Effects of Different Organic Manure Applications on the Micro Nutrient Contents of Soil in Different Growing Seasons

This experiment aims to elaborate the influence of different organic manure applications on soil iron （Fe）, copper （Cu）, manganese （Mn） and zinc （Zn） contents in three successive seasons. Farmyard manure （FM）, chicken manure （CM） and blood meal （BM） and their mixtures and 1 control collectively 18 applications were tested under the open field conditions. All micro nutrients tended to increase with regard to the successive applications some of which were found to be statistically significant to a different extent. Considering the seasonal mean, an increase between the seasons in Fe, Cu and Mn contents were found to be statistically insignificant, whereas the Zn content was found to be statistically significant. CM gave rise to an augmentation in Cu, the Mn and Zn contents, BM also showed a tendency to increase in Fe contents of soils, but we recommend using BM only in small quantities due to the unfavorable features of the material. Summing up, 2.5 ton ha^-1 CM ＋ 0.3 ton ha^-1 BM and 2.5 ton ha^-1 CM ＋ 4.0 ton ha^-1 FM applications gave the better results.     

Effects of Elemental Sulphur and Farmyard Manure on pH and Salinity of Calcareous Sandy Loam Soil and Some Nutrient Elements in Tomato Plant

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of elemental sulphur （S） and farmyard manure on soil pH, EC and N, S, P concentrations of tomato grown in a calcareous sandy loam soil. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions. Sulphur was applied at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400 mg kg~ and farmyard manure at 0, 3 ton da^-1 to the soil. Three weeks after applications, tomato seedlings were planted and 8 weeks later, the plants were harvested to determine N, S, P concentrations and dry matter yield. Soil pH and EC were determined in the soil samples taken at 3 different periods. Effects of sulphur and farmyard manure applications were not significant on N, P concentrations and dry matter yield of tomato plant. S concentration of tomato plant was increased by sulphur alone. Soil pH was decreased and soil EC was increased in both 2^nd and 3^rd soil sampling period by the sulphur applications. As a result of farmyard manure application, soil pH decreased in the 2^nd soil sampling period but increased in the 3^rd soil sampling period. Also, soil EC was significantly increased in 1^st and 3^rd soil sampling period. Farmyard manure had no significant effect on S supply to tomato plant. The N：S ratio of tomato plant was decreased by sulphur alone. However, the sulphur with farmyard manure applications decreased N：S ratio in lesser extend compared to the S applications.     

Effect of Different Rice-Crab Coculture Modes on Soil Carbohydrates

Traditional agricultural systems have contributed to food and livelihood security. Rice-crab coculture （RC） is an important eco-agricultural process in rice production in northern China. Recognizing the soil fertility in RC may help develop novel sustainable agriculture. Soil carbohydrates are important factors in determining soil fertility in different culture modes. In this study, soil carbohydrates were analyzed under three different culture modes including rice monoculture （RM）, conventional rice-crab coculture （CRC） and organic rice-crab coculture （ORC）. Results showed that the contents of soil organic carbon and carbohydrates were significantly higher in the ORC than those in RM. The increasing effect was greater with increased organic manure. Similar tendency was found in CRC, but the overall effect was less pronounced compared with ORC. Carbohydrates were more Sensitive to RC mode and manure amendment than soil organic carbon. Compare to RM, the （Gal＋Man）/（Ara＋Xyl） ratio decreased in all the RC modes, indicating a relative enrichment in plant-derived carbohydrates due to the input of crab feed and manure. While the increasing （Gal＋Man）/（Ara＋Xyl） ratio in ORC modes with increased organic manure suggested that crab activity and metabolism induced microbially derived carbohydrates accumulation. The lower GluN/MurA ratio in ORC indicated an enhancement of bacteria contribution to SOM turnover in a short term. The findings reveal that the ORC mode could improve the quantity and composition of soil carbohydrates, effectively, to ensure a sustainable use of paddy soil.     

