Hepatic steatosis is associated with dysregulated cholesterol metabolism and altered protein acetylation dynamics in chickensOA

Background Hepatic steatosis is a prevalent manifestation of fatty liver, that has detrimental effect on the health and productivity of laying hens, resulting in economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we aimed to systematically investigate the genetic regulatory mechanisms of hepatic steatosis in laying hens.Methods Ninety individuals with the most prominent characteristics were selected from 686 laying hens according to the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver, and were graded in...     

Effects of dietary oil sources and fat extraction methods on apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of fat and fatty acids in growing pigsOA

Background:There is a lack of data for the standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of fat and fatty acids in national feed databases.In addition,it is important to specify the procedures used for fat analyses.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to 1) determine the apparent ileal digestibility(AID) and SID of fat and fatty acids in ten different oil sources for growing pigs and to develop prediction equations for SID of fat based on fatty acid composition;and 2) compare the effect of the fat extr...     

Chronic heat stress induces renal fib osis and mitochondrial dysfunction in laying hensOA

Background Heat stress in laying hens negatively affects egg production and shell quality by disrupting the homeo-stasis of plasma calcium and phosphorus levels. Although the kidney plays an important role in calcium and phos-phorus homeostasis, evidence regarding the effect of heat stress on renal injury in laying hens is yet to be elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic heat stress on renal damage in hens during laying periods.Methods A total of 16 w...     

Effect of micro-algae Schizochytrium sp.supplementation in plant diet on reproduction of female rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss): maternal programming impact of progenyOA

Background: The broodstock diet, and in particular the lipid and fatty acid composition of the diet, is known to play a key role in reproductive efficiency and survival of the progeny in fish. A major problem when replacing both fish meal and fish oil by plant sources is the lack of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). To address this problem, we studied the effect of the plant-based diet supplemented with Schizochytrium sp...     

Lactobacillus frumenti mediates energy production via fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver of early-weaned piglets

Background: Early-weaning of piglets is often accompanied by severe disorders, especially diarrhea. The gut microbiota and its metabolites play a critical role in the maintenance of the physiologic and metabolic homeostasis of the host. Our previous studies have demonstrated that oral administration of Lactobacillus frumenti improves epithelial barrier functions and confers diarrhea resistance in early-weaned piglets. However,the metabolic response to L. frumenti administration remains unclear. Then, we conducted simultaneous serum and hepatic metabolomic analyses in early-weaned piglets administered by L. frumenti or phosphatebuffered saline(PBS).Results: A total of 100 6-day-old crossbred piglets(Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into two groups and piglets received PBS(sterile, 2 m L) or L. frumenti(suspension in PBS, 10~8 CFU/m L, 2 m L) by oral administration once per day from 6 to 20 days of age. Piglets were weaned at 21 days of age. Serum and liver samples for metabolomic analyses were collected at 26 days of age. Principal components analysis(PCA)showed that L. frumenti altered metabolism in serum and liver. Numerous correlations(P 0.05) were identified among the serum and liver metabolites that were affected by L. frumenti. Concentrations of guanosine monophosphate(GMP), inosine monophosphate(IMP), and uric acid were higher in serum of L.frumenti administration piglets. Pathway analysis indicated that L. frumenti regulated fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in serum and liver. Concentrations of fatty acid β-oxidation related metabolites in serum(such as3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, C4-OH) and liver(such as acetylcarnitine) were increased after L. frumenti administration.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that L. frumenti regulates lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the liver of early-weaned piglets, where it promotes fatty acid β-oxidation and energy production. High serum concentrations of nucleotide intermediates, which may be an alternative strategy to reduce the incidence of diarrhea in early-weaned piglets, were further detected. These findings broaden our understanding of the relationships between the gut microbiota and nutrient metabolism in the early-weaned piglets.     

Hatching egg polyunsaturated fatty acids and the broiler chickOA

Transgenerational effects of certain nutrients such as essential fatty acids are gaining increased attention in the field of human medicine and animal sciences as a new tool to improve health and animal performance during perinatal life.Omega-3(n-3) and omega-6(n-6) fatty acids are denoted by the position of the first double bond from methyl end of the hydrocarbon chain.Alpha-linolenic acid(18:3 n-3) and linoleic acid(18:2 n-6) are essential n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and cannot be synthesized by t...     

Lipid metabolism and m6A RNA methylation are altered in lambs supplemented rumen-protected methionine and lysine in a low-protein dietOA

Background: Methionine or lysine has been reported to influence DNA methylation and fat metabolism, but their combined effects in N6-methyl-adenosine(m⁶A) RNA methylation remain unclarified. The combined effects of rumen-protected methionine and lysine(RML) in a low-protein(LP) diet on lipid metabolism, m⁶A RNA methylation,and fatty acid(FA) profiles in the liver and muscle of lambs were investigated. Sixty-three male lambs were divided into three treatment groups, three pe...     

