蒸汽浴- 流动分析仪法测定土壤有机碳含量的方法

为了准确高效批量测定土壤有机碳含量,采用比色管代替消煮管,蒸汽加热消煮土壤,利用流动分析仪法测定有机碳。并将此方法与重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法(常规通用)进行了比较,探讨方法的可行性。结果表明,蒸汽浴-流动分析仪法测定土壤有机碳含量重复性试验的相对标准偏差为3.19%～9.41%,回收率为92.21%～97.63%。方法精密度及准确性良好。所测结果与重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法无显著性差异(P>0.05),两种方法拟合的回归方程：y(蒸汽浴-流动分析仪法)=0.947x(重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法)+1.621(r²=0.933),两者呈良好的相关性。用两种方法测定200个土壤有机碳,蒸汽浴-流动分析仪法的检测用时是重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法用时的68%,人工操作用时是重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法用时的44%,蒸汽浴-流动分析仪法无需使用硫酸亚铁,重铬酸钾、硫酸和水用量为重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法的40%。蒸汽浴-流动分析仪法省工省时,人员工作强度低,试剂用量少,环境危害降低,检测准确高效,经济安全,可推荐为大批量土壤有机碳含量测定的方法。     

催化氧化法与直接燃烧法测定土壤总碳之比较

土壤碳库由有机碳库和无机碳库两大部分组成。选择黑土和潮土两种不同类型土壤,分别通过直接燃烧和催化氧化方法测定土壤总碳含量,以揭示两种方法测定结果的可比性及其差导显著性,每个样品每种方法重复测定5次。结果表明：催化氧化法和直接燃烧法测定的黑土总碳含量平均值分别为(15.10±0.03) g/kg和(15.38±0.32) g/kg,t检验两种方法的测定结果无明显差异。催化氧化法测定的潮土总碳含量为(15.07 ±0.06) g/kg,直接燃烧法测定潮土总碳含量为(15.76 ±0.18) g/kg,t检验结果差异明显。两种仪器土壤总碳测定结果精密度均较高,相对偏差均小于5%。为采用仪器方法测定土壤总碳含量及土壤碳库量变化提供参考。     

华北半湿润地区土壤酸化和有机碳测定方法的比较

土壤无机碳去除是土壤有机碳(C)准确定量的前提。研究以华北半湿润区石灰性土壤土壤为对象,采用不同浓度HCl和不同酸化时间对土壤进行处理,并用碳氮元素分析仪法("燃烧法")和Walkley-Black湿氧化法("湿氧化法")测定土壤有机碳。研究结果表明,3 M酸化后的农田土壤有机碳浓度低于0.5 M和1 M。燃烧法测得的土壤有机碳浓度随酸化时间延长无明显变化,而对于湿氧化法,土壤经过12 h酸化后,土壤有机碳浓度开始显著降低。对于0~5 cm土壤,燃烧法测得有机碳结果高于湿氧化法(p0.05),而对于5~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤有相反的结果。鉴于湿氧化法的低氧化性和土壤中可能存在的Cl-干扰,造成土壤有机碳的低估或高估,燃烧法对于土壤有机碳的准确更为可靠。对于华北半湿润区农田土壤,0.5 M和1 M浓度HCl和2 h的酸化处理能够较彻底的去除土壤中无机碳。     

不同土壤有机碳测定方法的比较

对土壤碳的准确定量是研究土壤肥力和农业固碳的前提。本文选择我国不同有机碳和无机碳含量的8个代表性土壤/沉积物样品,比较湿氧化法、酸洗法和间接法三类方法对有机碳含量的测定效果。研究结果表明:对有机碳含量为3.4~11.5 g/kg的土壤和沉积物样品,湿氧化法有较低的平均相对误差(0.32%~4.72%)和变异系数(0.40%~1.22%),间接法的平均相对误差(5.16%~20.46%)和变异系数(0.60%~7.00%)都较高,而酸洗法介于这两个方法之间。说明在保持稳定准确的加热温度情况下,湿氧化法对土壤/沉积物有机碳含量的测定比较稳定和准确,且操作简单。对大部分样品,由于酸对土壤无机碳难以充分溶解,造成酸洗法和间接法的有机碳测定值偏高,且变异系数较大。     

土壤沉积物样品中有机碳含量的快速测定

采用微波密闭消解样品的方法来测定土壤 沉积物中有机碳的含量。与重铬酸钾氧化法的结果相比 ,微波消化法具有操作简单、污染小、快速准确的优点。经F检验法及t检验法检验 ,两种方法的分析结果无明显差异。     