Sweet Corn Production and Nutritive Value of Stover with Manure Enriched with Rock Phosphate Fertilizer and Biodecomposer

Zea mays var. saccharata （sweet corn） is an important crops grown for food and feed in the tropics. In Indonesia, most of the land used for crops production is characterized by acid pH and low levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. Phosphorus fertilizers have been widely used to improve soil fertility in Indonesia. Given the high cost of superphosphate （SP）, the focus is now on rock phosphate （RP） fertilizer, which is relatively cheaper than SP and shows high solubility in acid condition. The combination of RP and manure during the decomposing process and the addition of decomposing microbes may be a promising technique to overcome the problem. A field experiment was conducted on a vertisol soil （low pH and low available nitrogen and phosphorus）. The objective of the research is to evaluate the effect of combinations of manure enriched with RP （granular and non-granular） with three different decomposing microbes （EM4, starTmik and stardec） on sweet corn and dry matter production, phosphorus （P） and calcium （Ca） content in above-ground biomass. A completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replicates was used in this experiment. The size of the plots was 3 m x 2.5 m. The treatments were TO （manure）, T1 （manure ＋ EM4）, T2 （manure ＋ starTmik）, T3 （manure ＋ stardec）, T4 （manure granular ~ EM4）, T5 （manure granular ＋ starTmik）, T6 （manure granular ＋ stardec）. The manure was enriched with RP 66 kg P/ha （150 kg P2Os/ha） and inoculated with the biodecomposer according to the assigned treatment. The manure was applied in a rate of 30 t/ha. All plot received 125 kg KC1/ha （150 kg K20/ha） and 200 kg urea/ha as basal fertilization. Sweet corn was harvested 70 d after planting. Sweet corn plants were cut close to the ground and analyzed for dry matter yield （DM） and P and Ca content in the biomass. Result showed that sweet corn and DM yield and P content were not significantly influenced by the treatments. Ca content in the above-gro     

Composition of Pig Manures and Wastewaters under the Gan Qing Fen System in China

A large scale pig farm located in the North West of Beijing that applies the gan qing fen manure management system was selected and a continuous sampling of manures and wastewaters was performed from June to October 2009. Samples were collected once a week based on the pig production cycle, namely gestation, farrowing, weaning and fattening. Analysis of nutrients and heavy metals were determined by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy （ICP）. Total Nitrogen （TN） was determined by the Kjeldahl method. The main results showed that pig manures were characterized by high nutrients and heavy metals contents that might be due to the solid fraction separation from the liquid fraction under the gan qing fen manure management system. Further, piggery wastewaters were characterized by very low concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals as result of their dilution with flushing water mainly used for cleaning the pigsties. Manure and wastewaters samples from weaning pigs contained the highest concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals that could be due to high supplementation rates of these minerals in the weaner diets. In general, it seems that the manual daily collection of pig manures in the gan qing fen system is an efficient practice in order to maintain nutrient contents in pig manures but the use of flushing water should be reduced as it can lead to further environmental pollution.     

Tillage and Poultry Manure Effects on Soil Physical Properties,Nutrient Status,Growth, Dry Matter and Grain Yield of Sorghum

The effects of different tillage systems and poultry manure on soil physical properties, performance and nutrients in sorghum were studied for three years at Owo, southwest Nigeria. There was factorial combinations of herbicide-based zero tillage （ZT）, manual clearing （MC）, disc ploughing （P）, ploughing plus harrowing （P＋H） and ploughing plus double harrowing （P＋2H）, and two rates of poultry manure at 0 and 7.5 Mg ha^-1. Herbicide-based zero tillage and manual clearing reduced soil temperature and conserved more water than mechanized tillage techniques. Poultry manure reduced soil bulk density and temperature and increased soil water and porosity. There was a percentage decrease of leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations, plant height, leaf area, stem girth, root dry weight, dry matter and grain yield in ascending order for herbicide-based zero tillage, manual clearing, ploughing, ploughing plus harrowing and ploughing plus double harrowing while percentage increases were recorded in a descending order for all the various combinations of tillage with poultry manure in that order. Poultry manure in combination with tillage increased dry matter and grain yield by 33.1 and 39.5%, respectively in comparison with tillage only. The manure-zero tillage methods increased dry matter and grain yield by 8% and 15%, respectively when compared with manure-mechanized tillage methods. Zero tillage or manual clearing in combination with 7.5 Mg ha^-1 poultry manure was most suitable for sorghum cultivation.     

