细胞色素C与细胞凋亡研究进展

在细胞凋亡过程中,线粒体是调控细胞凋亡的中心,而细胞色素C(Cyt-C)从线粒体的释放则起着关键性作用。细胞色素C释放到胞质后可激活Caspase,引发级联反应,从而导致凋亡;Bcl-2蛋白家族具有调控细胞色素C释放的功能;凋亡诱导因子AIF保证着凋亡的有序进行;内质网(ER)通过应激、招募、活化等提高线粒体对促凋亡因子的敏感性,从而使细胞色素C从线粒体线粒体膜间隙(intermembrane space,IMS)释放,发挥了重要的作用。     

半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶介导的细胞凋亡对精子发生发育及冷冻保存的影响

半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase, Caspase)是直接导致凋亡细胞解体的蛋白酶家族,在细胞凋亡机制网络中处于中心地位。在精子发生发育过程中,机体通过生殖细胞凋亡与细胞增殖平衡机制来确保正常数量和质量的精子分化与成熟。精子冷冻保存会对精子造成不可逆的冷冻损伤,冷冻－解冻后,一些标志性凋亡现象会显著增多。作者对Caspase介导的细胞凋亡对精子发生发育及冷冻保存的影响机制进行了综述,表明精子发生发育和冷冻损伤与精子细胞凋亡存在密切的联系。     

软脂酸在体外激活Caspase9和Caspase3引起L02细胞凋亡

以人肝细胞系L02为试验材料,采用Western blot和流式细胞术检测软脂酸对L02细胞凋亡及Caspase3、Caspase9信号的影响,为解决动物摄人高能量日粮时肝损伤状况提供理论依据.试验结果显示,软脂酸可以通过激活Caspase3和Caspase9引起L02细胞凋亡,发生凋亡的L02细胞多处于凋亡早期,L02细胞凋亡率与软脂酸的剂量呈正相关.当软脂酸浓度超过30 mg/mL,处理24 h后可显著升高L02细胞凋亡率(P＜0.05).上述结果表明,软脂酸在体外激活Caspase9和Caspase3信号从而诱导L02细胞进入早期凋亡阶段.     

颗粒细胞凋亡影响家禽卵泡闭锁的研究进展

卵巢是家禽的重要繁殖器官,会产生大量卵泡,而卵泡在生长发育的各个阶段中都可能因为不同因素的调控而发生闭锁,最终导致繁殖性能衰退。颗粒细胞对卵泡的生长发育有重要调控作用,其凋亡会诱导卵泡发生闭锁。诱导颗粒细胞发生凋亡的因素较多,包括激素、细胞因子、氧化应激、线粒体及其他体外因素。颗粒细胞凋亡主要由线粒体途径导致,其涉及到半胱天冬酶（Caspase）家族参与,当线粒体裂解时会释放细胞色素C （Cyt-C）,随后形成凋亡小体激活Caspase-3和Caspase-8,最终激活Caspase-9导致颗粒细胞凋亡;当颗粒细胞发生凋亡,家禽体内卵泡丧失生物功能并且卵泡细胞之间的调控失衡,促使卵泡内卵母细胞和膜细胞凋亡,最终导致卵泡发生闭锁;颗粒细胞在存活状态下所分泌的生长因子、性腺类固醇、细胞因子能减少卵母细胞氧化损伤,防止细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平过高导致的线粒体DNA损伤,从而避免线粒体功能障碍而造成的颗粒细胞凋亡。作者从颗粒细胞凋亡及其影响因素、颗粒细胞凋亡和卵泡闭锁的关系、颗粒细胞凋亡对卵泡闭锁的影响3个方面进行阐述,以期为减少卵泡闭锁、提高家禽繁殖性能提供理论依据。     

