面粉理化品质性状与兰州拉面品质关系的研究

为了给拉面型小麦品种的科学选育及面粉加工企业的配麦提供科学依据和理论指导，建立快速、简捷的拉面粉评价方法．以甘肃省河西地区近几年推广、试种及新培育的小麦品种(品系)为材料，测定了各个材料的面粉理化性状，分析了面粉主要品质性状与拉面品质之间的关系。研究结果表明，拉面粉的主要理化品质性状对拉面品质的影响在各个方向及作用的大小不同；面筋指数、干面筋含量、蛋白质含量及沉淀值等理化性状与兰州拉面的感官总评分极显著正相关．可作为拉面粉选育、品质评价的理化指标，但蛋白质和沉淀值是影响拉面品质的主要理化品质性状；优质兰州拉面要求较高的面筋指数、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、蛋白质含量和沉淀值，较低的灰分含量和较高的白度值。     

不同小麦品种搭配生产兰州拉面专用粉的灰色关联度分析

为研究配麦粉制作兰州拉面的特性,将强筋小麦品种甘春20号与中筋小麦品种宁春18号或弱筋小麦品种高台麦分别以11种比例搭配成22份配麦粉,测定了其面粉理化品质及面团品质,并用灰色关联度分析法对所有配麦粉的兰州拉面品质做了初步分析.结果发现,所有配麦粉中拉面品质位居前5名的依次是甘春20∶宁春18=2∶8,4∶6,5∶5,3∶7,0∶10;甘春20号占100%或高台麦比例较高的配麦粉,品质名序都很靠后.这说明,较低比例的强筋小麦与较高比例的中筋小麦搭配的面粉适合做兰州拉面,单纯的高筋力和弱筋力小麦粉都不适合做拉面.     

兰州拉面品质与面粉品质及面团特性的关系

为了给兰州拉面专用粉评价指标的筛选和专用小麦品种的培育提供理论依据,以甘肃河西地区曾主栽推广的15个春小麦品种（品系）和10个市场拉面专用粉为材料,研究了面粉主要品质性状和面团特性间及其与拉面品质之间的关系。结果表明,蛋白质含量、干面筋含量分别与面团筋力、面团弹性、弹性指数、面团形成时间和面团稳定时间呈显著或极显著相关;面筋指数、沉淀值除了分别与面团弹性和面团配置比相关不显著外,与其它面团特性均呈显著或极显著相关;面团跌落值与其它因子均呈显著或极显著负相关;面粉品质和面团品质特性均与拉面品质密切相关。影响拉面品质总评分的直接作用因素是面粉灰分和面团配置比,间接作用因素是面团跌落值、面团筋力、面团稳定时间和沉淀值。建立了兰州拉面品质评价回归模型,建议用面团筋力和弹性指数为主的面团品质特性评价拉面专用粉适应性和选育专用小麦。     

手工拉面评分指标与面筋数量和质量的关系

手工拉面是一种特殊的面条加工形式。本研究选用目前正在甘肃河西大面积推广种植的9个小麦品种及21个新近育成的品系，测定其干、温面筋含量、面筋指数以及手工拉面各项评分指标，并通过相关分析、通径分析及多无线性回归分析，对拉面面条各项评分指标与面筋数量、质量间的关系进行了研究。结果表明，面筋数量和质量对面条各评分指标都具有直接或间接作用，这些作用的结果，使得面筋数量和质量对面条总评分的影响达到了极显著的水平。所得8个回归方程的可靠程度较高，模型合理，实用性强，可用于直接预测拉面各评分指标及总评分，是评价拉面品质的一种简单有效的方法。     

新疆冬小麦地方品种主要品质性状及其与拉面品质的关系

为了解新疆冬小麦地方品种对新疆拉面品质的影响,以30份新疆冬小麦地方品种为供试材料,测定其面粉品质、面团流变学特性及粉色等主要品质性状,并制作新疆拉面,对新疆冬小麦地方品种主要品质性状与新疆拉面加工品质特性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、面团延伸性、配置比、弹性指数、稳定时间及弱化度等7个面粉品质指标与新疆拉面感官评价总分显著相关,其中干面筋含量和配置比的作用最大;逐步回归分析表明,新疆拉面加工品质主要受到干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、面粉红度(a*)的影响。新疆冬小麦地方品种具有较好的拉面加工品质,可为新疆拉面专用小麦品种选育提供种质资源。     