浙江省水稻土有机碳储量估算和密度比较研究

土壤碳库是全球土壤碳循环的重要组成部分。研究以第二次土壤普查数据为基础,通过土壤类型法估算了浙江省水稻土有机碳储量并研究了水稻土有机碳密度空间分布情况。结果表明:浙江省水稻土总面积约为18423 km2,有机碳库总量为165.99 Pg,平均1 m有机质密度为8.28 kg m-2。有机碳密度呈现沿海杭嘉湖、宁绍、台州和温州四大水网平原等地区密度高,中部、西部地区密度低的状况。另外,通过比较各个省份的水稻土有机碳密度高低,发现在同样使用全国土壤普查数据与土壤类型法的基础下,数据的缺失与计算方法的细微差异会导致有机碳密度计算结果的差异。     

土壤碳酸盐间接测定方法研究及其应用

通过添加CaCO3内标法及与中和滴定法进行比较,提出了采用C/N分析仪测定的土壤总C量与重铬酸钾氧化法测定的有机C量差值估算土壤碳酸盐含量的方法。采用该方法对广西环江县喀斯特低山区石灰岩发育的土壤和湖南沅江平原湖区湖积物形成的土壤的碳酸盐含量进行了分析。结果表明,石灰岩发育的土壤,林地、旱地和稻田含碳酸盐的土样占总土样数的比例依次为50.0%、43.7%和2.1%,其土壤碳酸盐平均含量分别为134、15.7和37.1g/kg。湖积物形成的土壤,新垦旱地、熟化旱地和稻田土样100%含碳酸盐,其土壤碳酸盐平均含量分别为73.3、46.6和37.7g/kg。成土母质和土地利用方式对土壤碳酸盐含量有明显的影响。     

湿地退化条件下土壤碳氮磷储量与生态化学计量变化特征

为了研究湿地退化过程中土壤碳氮磷储量与生态化学计量变化,明确碳氮"汇"功能的变化和土壤碳、氮、磷的平衡关系,采用实地采样调查、室内分析与数理统计法,研究了若尔盖自然湿地保护区内未退化湿地沼泽(MA)、沼泽化草甸(MM)、草甸(ME)3种不同退化程度湿地的典型样地在碳氮磷含量、储量以及生态化学计量的变化特征。结果表明,草甸化沼泽土与草甸土全剖面总有机碳、全氮含量较沼泽土分别降低了29.55%,6.52%和67.53%,40.04%,碳氮储量分别降低了67.49%,60.10%和85.14%,54.47%;3种土壤全磷剖面含量大小顺序为MMMEMA,其储量高低顺序是MEMAMM。随着土层深度的增加,沼泽土的总有机碳、全氮含量明显升高,全磷含量与草甸化沼泽土、草甸土的总有机碳、全氮、全磷含量均呈现降低趋势;3种土壤碳氮磷储量40—100cm土层高于0—40cm土层。沼泽土、草甸化沼泽土、草甸土3种不同类型土壤C/N分别为40.38,31.70,23.26,C/P分别为409.52,247.46,113.07,N/P分别为10.43,7.90,5.02,土壤C/N、C/P、N/P均随湿地退化而减小,较高的C/P与N/P14揭示氮磷元素均是影响植物生长的限制性因素,且受氮素限制高于磷素。因此,若尔盖湿地退化导致土壤碳氮含量与储量降低,碳氮"汇"功能减弱,尤其是碳"汇"。     

EA-IRMS法测定不同类型土壤有机碳稳定性同位素组成

利用元素分析仪-稳定同位素比例质谱仪（EA-IRMS）分析系统,以国际标准物质Urea为基准,标定了高纯钢瓶CO2参考气,其δ13CvsPDB值为（-29.523±0.181）‰。通过试验对比检验了EA-IRMS分析系统的稳定性、线性和测定δ13C值的样品分析精度,建立了测定土壤中有机碳稳定性同位素的分析方法。其离子强度在1.0～7.0V之间具有良好的线性,在1.5～5.0V内的线性优于总体线性;样品分析精度优于0.15‰;样品含碳量大于5μg即可满足测定δ13C的分析要求。应用此方法实测了18份不同类型土壤的有机碳稳定同位素组成,获得其13C天然丰度平均值为1.082%;不同类型的土壤有机碳稳定同位素组成存在较大的差异。     