山羊副流感病毒3型通过Caspase途径诱导气管上皮细胞凋亡

旨在揭示山羊副流感病毒3型(CPIV3)感染气管上皮细胞后是否可诱导细胞发生凋亡,并对细胞凋亡的信号通路进行初步探究。本研究将CPIV3病毒液接种气管上皮细胞,在12、24、36、48、72和96 h收集培养物上清检测病毒增殖滴度;通过形态学观察CPIV3诱导气管上皮细胞病变(CPE)情况;采用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染细胞凋亡检测试剂盒和Caspase-3、Caspase-8和Caspase-9活性检测试剂盒检测凋亡水平及相关指标;荧光定量PCR检测细胞凋亡分子mRNA表达水平;Western blot分析激活型Caspase-3蛋白表达变化情况。结果显示,CPIV3在气管上皮细胞中的增殖呈上升趋势,96 h能达到10~(4.50)TCID_(50)·mL~(-1);形态学观察发现,病毒接种后48 h出现细胞收缩变圆、脱落等CPE现象;流式细胞术检测及Caspase活性检测表明,感染组细胞出现细胞凋亡,48 h后细胞凋亡率达19.66%,且Caspase-3、Caspase-8和Caspase-9活性随着时间延长逐渐升高;死亡受体凋亡途径和线粒体凋亡途径细胞凋亡因子mRNA表达上调。Western blot分析揭示,激活型Caspase-3蛋白在病毒感染过程中被活化。本研究证实CPIV3感染可诱导气管上皮细胞凋亡,且Caspase途径在病毒诱导细胞凋亡的过程中发挥重要作用。     

热休克蛋白70在细胞凋亡途径中的作用研究进展

细胞凋亡或程序性细胞死亡是发育和衰老必不可少的程序。细胞凋亡受到促凋亡因子和抗凋亡因子的调控,而细胞凋亡的失控可导致许多疾病的发生。热休克蛋白(HSPs)是原核生物和真核生物中一种高度保守蛋白,HSP70是HSP家族普通的一员。HSP70通过多种方式干扰凋亡机制防止细胞凋亡。细胞凋亡的机制复杂,主要的凋亡途径包括外在(死亡受体)途径和内在(线粒体)途径、穿孔素/颗粒酶途径、内质网途径和溶酶体途径。本文综述了HSP70对细胞凋亡不同途径的研究进展。     

羊驼睾丸细胞凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白的定位

本研究旨在观察羊驼睾丸的出生后发育和精子发生过程中的细胞凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白Bcl2和Caspase3 的定位.取材新生、12月龄和24月龄羊驼的睾丸,用TUNEL法检测睾丸发育和精子发生过程的细胞凋亡,用免疫组织化学技术检测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl2和Caspase3在羊驼出生后发育和精子发生过程中的定位.结果显示在新生羊驼睾丸未检测到TUNEL阳性细胞,Caspase3和Bcl2表达于间质细胞,提示在新生期凋亡蛋白参与间质细胞凋亡的调节,为曲精小管的发育提供空间;12月龄羊驼睾丸TUNEL阳性细胞定位于曲精小管中央部分,Caspase3 和Bcl2定位于间质细胞和曲精小管中央生殖细胞,提示在青春期(12月龄)羊驼睾丸,细胞凋亡和凋亡相关蛋白参与曲精小管管腔形成的调节;24月龄羊驼睾丸TUNEL阳性细胞定位于精原细胞、精母细胞和精子细胞,Caspase3 和Bcl2定位于间质细胞和各个发育阶段的生精细胞,Caspase3阳性细胞在精原细胞最高,向精母细胞和精子细胞逐渐减少,Bcl2在精原细胞弱阳性表达,在血睾屏障以内的曲精小管近腔室部分呈弥散性强阳性表达,提示在性成熟(24月龄)羊驼睾丸精子发生过程中,细胞凋亡主要发生于精原细胞和早期精母细胞,Bcl2可能抑制精母细胞之后生殖细胞的凋亡.结果提示在羊驼睾丸出生后发育和精子发生过程中存在细胞凋亡现象;凋亡蛋白Caspase3和Bcl2参与羊驼睾丸发育和精子发生过程中细胞凋亡的调节.     

c-Jun氨基末端激酶的激活在猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒诱导的细胞凋亡和病毒复制中的作用研究

宿主细胞凋亡在病毒感染发病过程中起着至关重要的作用。MAPK激酶,尤其是应激活化蛋白激酶c-Jun氨基末端激酶(SAPK/JNK)和p38往往参与病毒介导的细胞凋亡。研究证实,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染在体内和体外都会导致宿主细胞的凋亡。本研究旨在确定应激活化蛋白激酶JNK和p38在PRRSV感染诱导的细胞凋亡中是否发挥作用。对JNK和p38磷酸化的检测发现,在PRRSV感染应答中,JNK被激活,而p38没有被激活。应用特异性抑制剂研究这个激酶对细胞凋亡诱导和病毒复制的影响,研究结果发现,JNK抑制剂SP600125引起的JNK抑制能阻断PRRSV介导的细胞凋亡,但并不抑制病毒的复制。进一步研究结果表明,ROS的产生参与了JNK的活化,Bcl-2家族抗凋亡蛋白Mcl-1和Bcl-xl是JNK介导细胞凋亡的下游靶标。因此,JNK信号通路的激活是PRRSV介导的细胞凋亡所必需的,但并非病毒复制所必需。     

