Survival of freeze-dried Lactobacillus bulgaricus KFRI 673 in chitosan-coated calcium alginate microparticles

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alginate microparticles coated with three kinds of chitosans of different molecular weights on the survival of Lactobacillus bulgaricus KFRI 673 in simulated gastric (SGJ) and intestinal juices (SIJ) and on their stability during storage at 4 and 22 degrees C. L. bulgaricus KFRI 673 loaded in alginate microparticles was prepared by spraying the mixture of sodium alginate and cell culture into the calcium chloride solution using an air-atomizing device. When L. bulgaricus KFRI 673 was exposed to SGJ of pH 2.0 for 60 min, none of the microorganism survived. Contrary to this result, microbiological analysis indicated that microencapsulation in alginate microparticles improved the survival of acid-sensitive L. bulgaricus KFRI 673 in SGJ and that high molecular weight chitosan coating resulted in the highest survival in SGJ. To study storage stability of free and microencapsulated cells, in vitro studies were conducted at 4 and 22 degrees C during a 4 week period. Both free and microencapsulated cells showed similar stabilities during 4 weeks of storage at 4 degrees C. However, the stability of Lactobacillus at 22 degrees C was appreciably improved when loaded in high molecular weight chitosan-coated alginate microparticles. In conclusion, microencapsulation of lactic acid bacteria with alginate and chitosan coating offers an effective way of delivering viable bacterial cells to the colon and maintaining their survival during refrigerated storage.     

Effects of Selected Harvest Moistures and Frozen Storage Times on Selected Yellow Dent Corn: Wet‐Milling Yields and Starch Pasting Properties

The effects of harvest moistures and frozen storage times on corn wet‐milling yields and the pasting properties of the resulting starch were studied. Pioneer hybrid P‐0916‐XR harvested at three moisture contents (49, 35, and 21% wb) were stored frozen for three days or for five months, followed by wet‐milling. The pasting properties of the resulting starch were evaluated with a Rapid Visco Analyzer. The yields of starch and germ increased by 1.2 and 1.9 percentage points, respectively, when harvest moisture decreased from 49 to 21% wb, whereas the yields of steep water solids, total fiber, and gluten decreased by 2.1, 0.7, and 0.6 percentage points, respectively. The frozen corn had lower coarse fiber yields but higher cellular fiber yields. The starch pasting properties showed that peak and breakdown viscosities decreased by 8% (3,824 ± 36 versus 3,520 ± 38 cP) and 13% (2,336 ± 47 versus 2,029 ± 60 cP), respectively, when harvest moisture decreased from 49 to 21% wb, whereas peak time increased by 5% (6.32 ± 0.06 versus 6.62 ± 0.07 min). The setback and final viscosities of starch from long‐term frozen storage (five months) were 14% (1,574 ± 65 versus 1,828 ± 79 cP) and 8% (3,063 ± 27 versus 3,317 ± 101 cP) lower, respectively, than that from control (unfrozen) corn.     

Effective deacetylation of chitin under conditions of 15 psi/121 degrees C

Deacetylation of chitin under autoclaving conditions (15 psi/121 degrees C) was evaluated for the preparation of chitosan under different NaOH concentrations and reaction times. Deacetylation was effectively achieved by treatment of chitin under elevated temperature and pressure with 45% NaOH for 30 min and a solids/solvent ratio of 1:15. Treated chitosan showed similar nitrogen content (7.42%), degree of deacetylation (90.4%), and molecular mass (1560 kDa) but significantly higher viscosity values (2025 cP) compared with those (7.40%, 87.6%, 1304 kDa, and 143 cP, respectively) of a commercial chitosan. Reduction of the solids/solvent ratio from 1:15 to 1:10 did not affect degree of deacetylation, viscosity, and molecular mass of chitosan.     

