藏东南云南红豆杉的药用成分含量研究

在藏东南地区林芝县、波密县和察隅县系统采集样品的基础上,通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定了野生云南红豆杉(Taxus yunnanensis)树皮、3年生小枝和当年生叶中紫杉醇、巴卡亭Ⅲ、10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ、三尖杉宁碱、10-去乙酰-7-表紫杉醇、7-表紫杉醇的含量.研究表明:紫杉醇与7-表紫杉醇,巴卡亭Ⅲ与7-表紫杉醇正相关水平极显著(P＜0.001),相关系数分别为0.852和0.827.紫杉醇与巴卡亭Ⅲ呈显著(P＜0.05)正相关,相关系数为0.716.紫杉醇含量与7-表紫杉醇含量,巴卡亭Ⅲ含量与7-表紫杉醇含量之间存在线性回归关系,回归系数分别为0.852和0.827.紫杉醇含量在3年生小枝与当年生叶中的差异达显著水平(P＜0.05),而在树皮与3年生小枝、当年生叶中的差异却不显著,树皮、3年生小枝和当年生叶中其它成分含量的差异均未达显著水平.     

杉木林采伐迹地连栽和撂荒对林地土壤养分与酶活性的影响

研究湖南会同连栽第2代杉木人工纯林和撂荒对第1代杉木人工林采伐迹地土壤养分与酶活性的影响.结果表明:0～30 cm和30～60 cm土层中,撂荒地土壤有机质、养分含量普遍高于连栽杉木人工林地,且腐殖质碳、有效磷含量的差异均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),全磷含量在0～30 cm土层中的差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05).0～30 cm土层中,撂荒地过氧化氢酶活性极显著高于连栽杉木人工林地(P＜0.01),磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著高于连栽杉木人工林地(P＜0.05),30～60 cm土层中,撂荒地过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性也显著高于杉木人工林地(P＜0.05),磷酸酶和脲酶活性也高于连栽杉木人工林地,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).林地土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机质、养分含量之间均呈较好的正相关,而且与水解氮、速效磷、腐殖质碳的相关性高于其与有机质的相关性.主成分分析表明,土壤酶活性在林地土壤质量体系中扮演着重要角色,其中脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶可作为林地土壤质量评价的指标.撂荒具有更好地恢复土壤养分含量和酶活性的能力,对维持杉木人工林地持续生产力有着重要作用.     

几种生长调节剂对幼龄檀香生长、心材形成和精油成分的影响

采用树干注入的方法,研究6-苄氨基腺嘌呤、乙烯利、甲基紫精、茉莉酸等生长调节剂对6年生幼龄檀香生长、心材形成和精油成分的影响.结果表明:树干注入各种生长调节剂对幼龄檀香树高和胸径的影响均不显著,但均能促成幼龄檀香形成具芳香气味的心材,且心材的质地与自然条件下形成的心材较为一致;各处理促成的心材数量(扩展范围)差异极显著(P＜0.01),心材数量大小的统计学顺序为甲基紫精处理=乙烯利处理＞6-苄氨基腺嘌吟处理=对照处理＞茉莉酸处理;各处理促成的心材精油相对含量和绝对含量差异分别为显著(P＜0.05)和极显著(P＜0.01),6-苄氨基腺嘌呤处理的心材精油含量最高,平均相对含量为5.55％,平均绝对含量为8.77％,显著地高于其他各处理;各处理促成的心材精油成分组成基本一致,但α-檀香醇(P＜0.05)和β-檀香醇含量(P＜0.05)差异显著,乙烯利处理的α-檀香醇含量最高,平均相对含量为46.05％,6-苄氨基腺嘌呤处理的β-檀香醇含量最高,平均相对含量为23.25％;除茉莉酸处理促成的檀香心材精油没有达到檀香木油的国际质量标准以外,其他各处理均达到质量标准,这意味着幼龄檀香不仅可以提前“结香”,而且心材的形成受激素调控,6-苄氨基腺嘌呤很可能是调控檀香心材形成的重要激素之一.     

白木香通体结香质量的影响因素研究

为分析3a生白木香(Aquilaria sinensis)大叶和小叶2种类型、不同胸径、钻孔高度的通体结香质量差异,采用直接称重法测定香片质量,按照《中国药典》的热浸法测定香片含油量.结果表明,3a生白木香胸径12～15 cm的结香质量和香片含油量极显著高于胸径8～12 cm的白木香(P＜0.01);结香12个月,大叶白木香的结香质量显著高于小叶白木香(P＜0.01),小叶白木香的香片含油量显著高于大叶白木香(P＜0.01);结香12个月和24个月时,钻孔高度0 cm所结香的质量及含油量显著(P＜0.05)和极显著(P＜0.01)高于钻孔高度20,40,60 cm的处理.     

人工修复植被对锰矿区废弃地土壤酶活性的影响

以自然修复的矿区废弃地土壤为对照,从土壤酶活性的垂直分布、季节动态特征及其与土壤养分含量、重金属含量相关性研究了人工修复的栾树Koelreuteria paniclata、杜英Elaeocarpus decipens混交林(修复地)对湘潭锰矿区废弃地土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:0～60 cm土层中,随着土层深度的增加,土壤酶活性逐渐下降;同一土层中,修复地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性均高于对照地,且脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性的差异均达到了极显著差异(P＜0.01),0～20 cm土层中蔗糖酶酶活性的差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05);同一季节修复地土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性均显著或极显著高于对照地(P＜0.05),秋、冬季修复地土壤蔗糖酶活性显著高于对照地(P＜0.05),夏季差异不显著(P＞0.05),而春季修复地显著低于对照地(P＜0.05);土壤酶活性与土壤有机质、全N、Mg含量呈极显著(P＜0.01)或显著(P＜0.05)的正相关性,与土壤微生物数量之间均呈极显著或显著的正相关;土壤中重金属对土壤酶活性多表现为抑制作用,且以脲酶活性最敏感,其次是过氧化氧酶活性.人工修复植被能明显提高锰矿区废弃地土壤的酶活性.     