Bcl-2家族分子在细胞凋亡中的作用研究进展

细胞凋亡在多细胞生物中广泛存在,对于细胞正常生命活动是不可缺少的生理过程。Bcl-2家族分子是参与调控细胞凋亡信号途径的一类分子,通过促凋亡和抑凋亡分子相互作用来控制细胞的凋亡和存活,是细胞凋亡研究中最深入广泛的一类分子。在哺乳动物,Bcl-2家族分子的研究有利于研发临床治疗肿瘤的药物,或监测肿瘤发生发展的程度。而在节肢动物,相关研究有利于害虫的生物防控。论文就Bcl-2家族分子功能及其在不同物种的作用机制进行综述。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫裂殖子对侵入细胞凋亡抑制通路的研究

为了研究柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenlla)裂殖子入侵宿主细胞后对凋亡诱导的抑制通路,将纯化的裂殖子与牛肾传代细胞(MDBK细胞)共培养1.5 h。用含6%乙醇的完全培养基诱导细胞凋亡2.5 h,通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率。采用标准试剂盒测定Cyto C,Caspase8,Caspase9,Caspase3的活性。流式细胞术结果显示,入侵裂殖子的细胞在诱导凋亡后其凋亡率为4.57%,而未感染的细胞其凋亡率达到23.69%,二者差异显著(P0.05),诱导凋亡的MDBK细胞早期凋亡率为19.50%,晚期凋亡率为4.19%,而感染裂殖子后诱导凋亡的MDBK细胞其早期凋亡率为3.53%,晚期凋亡率为1.04%,差异显著(P0.05)。结果表明,裂殖子的入侵不但可以抑制细胞凋亡,还可以延缓细胞进入早期凋亡的时间。试剂盒结果表明,裂殖子使Cyto C,Caspase8,Caspase9的活性下降,而Caspase3没有变化。根据上述结果初步判断,E tenlla裂殖子抑制MDBK细胞的凋亡是通过线粒体通路。     

Regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis by death ligand–receptor signaling

Several hundred thousand primordial follicles are present in the mammalian ovary, however, only 1% develop to the preovulatory stage and finally ovulate. The remainder will be eliminated via a degenerative process called ‘atresia’. The endocrinological regulatory mechanisms involved in follicular development and atresia have largely been characterized but the precise temporal and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of these events remain unknown. Many recent studies suggest that apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells plays a crucial role in follicular atresia. Notably, death ligand‐receptor interaction and subsequent intracellular signaling have been demonstrated to be the key mechanisms regulating granulosa cell apoptosis. In this review we provide an overview of granulosa cell apoptosis regulated by death ligand‐receptor signaling. The roles of death ligands and receptors [Fas ligand (FasL)]‐Fas, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)‐TNF receptor and TNFα‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL)‐TRAIL receptor (TRAILR)] and intracellular death‐signal mediating molecules (Fas‐associated death domain protein), TNF receptor 1‐associated death domain protein, caspases, apoptotic protease‐activating factor 1, TNFR‐associated factor 2 and cellular FLICE‐like inhibitory protein in granulosa cells are discussed.     

Morphological and biochemical aspects of apoptosis,oncosis and necrosis

Recent investigations have demonstrated the need for a precise differentiation of various forms of cell death such as apoptosis, oncosis, necrosis and programmed cell death. Apoptosis is marked by cellular shrinking, condensation and margination of the chromatin and ruffling of the plasma membrane with eventually breaking up of the cell in apoptotic bodies. Cell death marked by cellular swelling should be called oncosis, whereas the term necrosis refers to the morphological alterations appearing after cell death. Apoptosis and oncosis are therefore pre-mortal processes, while necrosis is a post-mortal condition. The term programmed cell death refers to the 'fixed' pathway followed by dying cells, whether or not with the characteristic morphology of apoptosis. Three mechanisms are actually known to be involved in the apoptotic process: a receptor-ligand mediated mechanism, a mitochondrial pathway and a mechanism in which the endoplasmic reticulum plays a central role. All three mechanisms activate caspases which are responsible for the characteristic morphological changes observed during apoptosis. A review of the different methods used for detecting apoptotic cells demonstrates that most of these techniques are not entirely specific.     