Viscoelasticity of Cowpea Starch Gels

The mechanical behavior of cowpea starch gels (10%, w/v) at small and large deformations were investigated in comparison with acorn, corn, and potato starches in storage at 4°C for seven days. The rapid viscograms of starch paste (7%, w/v) revealed that cowpea starch had a larger setback (1,135 cP) than other starches (465–830 cP), although peak viscosity (1,723 cP) and pasting temperature (76°C) were between those of corn and potato starches. Texture profile analysis of cowpea starch gel showed exceptionally higher values for hardness, gumminess, chewiness and initial modulus than other starch gels. Cowpea starch gel also exhibited higher G′ and smaller tan δ compared with other starch gels, regardless of the storage time. A creep test revealed that the cowpea starch gel could remain highly resistant to stress, showing the least deformation among the tested starch gels during storage up to seven days. The overall results disclosed that cowpea starch was capable of forming exceptionally strong and elastic gels with good storage stability.     

Comparison of physicochemical, binding, and antibacterial properties of chitosans prepared without and with deproteinization process

Physicochemical, binding, and antibacterial properties of chitosans prepared without and with deproteinization (DP) process (5, 10, 15, and 30 min at 15 psi/121 degrees C) were compared. Chitosan from DP 0 min had comparable nitrogen content, lower degree of deacetylation and solubility, but higher molecular weight and viscosity than chitosans from DP 5-30 min. The latter four chitosans showed differences only in molecular weight. Deproteinization treatment resulted in slightly decreased L values and increased a and b values compared with those of DP 0 min. Chitosan from DP 0 min had comparable water and fat-binding capacity (FBC) except for chitosan from DP 15 min, which had a higher FBC but lower dye-binding capacity than those of the four chitosans from DP 5-30 min. The antibacterial activities of chitosans against seven different bacteria showed that the inhibitory effects varied with the deproteinization time and the particular bacterium.     

Effect of chitosan coating enriched with thyme oil on postharvest quality and shelf life of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes)

The effect of chitosan-oil coating on the postharvest quality and shelf life of shiitake (Lentinus edodes) mushrooms stored at 4 ± 1 °C for 16 days was investigated. Mushroom weight loss, firmness, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage rate, and microbial and sensory quality were measured. The results indicate that treatment with chitosan-oil coating maintained tissue firmness, inhibited increase of respiration rate, and reduced microorganism counts, such as yeasts and molds and pseudomonad, compared to control treatment. The efficiency was better than that of thyme oil treatment or chitosan coating. Furthermore, shiitake mushrooms treated with chitosan-oil coating also exhibited significantly higher levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, as well as individual phenolic compounds than control. Sensory evaluation proved the efficacy of chitosan-oil coating by maintaining the overall quality of shiitake mushroom during the storage period. Our study suggests that chitosan-oil coating might be a promising candidate for maintaining shiitake mushroom quality and extending their postharvest life.     

Modification of Starch by Dry Heating with Ionic Gums

Waxy maize (native and hydroxypropylated [HP]) and potato starches were impregnated with ionic gums (sodium alginate, CMC, and xanthan, 1% based on starch solids) and heat‐treated in a dry state for 0, 2, or 4 hr at 130°C. Effects of the dry heating on paste viscosity (RVA) and clarity (light transmittance) were examined. Heat treatment with sodium alginate and CMC raised the paste viscosities of native and HP waxy maize starches, but decreased that of potato starch. Xanthan provided the most substantial changes in paste viscosity among the tested gums. It appeared to heavily restrict granule swelling of the waxy maize starches, but it increased swelling of potato starch granules. Dry heating raised the paste viscosity of all the starch‐gum mixtures tested, except the potato starchalginate mixture. The final viscosity at 50°C of a 7% paste was raised in all other starches by ≈500–1,000 cP by this treatment. The paste of waxy maize starch‐gum products became opaque and shorter textured by the heat treatment, regardless of the gum type, whereas potato starch‐gum products did not show any obvious change in paste clarity. Ionic gums could behave as cross‐linking agents as well as form graft copolymers through heatinduced ester formation. This simple heating process with ionic gums could be used as a modification method for starch.     

