面统计分析，得单位面积产糖量与施肥量回归方程：Y-61．99＋13．32X1＋89．97X2＋29．14X3-0．26X1^2＋0．45X2X1-3．08X2^2—0．0022X3X1-1．18X3X2-0．26X3^2，差异达极显著（F=32．90），当氮、磷、钾的施用量分别为28．30、13．40、13．61kg／0．067hm^2时获得预期的最大产糖量971．6kg／0．067hm^2。（3）对于产量的经济最佳施肥量方案为：N=26．89kg／0．067hm^2，P2O3=13．35kg／0．067hm^2，K2O=8．70kg／0．067hm^2，N：P2o5：K2O=1．00：0．50：0．32。     

不同生长时期红螯螯虾表型性状差异分析

为研究红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus von Martens)不同生长时期的表型特征,统计了3月龄、4.5月龄和6月龄3个生长时期红螯螯虾的体重Y₁、肝胰腺质量Y₂、全长X₁、头胸甲长X₂、头胸甲宽X₃、腹节总长X₄、第一腹节长X₅、第一腹节宽X₆和掌节长X₇共9个性状,对比3个生长时期各表型性状间的差异和相关性,分析不同生长时期各表型性状在雌性与雄性群体间的差异,采用多元回归分析分别研究了不同生长时期表型性状与体重的关系,并构建回归方程。结果显示,头胸甲和腹节的长度比例在幼虾和成虾中保持一致,而宽度指标(头胸甲宽、第一腹节宽)在6月龄阶段显著(P<0.05)增长。随着红螯螯虾的生长,大部分性状间的相关性降低,雌雄群体间表型性状的差异逐渐增加。3月龄阶段的回归方程为Y₁=-31.33+0.73X₂+0.91X₃;4.5月龄阶段的回归方程分别为Y₁=-65.25+1.29X₃+0.89X₄+1.46X₆(雌性)、Y₁=-69.67+1.17X₃+0.40X₇+1.77X₆+0.59X₄(雄性);6月龄阶段的回归方程分别为Y₁=-79.77+1.01X₁-1.89X₆+1.15X₇(雌性)、Y₁=-98.02+0.72X₁+1.22X₇(雄性)。从3个生长时期的回归方程可以看出,各表型性状在不同时期与体重的相关性差异较大。研究结果可为红螯螯虾的选育工作提供理论依据。