Multifaceted role of one-carbon metabolism on immunometabolic control and growth during pregnancy,lactation and the neonatal period in dairy cattle

Dairy cattle undergo dramatic metabolic, endocrine, physiologic and immune changes during the peripartal period largely due to combined increases in energy requirements for fetal growth and development, milk production, and decreased dry matter intake. The negative nutrient balance that develops results in body fat mobilization,subsequently leading to triacylglycerol(TAG) accumulation in the liver along with reductions in liver function,immune dysfunction and a state of inflammation and oxidative stress. Mobilization of muscle and gluconeogenesis are also enhanced, while intake of vitamins and minerals is decreased, contributing to metabolic and immune dysfunction and oxidative stress. Enhancing post-ruminal supply of methyl donors is one approach that may improve immunometabolism and production synergistically in peripartal cows. At the cellular level, methyl donors(e.g. methionine, choline, betaine and folic acid) interact through one-carbon metabolism to modulate metabolism,immune responses and epigenetic events. By modulating those pathways, methyl donors may help increase the export of very low-density lipoproteins to reduce liver TAG and contribute to antioxidant synthesis to alleviate oxidative stress. Thus, altering one-carbon metabolism through methyl donor supplementation is a viable option to modulate immunometabolism during the peripartal period. This review explores available data on the regulation of one-carbon metabolism pathways in dairy cows in the context of enzyme regulation, cellular sensors and signaling mechanisms that might respond to increased dietary supply of specific methyl donors. Effects of methyl donors beyond the one-carbon metabolism pathways, including production performance, immune cell function,mechanistic target or rapamycin signaling, and fatty acid oxidation will also be highlighted. Furthermore, the effects of body condition and feeding system(total mixed ration vs. pasture) on one-carbon metabolism pathways are explored. Potential effects of methyl donor supply during the pepartum period on dairy calf growth and development also are discussed. Lastly, practical nutritional recommendations related to methyl donor metabolism during the peripartal period are presented. Nutritional management during the peripartal period is a fertile area of research, hence, underscoring the importance for developing a systems understanding of the potential immunometabolic role that dietary methyl donors play during this period to promote health and performance.     

Effects of omega-3 supplementation on components of the endocannabinoid system and metabolic and inflammatory responses in adipose and liver of peripartum dairy cowsOA

Background: Dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the activation of the endocannabinoid system(ECS) by decreasing the availability of arachidonic acid, thus lowering endocannabinoids(e CBs) levels. The ECS is a modulator of energy metabolism, stress response and inflammation in mammals, yet there is little information on the roles of the ECS in transition dairy cows. During the periparturient period, the adipose tissue and liver are the main metabolic organs that participate ...     

Dietary oregano aqueous extract improves growth performance and intestinal health of broilers through modulating gut microbial compositionsOA

Background Intestinal health plays a pivotal role in broiler chicken growth. Oregano aqueous extract(OAE) effectively exerts anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. However, the protective effects of OAE on intestinal health in broilers and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of OAE on growth performance, the gut microbiota and intestinal health. A total of 840 1-d-old male and female broilers(Arbor Acres) were randomly allocated in...     

Functional roles of taurine,L-theanine,Lcitrulline, and betaine during heat stress in poultryOA

Heat stress(HS) is an important environmental stress factor affecting poultry production on a global scale. With the rise in ambient temperature and increasing effects of global warming, it becomes pertinent to understand the effects of HS on poultry production and the strategies that can be adopted to mitigate its detrimental impacts on the performance, health, welfare, immunity, and survival of birds. Amino acids(AAs) have been increasingly adopted as nutritional modifiers in animals to amelio...     

Growth performance,fatty acid composition,and lipid metabolism are altered in groupers(Epinephelus coioides)by dietary fish oil replacement with palm oil

In this study,we conducted a 56-d feeding trial to investigate the effects of replacing the fish oil(FO)with palm oil(PO)on the performance,tissue fatty acid(FA)composition,and mRNA levels of genes related to hepatic lipid metabolism in grouper(Epinephelus coioides).Five isolipidic(13%crude lipid)and isonitrogenous(48%CP)diets were formulated by incrementally adding PO to the control diet(25%fish meal and 9%added FO)to replace FO in the control diets.Triplicate groups of 30 groupers(initial weight:12.6±0.1 g)were fed one of the diets twice daily,to apparent satiety.The replacement of FO with 50%PO revealed maximum growth without affecting the performance and whole-body proximate compositions,and replacing FO with 100%PO revealed a comparable(P>0.05)growth with that of the control diet,suggesting PO as a suitable alternative to FO.The analysis of FA profiles in the dorsal muscle and liver though reflected the FA profile of the diet,PO substitutions above 50%could compromise(P<0.05)the FA profile in the liver and flesh of the fish species in comparison with the control diet.Furthermore,the mRNA levels of FAS,G6PD,LPL,PPARА,and D6FAD genes in the liver had positive linear and/or quadratic responses,but the SCD,HSL,ATGL,FABP,SREBP-1C and ELOVL5 had the opposite trend,with increasing dietary PO inclusion levels,whereas the mRNA level of ACC was not affected by dietary treatments.The optimal level of PO substitution for FO was estimated to be 47.1%of the feed,based on the regression analysis of percent weight gains against dietary PO inclusion levels;however,it might affect the FA profile in the liver and flesh of the fish species,and further study is required to investigate whether the changes in tissue FA composition will affect the welfare and market value over a production cycle of grouper.     

