巨型艾美耳球虫早熟减毒株的选育

对巨型艾美耳球虫(长春株)经20代的早熟选育,其潜隐期由132h缩短到116h,成为早熟株.该早熟株不经选择传递2代,仍保持了早熟的特性.该早熟株比其亲代株繁殖力下降74%,致病力降低,但仍然保持了其免疫原性.     

紫外线诱导巨型艾美耳球虫的早熟株选育

本试验分离获得了1株巨型艾美耳球虫，通过紫外线诱导和非紫外线诱导两种方法对该虫株进行早熟选育，获得了2个巨型艾美耳球虫早熟减毒株。通过对2个早熟株的潜隐期、繁殖力、致病力以及免疫原性进行对比研究，证明紫外线诱导下的早熟选育可明显缩短选育所需代数，且与传统方法选育的早熟株在繁殖力、免疫原性与免疫保护力等方面基本相同。紫外线诱导下，经7代早熟选育，潜隐期由母株的142h缩短到116h，而非紫外线诱导的选育需要20代才能达到同样的选育结果。两早熟株卵囊的繁殖能力与母株相比有所下降，但仍保留了母株原有的免疫原性。     

布氏艾美耳球虫保定株早熟系的选育及致病性研究

本实验采用按照Jeffers建立的球虫早熟株选育方法对布氏艾美耳球虫保定株进行早熟选育,经20代的选育获得了布氏艾美耳球虫早熟株。与保定亲本虫株相比,该早熟株潜隐期缩短了37h,即由125h减至88h;卵囊大小为24.4μm×20.0μm,形状指数为1.22;并且繁殖力下降了约40%,致病力显著低于亲本虫株;再经5代非选择性传代后,该虫株的早熟特性和弱毒性均得以保持。     

和缓艾美耳球虫保定株早熟系的选育及生物学特性研究

按照Jefiers 1975年建立的艾美耳球虫属球虫早熟选育方法,对和缓艾美耳球虫保定株进行了早熟选育。通过连续11代的早熟选育后,获得了潜隐期由97h缩短至82h的早熟系。该早熟系经过5代连续非早熟选择性传代,潜隐期仍稳定在82h。排卵囊期为感染后第4~10天,其中第5天为高峰期。该早熟系的致病力较亲本株弱,同样剂量感染后早熟系感染组相对增重率显著高于亲本株感染组。该早熟系免疫原性良好,每羽鸡免疫100个以上卵囊即可较好抵抗1x10^5个亲本株的攻击,相对增重率达80.0%以上和卵囊减少率达90.0%以上。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株的初步选育及免疫原性的测定

为选育柔嫩艾美耳球虫的早熟株和了解其免疫原性,本试验通过鸡体的传代培养,初步得到了柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株P9。以早熟株免疫雏鸡后,以亲本株P0半数致死量攻毒,以确定其免疫原性。结果表明:P9的潜隐期由P0的141h缩短至131.5h,免疫后攻毒显示该早熟株具有良好的免疫原性。     

堆型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria acervulina)早熟株与毒株的繁殖力和致病性比较试验

对经15代选育的堆型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria acervulina)北京株的早熟株与其毒株的繁殖力和致病性进行了比较研究，证实早熟株的潜隐期比毒株缩短27h，繁殖力有所下降；对致病性的研究显示，早熟株感染后对鸡只增重的影响较小，而且肠道病变记分亦较毒株下降。由此认为，该早熟株符合球虫早熟株的基本生物学特性，适宜用于鸡球虫病早熟苗的制作。     

布氏艾美耳球虫早熟弱毒虫株的选育

运用Ｊｅｆｆｅｒｓ（１９７５）选育法进行了Ｅ．ｂｒｕｎｅｔｔｉ早熟弱毒虫的选育,经过连续七代的选育,获得了Ｅｉｍｅｒｉａｂｒｕｎｅｔｔｉ早熟弱毒虫株,该虫株的潜隐期为１０８ｈ,比Ｅ．ｂｒｕｎｅｔｔｉ亲本毒株提前了１２ｈ以上。     