Role of Cell Death Ligand and Receptor System on Regulation of Follicular Atresia in Pig Ovaries

Several hundred thousand primordial follicles are present in the mammalian ovary, however, only a limited number develop to the pre-ovulatory stage, and then finally ovulate. The others, more than 99%, will be eliminated through a degenerative process called 'atresia'. The endocrinological regulatory mechanisms involved in follicular development and atresia have been characterized to a large extent, but the precise temporal and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of these events have remained unknown. From many recent studies, it is suggested that the apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells plays a crucial role in follicular atresia. Notably, death ligand–receptor interaction and subsequent intracellular signalling have been demonstrated to be the key mechanisms regulating granulosa cell apoptosis. In this review, we provide an overview of granulosa cell apoptosis regulated by death ligand–receptor signalling. The roles of death ligands and receptors [Fas ligand (FasL)–Fas, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α–TNF receptor (TNFR), and TNFα-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)–TRAIL receptor (TRAILR)] and intracellular death-signal mediators [Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), TNF receptor 1-associated death domain protein (TRADD), caspases, apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf1), TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), and cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP), etc.] in granulosa cells will be discussed.     

Equine coronavirus induces apoptosis in cultured cells

Equine coronavirus (ECoV) was first isolated from a diarrheic foal and was found genetically similar to group II coronaviruses. However, its pathological characteristics were not adequately investigated. In our preliminary in vitro investigation, ECoV-induced cell death was observed in bovine kidney-derived MDBK cells. Based on this finding, we investigated whether the ECoV-induced CPE was apoptosis. Following ECoV infection, MDBK cells showed morphological changes such as cell rounding and detachment from the culture surface. Moreover, syncytium formation was observed as the other type of cytopathic effect in ECoV infection. Morphologic and biochemical features of apoptosis, such as nuclear fragmentation and DNA ladder formation, were also detected in ECoV-infected cells. Moreover, as is commonly observed in coronavirus infection in other animals, the activities of effecter caspases – caspase-3/7 – and initiator caspases – caspase-8 and caspase-9 – that are representative factors in the death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, respectively, were increased in ECoV-infected MDBK cells. Therefore, it was suggested that ECoV can induce apoptosis in MDBK cells via a caspase-dependent pathway. Apoptotic death of infected cells is detrimental because it causes cell and tissue destruction and inflammatory responses. Although the pathological characteristics of ECoV are largely unknown, apoptosis may be the pathological basis of lesions of the digestive system in ECoV infection.     

No caspase activation but overexpression of Bcl-2 in bovine cells infected with noncytopathic bovine virus diarrhoea virus

Cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (cp BVDV) induce apoptosis in permissible cell cultures via the intrinsic pathway, which involves the mitochondria as key organelles. An important event is the irreversible opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) and the breakdown of the transmembrane potential DeltaPsi(m). The resulting release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria serves as a trigger to form the apoptosome which then leads to caspase activation and cell death. In contrast, noncytopathic (ncp) BVDV do not seem to affect cells in vivo or in vitro, suggesting that they inhibit apoptosis. Interestingly, inhibition of caspases in cells infected with cp BVDV delayed the apoptotic cascade but did not prevent the cytopathic effect (CPE). This suggests that the induction of apoptosis and the processes finally leading to the CPE may proceed separately, implying that the inhibition of apoptosis by ncp BVDV has to start earlier in the cascade. In this study we show that in fact apoptosis inhibition in cells infected with ncp BVDV must occur at the mitochondrial level, before the activation of the caspase cascade occurs. To elucidate the role of mitochondria after infection of cells with ncp BVDV, expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were analysed. It was shown that while Bax expression was not affected, the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was upregulated, presumably suppressing initiation of cell death and enabling persistent infection in vitro.     

Does Apoptosis Occur during Follicular Atresia in the Follicular Walls of the Porcine Ovary?