Effects of Chrysanthemum coronarium Extract on Fermentation Characteristics and Biohydrogenation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in vitro Batch Culture

IntroductionCis-9,trans-11 CLA has been shown to be potentially healthpromoting CLA in many animal models.The C18∶1 trans-11 fatty acid (VA) is also desirable as a product flowing from the rumen,because the flow from the rumen of VA play a more important role than CLA in determining CLA concentration in animal tissues.The factors which affect CLA content in milk have been studied mainly in dairy cows and most factors are basically dietary factors,especially fat source(e.g.,plant oils,fish oil,et al.).Recently some researches showed that some plants or plant extracts could increase cis-9,trans-11 -CLA content in milk.The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of Chrysanthemum coronarium extract on in vitro Biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and fermentation characteristics of mixed rumen microorganisms.     

Inhibiting nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2-mediated autophagy in bovine mammary epithelial cells induces oxidative stress in response to exogenous fatty acidsOA

Background: In early lactation, bovine mammary epithelial cells undergo serious metabolic challenges and oxidative stress both of which could be alleviated by activation of autophagy. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2(NFE2L2), a master regulator of cellular redox homeostasis, plays an important role in the regulation of autophagy and oxidative stress. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of NFE2L2-mediated autophagy on oxidative stress of bovine mammary epithel...     

Mapping short tandem repeats for liver gene expression traits helps prioritize potential causal variants for complex traits in pigsOA

Background: Short tandem repeats(STRs) were recently found to have significant impacts on gene expression and diseases in humans, but their roles on gene expression and complex traits in pigs remain unexplored. This study investigates the effects of STRs on gene expression in liver tissues based on the whole-genome sequences and RNA-Seq data of a discovery cohort of 260 F6 individuals and a validation population of 296 F7 individuals from a heterogeneous population generated from crosses among e...     

Effects of maternal dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and methionine during late gestation on fetal growth,DNA methylation,and m RNA relative expression of genes associated with the inflammatory response,lipid metabolism and DNA methylation in

Background: Omega-3 PUFA or methionine(Met) supply during gestation alters offspring physiology. However,the effect of both nutrients on fetal development has not been explored. Our objective was to determine the effects of supplementation of these two nutrients during late gestation on fetal growth, DNA methylation, and m RNA expression of genes associated with the inflammatory response, and DNA methylation. Ewes(n = 5/treatment) were fed from day 100 to 145 of gestation one of the following treatments: 1) basal diet(NS) without fatty acids(FS) or methionine(MS) supplementation; 2) FS(10 g/kg Ca salts, source omega-3 PUFA); 3) MS(1 g/kg rumen protected methionine); and 4) FS and MS(FS-MS). On day 145, ewes were euthanized, and data from dams and fetus was recorded. Placenta(cotyledon), fetal liver, and blood samples were collected.Results: A treatments interaction on fetal liver weight, ewe body weight and body condition score(BCS) was observed; FS-MS were heavier(P 0.01) than FS and MS, and FS-MS ewes had a better(P = 0.02) BCS than NS.Methionine increased(P = 0.03) ewe plasma glucose concentration. Fetal liver global DNA methylation increased(P 0.01) in FS and MS. Dietary treatments modify the m RNA relative expression on some of the genes evaluated.In the fetal liver, FS increased(P = 0.04) the m RNA relative expression of arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase-activatingprotein and tended to decrease(P = 0.06) methionine-adenosyltransferase-1 A. Moreover, MS decreased(P = 0.04)DNA-methyltransferase-1 and tended to decrease(P = 0.08) free-fatty-acid-receptor-1 m RNA relative expression.Furthermore, FS-MS decreased m RNA relative expression of tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha(P = 0.05), peroxisomeproliferator-activated-receptor-delta(P = 0.03) and gamma(P = 0.04), tended to decrease(P ≤ 0.09) interleukin-6,fatty-acid-transport-protein-1, and delta-5-desaturase, and increased adenosylhomocysteinase(P = 0.04) m RNA relative expression. In cotyledon, FS tended to decrease fatty acid binding protein 4(P = 0.09) m RNA relative expression.Conclusion: Omega-3 PUFA and Met supplementation improves dam's performance in late gestation, which was positively correlated with an increase in offspring's liver development. Moreover, FS-MS decreased m RNA relative expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and lipogenic genes, and increased the expression on an enzyme that has an important role in methylation.