Effect of Enriched Cattle Manure on Soil Nutrient Status,Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Tea （Camellia sinensis）

Inorganic fertilizer NPK （nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium） （S） 25：5：5：5 is generally recommended for optimum yield and quality of tea （Camellia sinensis）. Non-judicious use of this inorganic fertilizer however acidifies the soils and pollutes the environment. Integrated soil fertility management （ISFM） which involves the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizer is recommended for improved crop yield and soil health. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of enriching cattle manure with different ratios of inorganic fertilizers （OM： NPKS at ratios 1：2 and 1：4）, and rates on soil nutrient status, nitrogen uptake and yield of tea in the east of Rift Valley, Kenya. Enriching manures and organic manure up to a rate of 150 kg N/ha increased the level of P mature leaf. A higher N and K level in the mature leaf was observed when NPKS was applied at higher rates. In the soil, fertilizer rate up to 150 kg N/ha showed higher pH and K where organic manure and enriched manures were applied while NPKS treatment showed higher P content throughout the soil depths. Enriching organic manures with inorganic fertilizers increased yield significantly.     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

不同碳氮比培养基质组合对赤子爱胜蚓生长繁殖的影响

在实验室条件下,以不同配比的牛粪和稻秆作为培养基质,研究了赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida在不同碳氮比培养基条件下生物量以及数量变化情况.结果表明:100%牛粪(碳氮比为21.8)和80%牛粪+20%稻秆组合(碳氮比为24.9)堆置30、60、90 d后的蚯蚓生物量显著高于其他处理;60%牛粪+40%稻秆组合(碳氮比为28.7)堆置60和90 d后蚯蚓总数量最多,显著高于其他处理,在第90天达到324条;另外,培养基质的碳氮比与蚯蚓的生物量和数量均呈显著负相关关系(P<0.001).由此可知,碳氮比在21.8～24.9之间的牛粪和稻秆基质组合适宜蚯蚓生长,碳氮比为28.7的牛粪和稻秆基质组合适宜蚯蚓繁殖.     

猪粪化肥配施对稻田土壤氮素含量及氮肥利用效率的影响

化肥有机肥在农田的配施对改良土壤性质、提高养分利用率具有较好的效果,还提升了有机废弃物的循环利用效率。为此,为明确猪粪化肥配施对南方典型双季稻田土壤氮素含量及氮肥利用效率的影响,在双季稻田系统进行田间定位试验。试验共设置了4个处理,即不施氮肥处理(N0)、50%化学氮肥处理(1/2N)、100%化学氮肥处理(N)和猪粪替代50%氮肥处理(1/2N+M)。测定了稻田土壤全氮、有效氮(铵态氮和硝态氮)、微生物生物量氮、水稻氮含量并计算氮吸收量。结果表明:在定位试验开展后第5~6年,猪粪替代50%氮肥处理土壤全氮含量较100%化学氮肥处理显著提高15%;而不施氮肥导致土壤全氮含量显著下降达20%。猪粪化肥配施显著增加晚稻季土壤铵态氮含量。水稻氮肥吸收主要与氮肥用量、土壤全氮含量、铵态氮含量和微生物生物量氮成正相关。2年内猪粪化肥配施较全量氮肥显著提高了晚稻季水稻氮素吸收及氮肥利用率,提升幅度分别为9.2%~18.0%和19.6%~43.0%,且水稻产量略有提升。早稻季猪粪化肥配施较全量氮肥水稻籽粒产量、水稻氮素吸收及氮肥利用率无显著差异或出现显著下降。研究表明,双季稻体系猪粪替代50%氮肥可提高晚稻季稻田土壤氮素有效性,减少化肥施用并提高氮肥利用率。     

猪粪堆肥化处理的物质变化及腐熟度评价

研究了初始C／N（mC/mN)分别为29和16的2种不同条件对猪粪堆肥化处理的物质变化和腐熟度的影响，结果表明：水溶性有机C／N、固相C／N、水溶性有机碳及水溶性NH4^ -N浓度均随着堆肥化的进行而降低。种子发芽指数的评价结果表明：初始C／N为29时，猪粪经过49d的堆肥后达到成熟，而C／N为16的处理则需要63d以上才能达到腐熟要求。过高的盐分含量是导致低C／N条件下堆肥产品植物毒性较高的原因之一。考虑到堆肥腐熟度受多方面化学因素的影响，建议以种子发芽指数作为有机固体废物堆肥腐熟度的评价指标。     