新疆春小麦品种主要品质性状及其与新疆拉面加工品质的关系

为了给培育优质新疆拉面专用新品种提供理论依据,选用36个新疆和宁夏春小麦品种,研究其主要品质性状、新疆拉面加工品质特性以及两者之间的关系.结果表明,新疆春小麦品种籽粒容重和蛋白质含量、面粉蛋白质含量和降落数值较高,籽粒硬度、出粉率以及湿面筋含量、沉淀值中等,面粉灰分含量、吸水率偏低,面团流变学特性多属强筋类型.由于品质性状的不平衡,仅有2个品种完全达到强筋小麦标准,而多数品种属中筋小麦类型,其中有29个品种(占试验品种总数的80.6%)能够制作出优质新疆拉面.新疆拉面感官评价指标中拉面手感、表面状况和色泽是制约新疆拉面加工品质的关键因素.相关分析表明,新疆拉面感官评价指标是春小麦品种籽粒特性、面粉品质、面团流变学特性、淀粉糊化特性以及面粉色泽等品质性状共同作用的结果,如籽粒蛋白含量、面粉蛋白含量、沉淀值、形成时间、稳定时间、评价值、拉伸面积、抗延阻力、最大抗延阻力、拉伸比例、最大拉伸比例、峰值粘度、低谷粘度、稀懈值、亮度、红度和黄度等与新疆拉面感官评价指标显著相关.回归分析进一步表明,灰分、湿面筋含量、形成时间、最大拉伸比例、峰值粘度和红度是影响新疆拉面品质的关键品质性状,可以在育种时用于品质性状的辅助选择.本研究建议制作优质新疆拉面春小麦品种的品质指标为:降落数值≥250 s,灰分(14%MB,下同)≤0.6%,籽粒硬度≥60,籽粒蛋白质含量11.4%～14.0%,湿面筋含量28.0%～32.0%,沉淀值≥35.0 mL,稳定时间3.5～14.3 min,延展性150～210 mm,最大抗延阻力183～455 BU,拉伸面积50～100 cm2,峰值粘度≥248 RUV,稀懈值≥122 RUV,L* ≥90,a*≤-0.8,b*≤7.0.     

新疆市售小麦面粉制作新疆拉面的加工品质特性及其专用粉品质评价指标的研究

为给新疆拉面专用品种选育提供理论依据,2006年对29份来自新疆北部和东部10个主要城市市场销售的面粉样品进行了品质测定和新疆拉面加工品质特性的研究.结果表明,降落数值、灰分含量、面团流变学特性、淀粉粘度特性以及面粉色泽等22个主要品质性状对新疆拉面感官评价总分有显著效应,但作用大小和方向各有不同,其中拉伸阻力与延展度的比例、面团强度、延展性等性状的作用较大.相关分析显示,拉面手感与延伸性呈显著正相关,与配置比、反弹值呈显著负相关,拉面色泽与灰分含量、稳定时间、拉伸阻力、拉伸比例和筋力呈显著负相关,拉面质地(韧性、适口性、光滑性)主要与面团流变学特性参数密切相关,新疆拉面感观评价总分与延伸性呈显著正相关,与配置比和反弹值呈显著负相关.有10个样品能够制做出优质新疆拉面,占34.5%,对其品质性状研究后认为新疆拉面专用面粉的品质指标为:降落数值≥250 s,灰分含量≤0.55%,蛋白质含量11.6%～12.8%,湿面筋含量28.9%～32.3%,Zeleny沉淀值≥30 mL,稳定时间4.1～7.9 min,延展性140～168 mm,拉伸阻力166～250 BU,最大拉伸阻力200～400 BU,拉伸面积50～82cm2,淀粉峰值粘度248～289 RUV,反弹值98～116 RUV,亮度(L*)89～91,黄度(b*)≤6.吹泡仪品质参数中的面团延伸性(L)和面团配置比(P/L)与新疆拉面感官评价总分关系密切,也可以用于新疆拉面专用面粉的品质评价,其品质指标为面团弹性(P)66.0～133.0 mm,面团延伸性(L)58.0～121.0 mm,面团配置比(P/L)0.6～2.3,面团膨胀指数(G)16.9～24.5 mL,面团筋力(W)155.0～290.0 MJ,面团弹性指数(I.e.)40.7～53.1.     