Enzymatic grafting of peptides from casein hydrolysate to chitosan. Potential for value-added byproducts from food-processing wastes

Tyrosinase was used to initiate the grafting of peptides onto the amine-containing polysaccharide chitosan. Chemical evidence for covalent grafting was obtained from electrospray mass spectrometry for products formed from reactions with glucosamine (the monomeric unit of chitosan) and the model dipeptide Tyr-Ala. When this model dipeptide was incubated with tyrosinase and chitosan, there was a marked increase in the viscosity of the solution. This viscosity increase provides physical evidence that tyrosinase can initiate peptide grafting onto the chitosan backbone. A peptide-modified chitosan derivative was generated by reacting chitosan (0.32 w/v%) with acid-hydrolyzed casein (0.5 w/v %) using tyrosinase. After reaction, the peptide-modified chitosan was partially purified and dissolved in an aqueous acetic acid solution. Low concentrations of this peptide-modified chitosan were observed to confer viscoelastic properties to the solutions. Specifically they conferred high viscosities and shear thinning properties to the solutions, and solutions containing only 1 w/w % of the peptide-modified chitosan behaved as weak gels. Thus, tyrosinase provides a simple and safe way to convert food-processing byproducts into environmentally friendly products that offer useful functional properties. The selectivity of tyrosinase and the relatively high reactivity of chitosan's amines allow grafting to be performed with uncharacterized peptide mixtures present in crude hydrolysates.     

壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合涂膜对甜樱桃采后生理和贮藏品质的影响

为研究壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合涂膜对甜樱桃贮藏期生理及品质的影响,以新鲜大连甜樱桃为材料,研究4℃条件下3种壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合涂膜处理(0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.2%壳聚糖、0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.5%壳聚糖、0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.8%壳聚糖)对甜樱桃的腐烂率、失重率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C(Vc)含量、呼吸强度、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化的影响。结果表明,0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.8%壳聚糖复配的壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌涂膜处理对甜樱桃果实的保鲜效果优于壳聚糖单膜处理(1.0%壳聚糖)。壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合涂膜处理能够使可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、Vc含量维持在较高水平,降低果实的腐烂率、失重率,有效延缓呼吸强度、MDA含量的上升及CAT活性的下降,抑制POD和SOD活性。在维持甜樱桃贮藏品质和延缓衰老方面,以0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.8%壳聚糖复配的壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合膜处理的保鲜效果最好。本研究结果为改性壳聚糖涂膜在甜樱桃贮藏保鲜中的应用提供了理论依据。     

Effects of Processing,Cultivar, and Environment on the Physicochemical Properties of Oat β‐Glucan

Several food regulatory agencies around the world have approved health claims for oat‐derived β‐glucan for cholesterol lowering and glycemic control. The biological efficacy of β‐glucan appears to depend both on daily intake and on physicochemical properties, such as molecular weight and viscosity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of oat processing, genotype, and growing location on the physicochemical properties of β‐glucan. Five oat genotypes (HiFi, Leggett, CDC Dancer, Marion, and CDC Morrison) grown in two locations (Saskatoon and Kernen) were dehulled (untreated) and processed in a pilot facility through kilning (kilned, not flaked) and subsequent steaming and flaking (kilned, flaked). Untreated groats gave a relatively low Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) apparent viscosity (164 cP) and a low extractable β‐glucan molecular weight (332,440) but exhibited high β‐glucan solubility (90.49%). Compared with untreated groats, the kilned (not flaked) samples had significantly increased RVA apparent viscosity (314 cP) and extractable β‐glucan molecular weight (604,710). Additional processing into kilned and flaked products further increased RVA apparent viscosity (931 cP) and β‐glucan molecular weight (1,221,760), but β‐glucan solubility (63.83%) was significantly reduced. Genotype and growing environment also significantly affected β‐glucan viscosity and molecular weight, but no significant interaction effects between processing, genotype, and environment were found. Results indicate that there is potential for processors to improve the physicochemical and nutritional properties of oat end products through processing of specific oat genotypes from selected growing locations.     

Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of hetero-chitooligosaccharides prepared from partially different deacetylated chitosans

Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of hetero-chitooligosaccharides (hetero-COSs) prepared from partially different deacetylated chitosans was investigated. Partially deacetylated chitosans, 90, 75, and 50% deacetylated chitosan, were prepared from crab chitin by N-deacetylation with 40% sodium hydroxide solution for durations. In addition, nine kinds of hetero-COSs with relatively high molecular masses (5000-10 000 Da; 90-HMWCOSs, 75-HMWCOSs, and 50-HMWCOSs), medium molecular masses (1000-5000 Da; 90-MMWCOSs, 75-MMWCOSs, and 50-MMWCOSs), and low molecular masses (below 1000 Da; 90-LMWCOSs, 75-LMWCOSs, and 50-LMWCOSs) were prepared using an ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor system. ACE inhibitory activity of hetero-COSs was dependent on the degree of deacetylation of chitosans. 50-MMWCOSs that are COSs hydrolyzed from 50% deacetylated chitosan, the relatively lowest degree of deacetylation, exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory activity, and the IC(50) value was 1.22 +/- 0.13 mg/mL. In addition, the ACE inhibition pattern of the 50-MMWCOSs was investigated by Lineweaver-Burk plots, and the inhibition pattern was found to be competitive.     

Purification and characterization of two chitosanase isoforms from the sheaths of bamboo shoots

Two thermally stable chitosanase isoforms were purified from the sheaths of chitosan-treated bamboo shoots. Isoforms A and B had molecular masses of 24.5 and 16.4 kDa and isoelectric points of 4.30 and 9.22, respectively. Using chitosan as the substrate, both isoforms functioned optimally between pH 3 and 4, and the optimum temperatures for the activities of isoforms A and B were 70 and 60 °C, respectively. The kinetic parameters K(m) and V(max) for isoform A were 0.539 mg/mL and 0.262 μmol/min/mg, respectively, and for isoform B were 0.183 mg/mL and 0.092 μmol/min/mg, respectively. Chitosans were susceptible to degradation by both enzymes and could be converted to low molecular weight chitosans between 28.2 and 11.7 kDa. Furthermore, the most susceptible chitosan substrates were 50-70 and 40-80% deacetylated for isoforms A and B, respectively. Both enzymes could also degrade chitin substrates with lower efficacy. N-Bromosuccinimide and Woodward's reagent K strongly inhibited both enzymes.     

Characterization of volatile compounds in chilled cod (Gadus morhua) fillets by gas chromatography and detection of quality indicators by an electronic nose

Volatile compounds in cod fillets packed in Styrofoam boxes were analyzed during chilled storage (0.5 degrees C) by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry and GC-olfactometry to screen potential quality indicators present in concentrations high enough for detection by an electronic nose. Photobacterium phosphoreum dominated the spoilage bacteria on day 12 when the fillets were rejected by sensory analysis. Ketones, mainly 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, were detected in the highest level (33%) at sensory rejection, followed by amines (TMA) (29%), alcohols (15%), acids (4%), aldehydes (3%), and a low level of esters (<1%). The electronic nose's CO sensor showed an increasing response with storage time coinciding with the production of ethanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol that were produced early in the storage, followed by the production of 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-butanal, 2,3-butandiol, and ethyl acetate. Lipid-derived aldehydes, like hexanal and decanal, were detected in similar levels throughout the storage time and contributed to the overall sweet odors of cod fillets in combination with other carbonyls (3-hydroxy-2-butanone, acetaldehyde, 2-butanone, 3-pentanone, and 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one).     