巨型艾美耳球虫早熟株选育及其相关生物学特性研究

为了选育巨型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria maxima)早熟株并观测其生物学特性,运用Jeffers创立的球虫早熟株选育方法,对实验室保存的E.maxima进行了早熟株选育,并比较了所获得的早熟株与母株在卵囊大小、繁殖能力、致病性、免疫保护力等生物学特性上的差异。经过17代早熟株选育,E.maxima的潜在期由母株的142 h缩短至107 h,缩短了35 h。早熟株卵囊的长、宽及大小均比母株小,且差异显著(P0.05);卵囊形状指数比母株的稍大,但差异不显著(P0.05)。早熟株的卵囊繁殖能力较母株的低,排卵囊高峰出现在接种后d6,较母株提前1 d。在同等剂量之下,早熟株的致病性低于母株,但免疫保护力和免疫原性与母株相当。早熟株的选育成功,为球虫早熟株弱毒疫苗的研制以及早熟株相关基因的筛选提供了重要材料。     

鸡和缓艾美耳球虫早熟虫株选育及其生物学特性研究

按照Jeffers1975年建立的艾美耳属球虫早熟虫株选育方法,对鸡和缓艾美耳球虫巴彦淖尔株（SY-MB株）进行了单卵囊分离、扩增和早熟虫株的选育。经SPF鸡15代传代之后,分离株的潜隐期由96 h缩短至77 h,缩短了19 h。按索勋等1998年建立的方法对选育出的和缓艾美耳球虫巴彦淖尔早熟株（SY-mb77株）进行10代非选择性传代,证明该早熟虫株的潜隐期、卵囊产量、免疫原性和致病性均具备早熟虫株特性,并能有效抵抗强毒虫株的攻击。     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟耐药株的放松传代及其特性研究

为了进一步验证鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟耐药株经本动物(鸡)连续传代后的毒力和遗传稳定性,为虫种种子传代提供依据,试验对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟耐药株(Etpp)用11日龄敏感鸡连续放松传代10次,其潜隐期、排卵囊高峰、卵囊产量、致病性和免疫原性均保持了早熟耐药株(Etpp)的特征,说明所选育的虫株(Etpp)在遗传上具有稳定性。     

Selection for early (precocious) development of Eimeria meleagridis in the turkey

A precocious line of Eimeria meleagridis was developed by repeated propagation of the parasite in young turkeys and collection of the very first oocysts produced following infection. After 20 generations of selection, the prepatent period was reduced by 4-8 hr. Weight gain of poults given this line, from days 0-3 after infection, was significantly greater than that of poults given the parental strain, indicating that selection resulted in a loss of pathogenicity. Poults immunized with the precocious line produced no oocysts following challenge with the parental strain, indicating that immunogenicity was retained following selection. This is the first published report of the selection of a precocious line of Eimeria in the turkey.     

Life cycle of Isospora burrowsi n sp (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the dog Canis familiaris

Exogenous and endogenous stages of Isospora burrowsi n sp from the dog are described. Oocysts were spherical or ellipisoidal and 17 to 22 by 16 to 19 micrometer (mean 20.3 by 17.3 micrometer). Micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule were not present. Sporocysts were 12 to 16 by 8 to 11 micrometer (mean 14.4 by 9.7 micrometer). Stieda body was absent, but a sporocyst residuum was present. Endogenous stages were in the caudal three-fifths of the small intestine and in the cecum. Mature 1st-generation schizonts (11 to 18 by 9 to 18 micrometer) were present on the 4th day of infection. One day later, mature 2nd-generation schizonts (18 to 35 by 17 to 22 micrometer) were present. Immature gamonts were found 5 days after infection, and unsporulated oocysts were also present later that day. The prepatent period was 6 days, and the mean patent period was 11 days. The oocysts of I burrowsi differ markedly in size from all other Isospora species from dogs, except Isospora ohioensis; however, the endogenous stages of the 2 species differ.     