渭北旱地麦田配施有机肥减量施氮的作用效果

为了探讨陕西渭北旱地冬小麦有机无机配施的减氮效应及机理,于2011年10月至2014年6月在陕西省渭南市白水县进行了连续三年的田间小区定位试验,探究不同氮肥用量(0、75、150、225、300 kg N·hm~(-2))与有机肥(猪粪30 t·hm~(-2))配施对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率(NUE)、土壤硝态氮残留及土壤养分的影响,明确当地最适宜的有机无机配施比例。结果表明:有机无机配施处理的产量、地上部吸氮量和NUE较单施化肥处理分别提高6.9%、29.3%和34.3%,且以有机肥与150 kg N·hm~(-2)氮肥配施处理效果最佳;有机无机配施显著改善0~20 cm土壤养分状况,土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别较单施化肥处理提高6.1%、8.2%、90.4%和94.8%,但当施氮量大于150 kg N·hm~(-2)时,配施有机肥显著增加0~200 cm硝态氮残留量(43.7~188.8 kg·hm~(-2)),加大硝态氮淋溶风险;有机肥分别与75、150 kg N·hm~(-2)氮肥配施相比单独施用150、225 kg N·hm~(-2)氮肥处理在产量上无显著差异,却显著提高了NUE(27.4%和45.3%),并降低60 cm土层以下硝态氮含量。综合上述研究结果,在渭北旱地冬小麦生产中,在有机肥(猪粪)30 t·hm~(-2)的基础上配施75~150 kg N·hm~(-2)的氮肥(有机氮∶无机氮=1∶0.46~0.91),可以保证小麦高产优质,并降低氮素淋溶风险。     

鸡粪和化学肥料配施对砂质梨园土壤有效养分的影响

在条山农场进行了追施不同肥料对砂质梨园土壤有效养分影响的研究,结果表明:梨园单一追施鸡粪和化学肥料或是鸡粪和化学肥料配施,土壤有效氮磷钾含量均显著高于不施肥料土壤,其中以每棵梨树追施25 kg鸡粪+0.435 kg尿素+0.272 kg磷酸二铵+0.47 kg硫酸钾[m(氮)∶m(磷)∶m(钾)=2∶1∶2]后土壤中的氮磷钾含量最高.当单一追施鸡粪和化学肥料或当鸡粪与化肥配施时化学肥料中氮磷钾的配比为1∶1∶1和2∶1∶1时,土壤有效养分增长的顺序为有效氮＞有效钾＞有效磷,当鸡粪和化肥配施时化学肥料中氮磷钾的配比为2∶1∶2时,土壤中有效养分的增幅为有效氮＞有效磷＞有效钾.     

蚯蚓处理后的猪粪物质变化试验研究

以不同预处理的猪粪为饵料,在温度2 0℃、湿度70 %的培养箱里培养赤子爱胜蚓。对蚯蚓处理前的饵料和蚯蚓处理后蚓粪的C/N比、NH+4 -N和NO- 3-N的含量变化进行了测试对比。结果表明:与饵料相比,蚓粪的C/N比、NH+4 -N下降,NO- 3-N上升。     

有机肥与氮磷化肥配施对豌豆长势及根腐病的影响

根据1988-1990三年试验,研究了在黄绵土上,以优化氮、磷化肥配比（N：P#-2O#-5=1：5.5）为基础,配施不同量有机肥对豌豆长势、干物质积累、根瘤数、籽粒产量和根腐病的影响。在配施有机肥2.25-6.75kgm#+(-2)范围内,随配量的增加前四项生物指标呈上升趋势,而根腐病呈减轻趋势。     

猪粪中高温纤维素分解菌的分离、筛选和鉴定

[目的]为研制高效生物降解菌剂奠定基础.[方法]在60℃条件下对猪粪中纤维素分解菌进行了分离研究,对分离到的菌株进行羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMCase)和滤纸酶活(FPase)测定,并进行16S rRNA基因分析.[结果]BC1和BC3号菌株CMCase、Fpase都较高,但相差不大,通过16S rDNA序列分析发现BC1和BC3号菌株分别与Pseudomonas sp.的相似性达到98%和99%.[结论]该研究为研制高效生物增温剂奠定了基础. Abstract： [Objective] The research aimed to lay the foundation for high-efficiency biological degradation microbial inoculums.[Method]under the 60℃ temperature the cellulolytic microbes in pig manure were isolated and determined the CMCase and Fpase,then proceeded the 16S rRNA gene analysis. [Result] The results showed that:BC1 and BC3 strains characterized higher carboxymethyl cellulose enzyme activity and higher filter paper activity,but their difference was small,then the 16S rDNA sequence of BC1 and BC3 strains were related to pseudomonas sp.(98% and 99% similarities,respectively).[Coaclusion]the experiment laid foundation for high-efficiency biological heating agent.     