Effect of Processing on Viscosity and Molecular Weight of (1,3)(1,4)‐β‐Glucan in Western Australian Oat Cultivars

Six Australian milling oat cultivars grown over two growing seasons were characterized for differences in (1,3)(1,4)‐β‐glucan (β‐glucan) viscosity, solubility, molecular weight (M_w), and the effect of processing. Oat cultivars grown in 2012 had significantly higher extracted β‐glucan viscosity from oat flour than the same oat cultivar grown in 2011 (P < 0.05, mean 137 and 165 cP, respectively). Noodle β‐glucan mean viscosity for 2012 (147 cP) was significantly higher than for 2011 (128 cP). β‐Glucan from ‘Williams’ and ‘Mitika’ oats had the highest viscosity (P < 0.05) in flour (5.92 and 5.25%, respectively) and noodles (1.64 and 1.47%, respectively) for both years, compared with the other oat cultivars. β‐Glucan (M_w) of Williams for 2012 and ‘Kojonup’ for both years were the least affected by processing, with an average drop of 33% compared with a maximum of 63% for other cultivars. Therefore, Williams showed superior β‐glucan properties to other oat cultivars studied, and can potentially provide improved health benefits. High and low β‐glucan M_w populations were found in the same elution peak after processing. Oat cultivars chosen for processing should be those with β‐glucans that are more resistant to processing, and that maintain their physiochemical properties and, therefore, bioactivity.     

辐照降解壳聚糖涂膜对沙糖桔、圣女果和金桔的保鲜作用

研究了经辐照降解后的不同分子量壳聚糖对沙糖桔、圣女果、金桔在贮存过程中失重率、腐烂率、总酸、可溶性固形物以及抗坏血酸的影响。结果表明:降解壳聚糖处理可显著降低3种果实的失重率和腐烂率,延缓总酸、可溶性固形物以及抗坏血酸含量的下降;其中,分子量为6.6×104Da的壳聚糖对3种水果的保鲜效果最佳,贮存18d的腐烂率较对照组分别降低71.11%、66.01%和70.22%,总酸提高55.60%3、6.75%和36.68%,可溶性固形物提高49.06%、25.75%和49.46%,抗坏血酸提高42.80%、41.65%和51.70%。因此,辐照降解壳聚糖能有效降低3种水果的腐烂率,延长贮存期至18d,并保持其营养品质。     

龙眼复合涂膜保鲜剂的研究

选用魔芋葡苷聚糖、壳聚糖、乳化剂等，采用正交设计设立10个试验组，进行涂膜效果试验和龙眼常温保鲜试验，得出最佳的涂膜配方(含抗菌抑霉剂)为：魔芋葡甘聚糖浓度0.2%，壳聚糖0.2%，蔗糖脂肪酸脂0.15%。经过重复性试验，采用该组配方涂膜能有效增加“福眼”在贮藏期间的好果率，在常温下贮藏7d好果率为82%。显微照片显示，复合涂膜能在龙眼果皮形成一层更加致密的白色半透膜，能渗透到龙眼外果皮的微裂孔和维管束中，覆盖龙眼果皮表面的细孔。     

纳他霉素复合涂膜剂对葡萄保鲜效果的影响

为了探讨不同浓度的纳他霉素复合壳聚糖涂膜处理对葡萄果实采后的保鲜效果及其作用机制,该文以"红地球"葡萄为试材,在0℃冷藏条件下,分别用蒸馏水(CK1)、1%壳聚糖(CK2)、0.20%、0.40%、0.60%的纳他霉素复合1%壳聚糖对采后果实进行了涂膜处理,并定期对各项生理生化指标进行了测定。结果表明:纳他霉素复合壳聚糖涂膜剂能显著抑制红地球葡萄的腐烂率,与对照(CK1、CK2)相比,处理组果实的总酚含量能维持在较高的水平。不同浓度的纳他霉素壳聚糖复合涂膜液均能增强果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性,抑制多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量的上升,同时提高果实超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性。其中,0.40%的纳他霉素壳聚糖复合保鲜液对葡萄果实的保鲜效果最佳,在0℃条件下冷藏120d后,果实的腐烂率仅为8.52%。同时,该复合涂膜剂能通过调控葡萄果实的呼吸作用等过程明显延缓采后果实的衰老,延长果实的贮藏时间。该文为葡萄保鲜提供新方法。     