不同产地沉香的高效液相色谱指纹特征

【目的】针对不同地区所产沉香品质差别较大以及传统沉香产地鉴别主要依赖经验判断等问题,研究不同产地沉香的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹特征,探讨色谱指纹分析技术对沉香产地溯源的可行性,为沉香资源品质评价和原产地保护提供科学依据。【方法】以36批次来自3个不同产地的沉香为研究对象,优化高效液相色谱分离条件,基于"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统"获得色谱峰保留时间、峰面积信息,筛选不同产地沉香的高效液相色谱指纹图谱,并利用指纹特征峰变量进行主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA),建立沉香产地判别方法。【结果】不同产地沉香高效液相色谱指纹图谱的85个特征峰变量分析发现,莞香系沉香的色酮种类最多,相对含量最高;星洲系沉香的沉香四醇色谱峰极高,其余色酮相对含量较低;惠安系沉香的色酮种类较多,相对含量较莞香系稍低,较星洲系稍高,依其产地地理位置分布,在3个产地中体现出一定过渡性;主成分分析显示,样品基本上可依据产地不同聚合成3类;正交偏最小二乘判别分析对训练集和检验集样品产地的判别正确率均为100%。【结论】不同产地沉香2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类成分的组成和含量存在较大差异,显示出一定地域性,利用高效液相色谱指纹图谱结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析可判别沉香产地,为濒危珍贵沉香的产地溯源提供一种新的鉴别方法。     

天山北坡7种野生果树幼苗的功能性状分析

以分布在天山北坡的7种野生果树幼苗为研究对象,测定比叶面积( SLA)、木材密度、叶片厚度、茎皮厚度及根、茎、叶器官的N,P,K含量等功能性状指标,分析影响植物功能性状的环境因子.结果表明:7种野生果树幼苗各项功能性状测定指标均差异显著(P＜0.05),新疆野苹果木材密度最小,酸枣木材密度和比叶面积均最大,但叶片厚度和茎皮厚度均最小,胡桃比叶面积最小,但茎皮厚度最大;SLA与叶N含量呈显著正相关(P＜0.05);不同树种的根、茎、叶器官的N,P,K含量,除茎P含量差异不显著外(P＞0.05),其他均差异显著(P＜0.05);酸枣和新疆桃的根、茎、叶器官N,P,K含量均相对较高,辽宁山楂和胡桃各器官养分含量均相对较低.7个树种的叶N含量平均为28.4 mg·g-1,较报道的国内外陆地植物叶片N含量平均水平高,叶P含量平均为2.20 mg·g-1,也相对高于国内陆地植物叶片P含量平均水平,近似于全球平均水平;新疆桃和酸枣的养分利用率较低,辽宁山楂和胡桃的养分利用率较高,其他3个树种居中.     

多个老鹰茶无性系内含物成分分析

通过对18个无性系老鹰茶叶片的可溶性糖,可溶性蛋白质,黄酮等三个营养成分含量的测定后,采用方差分析对各个无性系老鹰茶营养成分含量进行相关性分析发现:不同样品间可溶性蛋白质含量,可溶性糖含量和黄酮含量均有显著差异(P＜0.05).系统聚类分析结果表明:根据3种内含物成分含量可将老鹰茶划分为3类,其中38号样品综合性最好.     

矾矿废弃地生态修复植物种的筛选

采用方差分析及隶属函数等方法对苍南矾矿废弃地引入的18种环境修复植物的生长与生理适应性进行研究.结果表明:新分蘖高生长量在草本种间差异极显著(P＜0.01),冠幅生长量在木本植物间差异极显著(P＜0.01);生理指标(叶绿素含量、SOD和CAT酶活性)在18个植物种间呈现显著差异(P＜0.05),说明不同植物对矾矿废弃地环境的适应性是不同的,进行植物筛选是生态修复的关键和必要环节.综合生长与生理适应性表现,认为美丽胡枝子、新银合欢、构树和香根草是矾矿废弃地生态恢复的适生先锋物种,特别是具有生物固氮能力的美丽胡枝子和新银合欢对废弃土壤中N元素及有机质的积累有积极意义.     

越南奇楠沉香组培苗不定根诱导研究

越南奇楠沉香Aquilaria crassna是瑞香科沉香属植物。试验以越南奇楠沉香的组培苗为材料,研究组织培养中影响不定根诱导的因素。结果表明:培养基中的大量元素、微量元素、NAA的浓度变化、固化剂的种类、活性炭的含量对奇楠沉香组培苗的生根率有显著影响,不同无性系对NAA的反应也表现出显著差异。最适生根培养基为1/4MS大量元素+1/2MS微量元素+NAA(0.05~0.2 mg/L),诱导越南奇楠沉香组培苗生根的最佳NAA的浓度随无性系的不同而不同。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.