Contents In this experiment, the possibility that the follicular-wall cells' death during ovarian follicular atresia occurs as a result of apoptosis was examined. Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a process whereby cells die in a controlled fashion, triggered by changes in levels of specific physiological stimuli. Morphological transformations of the cells are preceded by endo- nuclease-mediated genomic-DNA cleavage. The analysis of DNA from the theca and granulosa layers of follicles indicated that internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA occurred in atretic granulosa cells but not in atretic theca cells. The healthy granulosa and theca cells in all classes of follicles showed no apoptosis. This paper demonstrates that the death of porcine ovarian-follicle walls can be caused by different processes and, contrary to granulosa cells' apoptosis, either does not or only partly concerns the internal theca layer.     

Caspases与细胞凋亡

Caspases是一类蛋白裂解酶,在细胞内以无活性的酶原形式存在。Caspases具有半胱氨酸激活位点和底物裂解位点,当作用于胞内特异性底物后将引起细胞凋亡。Caspases的底物特异性由其裂解位点N-端的4个氨基酸残基决定,其底物裂解部位通常位于靶蛋白质一级结构中Asp残基后,数目由一个到多个不等。Caspase酶系作为细胞凋亡的中枢效应器,在细胞凋亡的启动及进程中发挥着极为重要的作用。无活性的caspases酶原主要通过上游caspseses加工机制、邻近诱导机制或偶联调节亚基机制三种方式被激活而引发细胞凋亡。细胞凋亡是细胞生命活动的基本特征之一。本文就引起凋亡的酶系和细胞凋亡的生化机理加以综述。     

Role of sialidase in Mycoplasma alligatoris-induced pulmonary fibroblast apoptosis

Mycoplasma alligatoris causes acute lethal cardiopulmonary disease of susceptible hosts. A survey of its genome implicated sialidase and hyaluronidase, synergistic regulators of hyaluronan receptor CD44-mediated signal transduction leading to apoptotic cell death, as virulence factors of M. alligatoris. In this study, after the existence of a CD44 homolog in alligators was established by immunolabeling primary pulmonary fibroblasts with monoclonal antibody IM7 against murine CD44, the sialidase inhibitor 2,3-didehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA) was used to examine the effects of sialidase on fibroblast apoptosis following in vitro infection with M. alligatoris. While their CD44 expression remained constant, infected cells exhibited morphologic changes characteristic of apoptosis including decreased size, rounding, disordered alpha-tubulin, and nuclear disintegration compared to untreated controls. DANA was a potent, non-toxic inhibitor of the sialidase activity, equivalent to about 1mU of Clostridium perfringens Type VI sialidase, expressed by M. alligatoris in the inoculum. Although DANA did not measurably reduce the proportion of infected fibroblasts labeled by a specific ligand of activated caspases, co-incubation with DANA protected (P<0.01) fibroblasts in a concentration-dependent fashion from the M. alligatoris-induced trends toward increased apoptosis receptor CD95 expression, and increased 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation measured in a terminal dUTP nick end-labeling apoptosis assay. In contrast, incubation with 200-fold excess purified C. perfringens sialidase alone did not affect CD95 expression or chromatin integrity, or induce fibroblast apoptosis. From those observations we conclude that interaction of its sialidase with hyaluronidase or another virulence factor(s) is necessary to elicit the pro-apoptotic effects of M. alligatoris infection.     

Caspase activation in equine influenza virus induced apoptotic cell death.

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is the leading cause of acute respiratory infection in horses worldwide. In recent years, the precise mechanism by which influenza infection kills host cells is being re-evaluated. In this report, we examined whether caspases, a group of intracellular proteases, are activated following EIV infection and contribute to EIV-mediated cell death. Western blotting analysis indicated that a nuclear target of caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was proteolytically cleaved in EIV-infected MDCK cells, but not in mock-infected cells. In comparison with caspase-3 specific inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO, a general caspase inhibitor Boc-D-FMK provided much stronger inhibition of EIV-induced cytopathic effect and apoptosis. Our results suggest that EIV may activate more than one caspase. Caspase activation and cleavage of its cellular targets may play a critical role in EIV-mediated cytotoxicity.     

镉致细胞凋亡的分子机制研究进展

镉是一种公认的对人和动物健康有害的金属元素,可诱导机体多种组织细胞发生凋亡。镉致细胞凋亡的信号转导通路主要包括线粒体通路和死亡受体通路,作者主要从这两条途径对镉诱导细胞凋亡的分子机制进行综述。