牛粪厌氧发酵过程中的分层流变特性

厌氧发酵过程中,物料分层及各层料液黏度、密度等参数是搅拌装置设计的重要依据。该文采用接力试验研究了牛粪中温厌氧发酵过程中各层料液基础物性的变化情况。结果表明:牛粪厌氧发酵过程中,反应器中料液密度自上而下逐渐变大,且各层密度随总固体含量增加而升高,反应过程中各层密度均在发酵第4天达到最大值,料液总固体质量分数为4%、6%、8%时对应的上中下层溶液的密度最大值分别为1.02、1和1.02,1.02、1.03和1.07,1.03、1.03和1.07 g/cm3。受料液分层的影响,反应器中上层和中层料液黏度呈先增大后减小并逐步趋于稳定,下层料液黏度以初始黏度为最大,且不同初始料液总固体含量对黏度变化过程具有显著影响,TS=4%时,上、中层料液黏度分别在第7天、第4天达到最大值11.5和14.7 m Pa·s,下层初始最大黏度为107 m Pa·s;TS=6%、8%时,上、中层料液黏度均在第4天达到最大值,上层料液黏度最大值分别为25.5和63.5 m Pa·s,中层料液黏度最大值分别为15.5和95.5 m Pa·s,下层初始最大黏度分别为135.5和185.5 m Pa·s。随着初始物料总固体含量的增加日产气量也相应增高,产气高峰出现时间相应提前;TS=8%时的累积产气量分别比6%和4%提高了21.4%和8.71%,但产气中甲烷含量增加速率基本相同,并在第10天左右基本趋于稳定。该结果可为厌氧发酵反应器的搅拌装置设计提供参考。     

Effects of Rough Rice Storage Conditions on the Amylograph and Cooking Properties of Medium-Grain Rice cv. Bengal

Rough rice (cv. Bengal) was stored at four moisture contents (8.8, 10.7, 12.9, and 13.6% MC) and three temperatures (3, 20, and 37°C) for up to six months. The amylograph overall paste viscosity of the milled rice increased during storage. This increase was most apparent in all samples stored at 37°C. For rice stored at 20 and 37°C at all MC levels, a 30–50% increase in peak viscosity (PV) was observed during the first three months of storage. PV subsequently leveled off for rice stored at 12.9 and 13.6% MC but declined for samples stored at 8.8 and 10.7% MC. The final viscosities also increased during storage. The water-absorption ratio of the samples during cooking in excess water increased by an average of 15% over six months of storage. The amylograph and cooking properties were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by rough rice storage duration, temperature, MC, and their respective interactions.     

Studies on rye (Secale cereale L.) lines exhibiting a range of extract viscosities. 2. Rheological and baking characteristics of rye and rye/wheat blends and feeding value for chicks of wholemeals and breads

Five rye lines exhibiting a wide range of extract viscosities were evaluated for the rheological and baking properties of their flours, individually and in blends with hard red spring wheat flour. Commercial cultivars of rye and triticale were included in the study as controls. Extract viscosities of rye flours were higher than those of corresponding wholemeals, indicating shifting of water-extractable arabinoxylan into flour during roller milling. Falling numbers of the rye flours correlated positively with their extract viscosities in the presence (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) or absence (r = 0.65, p < 0.05) of an enzyme inhibitor. Farinograms revealed the weakness of rye and triticale flours compared to wheat flour. Extract viscosities of rye flours were negatively correlated (r = -0.65, p < 0.05) with mixing tolerance index and positively correlated (r = 0.64, p < 0.05) with dough stability, suggesting a positive impact of extract viscosity on dough strength. Extract viscosity was negatively correlated (r = -0.74, p < 0.05) with loaf volume and specific volume (r = -0.73, p < 0.05) and positively correlated (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) with loaf weight of rye/wheat bread. Overall, the results indicated that 30% of flour from high or low extract viscosity rye could be incorporated into rye/wheat breads without seriously compromising bread quality. Inclusion of rye, particularly high extract viscosity rye, in chick diets seriously impeded growth performance and feed efficiency. Part of the arabinoxylan survived bread-making and exerted an effect on chicks, although substantially lower digesta viscosities were observed in chicks fed rye bread diets than in those fed rye wholemeals.