布氏艾美耳球虫生物学特性的研究

对来自我国河南省汤阴县的布氏艾美耳球虫的生物学特性进行了较为详细的研究,包括卵囊大小、最短孢子化时间、最小潜在期、致病性、免疫原性以及内生性生活史,建立了一个完整的实验室虫株。布氏艾美耳球虫汤阴株平均大小为29．2μm×22．5μm,最小潜在期为119h,最短孢子化时间为21h,具有很强的致病性和免疫原性。组织学研究显示,这个种至少有3代裂殖生殖。     

几种商用益生芽孢杆菌特性的比较研究

为比较几种商用益生芽孢的菌株特性，为芽孢杆菌的选育提供理论基础，本试验收集整理了15种药用（Y1~Y6）和饲用益生芽孢杆菌（S7~S15）产品，对其芽孢杆菌进行分离鉴定，分别从产淀粉酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶等酶活特性，抗菌活性，耐酸和耐0.3%胆盐稳定性，抗生素敏感性，耗氧及生长速率测试等方面对芽孢杆菌特性进行了比较研究。结果显示，分离的15株芽孢杆菌均能产蛋白酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶，但不同菌株产酶能力差异较大，S9菌株表现出较高的产蛋白酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶活力；所有分离的芽孢杆菌均能对金黄色葡萄球菌及藤黄微球菌产生显著抑制活性，但只有7株芽孢杆菌（Y2、Y6、S7、S9、S10、S11、S12）可对大肠杆菌产生抑制作用，尤其是S9菌株综合抗菌能力最强。S9、Y2和S8的营养体细胞具有较高的耐酸能力，S9、Y2菌株在0.3%胆盐环境中存活率超过90%。15株芽孢杆菌中有3株饲用来源菌株（S10、S12、S13）表现出对红霉素的耐受，S10菌株对四环素耐受。此外，S9菌株具有较快的耗氧速率和生长速率。上述结果表明，S9菌株（解淀粉芽孢杆菌）的益生特性更为优良，本试验结果可为芽孢杆菌益生菌的选育及活性评价提供参考依据。     

Characterization of a strain of Eimeria meleagridis from the turkey

An isolate of Eimeria meleagridis Tyzzer, 1927 was obtained by harvesting oocysts from the ceca of a turkey from northwest Arkansas and a pure line was established by infecting birds with a single oocyst. Oocysts were first produced in the ceca of infected birds from 102 to 108 hr after inoculation and were of similar size (mean length X width, 24.9 X 17.0 microm) to those of Eimeria adenoeides Moore and Brown, 1951 and Eimeria gallopavonis Hawkins, 1952. The line was identified as E. meleagridis based upon the development of large schizonts in the midintestine, and small schizonts in the ceca. Two generations of large schizonts were found 48 and 72 hr after infection, and at least two generations of small schizonts were found from 60 to 108 hr after infection. An inoculum of 2 X 10(5) oocysts was found to cause a significant reduction in weight gain from days 0-3 and 0-6 after infection, suggesting that the significance of this species of Eimeria as a pathogen of turkeys should be reassessed.     

Selection and characterisation of two attenuated vaccine lines of Eimeria tenella in Australia

OBJECTIVE: To attenuate two strains of Eimeria tenella by selecting for precocious development and evaluate the strains in characterisation trials and by field evaluation, to choose one precocious line for incorporation into an Australian live coccidiosis vaccine for poultry. DESIGN: Two strains from non-commercial flocks were passaged through chickens while selecting for precocious development. Each strain was characterised for drug sensitivity, pathogenicity, protection against homologous and heterologous challenge, and oocyst output in replicated experiments in which the experimental unit was a cage of three birds. Oocyst output and/or body weight gain data collected over a 10 to 12 day period following final inoculation were measured. Feed conversion ratios were also calculated where possible. RESULTS: Fifteen passages resulted in prepatent periods reduced by 24 h for the Redlands strain (from 144 h to 120 h) and 23 h for the Darryl strain (from 139 h to 116 h). Characterisation trials demonstrated that each precocious line was significantly less pathogenic than its parent strain and each effectively induced immunity that protected chickens against challenge with both the parent strain and other virulent field strains. Both lines had oocyst outputs that, although significantly reduced relative to the parent strains, remained sufficiently high for commercial vaccine production, and both showed susceptibility to coccidiostats. CONCLUSION: Two attenuated lines have been produced that exhibit the appropriate characteristics for use in an Australian live coccidiosis vaccine.