15N畜禽粪尿有机肥标记方法概述

介绍了国内外15N标记畜禽粪尿有机肥在农业中的应用及15N有机肥标记方法。15N标记有机肥主要用于畜禽粪尿氮素循环与利用研究领域。15N有机肥采用直接标记和间接标记两种方法进行标记,其中间接标记法又分为标记饲料法与标记尿素法。对15N有机肥标记方法进行详细的阐述,并对其优缺点进行比较。     

鸡粪与蘑菇渣堆肥工艺对腐熟效果的影响

为给养殖业和食用菌种植业废弃物的无害处理和资源利用以及鸡粪堆肥的规模化生产提供技术支撑,研究了低C/N条件下鸡粪堆肥技术的应用效果。试验以鸡粪、蘑菇渣按照鲜质量比2∶1,初始含水率56%,C/N为16.2配比,进行了周期为58d的条垛式高温好氧堆肥。结果表明,堆肥开始后48h内堆体温度升高到65.0℃,55.0℃以上高温持续37d,物料彻底无害化。堆肥产品全氮、全磷和全钾含量分别为20.20、22.74和18.80g/kg,有机质含量456.80g/kg,符合有机肥农业行业标准,含水率、pH值、C/N等指标趋于稳定,腐熟效果较好。     

有机肥氮替代化肥氮对盐碱地玉米氮素利用率及土壤理化指标的影响

针对宁夏银北盐碱地玉米种植存在重施氮肥、不施有机肥、产能低下、土壤结构板结等问题。基于常规施肥，建立有机肥氮替代不同比例化肥氮的田间试验，研究其对玉米生长发育、产量、氮素利用率及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥比较，有机肥氮替代处理对玉米株高、茎粗产生抑制作用，但提高了叶片SPAD值。随着有机肥氮替代比例减少，植株氮素总积累量表现为明显增加趋势，替代比例为20%处理下氮素积累量与生物产量分别较常规施肥显著增加26.02%、12.46%。有机肥氮替代处理显著提高氮素生理利用率，替代比例为20%的处理下氮素偏生产力与氮素农学效率最高。有机肥氮替代处理下土壤pH与全盐含量较常规施肥有所降低，但差异不显著，土壤有机质含量明显增加，替代比例为100%处理下土壤有机质含量较常规施肥增加11.05%，同时，该处理增加水稳性团聚体平均质量直径。产量与植株氮素及土壤理化指标相关性表明，籽粒产量与生物产量均与植株氮素积累量、土壤全氮相关性显著，而籽粒产量与水稳性团聚体平均质量直径、大团聚体含量、破坏率相关性显著。因此，本试验条件下，有机肥氮替代20%化肥氮处理对产量及氮素利用率提升效果显著，且对土壤理化性质改善也较为明显。     

有机肥施肥量对温室芹菜品质的影响

[目的]探讨有机肥施肥量与蔬菜卫生品质、营养品质的关系。[方法]以芹菜为供试蔬菜,通过温室施肥和收获前取样分析研究了有机肥施肥量对温室芹菜品质的影响。[结果]与对照相比,有机肥处理的芹菜的NO3^--N含量有所增加。有机肥施肥量与芹菜NO3^--N含量呈极显著相关关系（n=6,r0.01=0．946）。有机肥施肥量增加时,芹菜的Vc含量明显增加且以N1500处理为界,最多比对照增加90％;其NO3^--N含量呈先慢后快的增长趋势;其可溶性糖含量呈先增后减的趋势,N1500处理的可溶性糖含量最高,比对照增加26．7％。通过回归分析得出：推荐有机N施用量为：从级绿色蔬菜不超过644kg／hm^2;A级绿色蔬菜不超过1366kg/hm^2;一般蔬菜不超过2187kg／hm^2。[结论]该研究为生产绿色蔬菜的有机肥用量提供了科学依据。