新疆冬、春小麦品种磨粉品质与面粉及新疆拉面品质的关系

为给新疆冬小麦品种新疆拉面加工品质改良提供理论依据,本文选用30个新疆冬麦品种为试验材料,研究新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质与面粉（团）品质性状、新疆拉面加工品质的关系。结果表明：冬小麦磨粉品质对新疆拉面加工品质具有显著影响作用,其中,出粉率与色泽、适口性、光滑性间呈显著正相关（r=0.396,0.466,0.475）,灰分与适口性、食味呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-0.364,-0.524）,破损淀粉与适口性呈极显著正相关（r=0.485）,a*值与食味呈显著负相关（r=-0.565）,而b*值与食味呈显著正相关（r=0.402）。研究结果还表明,新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质性状间关系密切,各性状之间相互联系、相互作用;磨粉品质对主要品质性状具有显著影响,其通过影响面粉（团）品质性状进而影响新疆拉面加工品质,如出粉率、灰分、破损淀粉通过对面团吸水率、形成时间、延展性等品质性状的影响对新疆拉面表观、适口性、光滑性等产生间接影响。总之,新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质与新疆拉面加工品质关系密切,在冬小麦品种新疆拉面加工品质改良中应该重视磨粉品质的改良,要注重提高出粉率、降低灰分和破损淀粉,同时还应改良面粉色泽。对冬小麦优质新疆拉面品种的磨粉品质性状研究后认为优质新疆拉面的磨粉品质指标为：出粉率≥66.04%,灰分(14%MB)≤0.62%,破损淀粉率≤3.69%,面粉颗粒度≤104.28%,L*≥90.78,a*≥-0.81,b*≤8.54。     

新疆冬小麦磨粉品质与面粉及新疆拉面品质的关系

为给新疆冬小麦品种加工新疆拉面的品质改良提供理论依据,选用30个新疆冬小麦品种为试验材料,研究了新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质与面粉（团）品质性状及新疆拉面加工品质的关系。结果表明,新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质性状间关系密切,各性状之间相互联系、相互作用;磨粉品质对面粉（团）的主要品质性状具有显著影响,并通过影响面粉（团）品质性状进而影响新疆拉面加工品质,如出粉率、灰分、破损淀粉率通过对面团吸水率、形成时间、延展性、反弹值等品质性状的显著影响进而对新疆拉面表观、适口性、光滑性等产生间接影响。其中,出粉率与拉面的色泽、适口性、光滑性呈显著正相关（r=0.396,0.466,0.475）,灰分与适口性、食味呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-0.364,-0.524）,破损淀粉率与适口性呈极显著正相关（r=0.485）,a^*值与食味呈显著负相关（r=-0.565）,而b^*值与食味呈显著正相关（r=0.402）。因此,冬小麦品种加工新疆拉面的品质改良中应重视磨粉品质的改良,要注重提高出粉率、降低灰分和破损淀粉率,同时还应改良面粉色泽。对16个适合加工优质新疆拉面的冬小麦品种的磨粉品质性状研究后认为优质新疆拉面的磨粉品质指标为：出粉率≥66.04%,灰分(14%MB)≤0.62%,破损淀粉率≤3.69%,面粉颗粒度≤104.28%,L^*≥90.78,a^*≥-0.81,b^*≤8.54。     

手工拉面评分指标与面团吹泡特性的关系

手工拉面是一种特殊的面条加工形式。为了对面条品质进行准确评价,选用目前正在甘肃河西大面积推广种植的9个小麦品种及21个新近育成的品系,测定其最大张力、延展性、变形功等吹泡特性,以及手工拉面各项评分指标,并通过相关分析、通径分析及多元线性回归分析,对拉面面条各项评分指标与面团吹泡特性间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,3个面团吹泡特性中,面团最大张力对拉面评分指标的作用最小,而面团变形功对拉面评分指标有重要作用,面团延展性主要通过面团变形功间接影响拉面品质。因此,在选择拉面专用粉时主要针对面团延展性和变形功进行选择,尤其是后者。所得8个回归方程的可靠程度较高,模型合理,实用性强,可直接预测拉面各评分指标及总评分,依据面团吹泡特性对拉面品质进行有效评价。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.