土壤生物活性有机碳库及其表征指标的研究

土壤生物活性有机碳库 (C0)的大小和周转可以指示土壤供应养分的能力以及养分的循环状况。对浙江省 11个土壤的研究表明 ,生物活性有机碳库的变化幅度为 184.87～ 3022.41mg/kg ,占土壤总有机碳的2.91%～8.94% ,生物活性有机碳库的周转速率k为0.0070～0.0199d-1。C0与土壤总有机碳、全氮、有效氮、CEC、重铬酸钾易氧化有机碳、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、水溶性有机碳、热水提取有机碳、轻组有机碳都呈显著性正相关 ,k与这些指标均无相关性。C0与重铬酸钾易氧化有机碳、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、水溶性有机碳、热水提取有机碳、轻组有机碳占土壤总有机碳的百分比均无相关性 ,k只与水溶性有机碳占土壤总有机碳的百分比呈显著性正相关 (R2=0.4684 ,P0.025)。水溶性有机碳占土壤总有机碳的百分比是表征土壤生物活性有机碳库周转的较好指标。     

Zinc Sorption in Selected Soils

Abstract

The adsorption of nutrient elements is one of the most important solid‐ and liquid‐phase interactions determining the retention and release of applied plant nutrients and the efficiency of fertilization. The study showed that the soils with high cation exchange capacity (CEC), CaCO₃, organic matter contents, and heavy texture adsorbed more zinc (Zn). The alkaline soils from Pakistan adsorbed more Zn than English acidic soils. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm fit was excellent, and r² values for the Langmuir isotherm were highly significant (r²=0.84 to 0.99). The Langmuir b values, representing the adsorptive capacity of a soil, increased as the texture fineness increased in the soil, with increases in the concentration of adsorptive material (such as organic matter and CaCO₃) and with increases in CEC and pH. The alkaline soils from Pakistan had higher bonding energy constant and higher log Kf values than the acidic English soils. Sequential extraction of Zn in these soils showed that most of the Zn was held in CaCO₃ pool in the alkaline soils, whereas in acidic soils adsorbed Zn was in exchangeable form.     

旱地土壤中的硝化-反硝化作用

本文综述了国内外旱地土壤硝化 -反硝化作用的过程及其影响因数和硝化 -反硝化作用产生的N2 O量及其影响因素以及旱地土壤上氮肥硝化 -反硝化损失量等方面的研究进展     

从俄罗斯黑钙土到中国黑土——纪念宋达泉先生诞辰100周年

着重介绍了宋达泉先生在土壤发生分类中建立黑土作为一个独立土类的贡献。     

Location of Trace Elements in Unpolluted Soils by a Combined Method

Abstract

A sequential extraction procedure was combined with physical fractionation and mineralogy to determine the distribution of trace elements (TE) among the different phases of a poorly weathered sample. It was first fractionated into five particle‐size fractions. Two of these were selected for sequential extractions on the basis of their contrasting mineralogical compositions. A five‐step sequential extraction scheme was employed. The studied sample is mostly composed of hornblende, quartz, and feldspars. Early weathering has already occurred, resulting in the formation of smectite and oxides. Sequential extractions show that the studied elements are mostly associated with the residual phases. Hornblende was the main TE bearer of the primary minerals, whereas TEs released through weathering precipitated in both smectite and oxides. Oxides were found to scavenge copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) more efficiently than smectite. Copper and nickel (Ni) were more concentrated in smectite than in hornblende.     

Plant Availability of Cadmium in Soils: I. Extractable Cadmium in Newly and Long-Term Cultivated Soils

Abstract

Effects of long-term use of phosphate fertilizers on extractable soil Cd in relation to its concentrations in plants were investigated. “Paired” soil samples were collected from newly and long-term cultivated fields and analyzed for Cd by extraction with NH₄OAc, DTPA, NH₄OAc-EDTA, NH₄NO₃, HCl and CaCl₂. Plant samples were also collected and analyzed for Cd. Significant differences in extractable Cd by all the extractants except NH₄NO₃ were observed between the newly and long-term cultivated soils. The Cd concentrations in plants were not increased by the elevated extractable Cd. Although significant relationships were observed between plant Cd and extractable soil Cd, none of the extractants used alone gave a good assessment of plant-available Cd for all the samples used in this study.     

北京百花山区自然土壤与耕作土壤的肥力比较以及土壤管理措施

通过对北京百花山地区山地自然土壤和耕作土壤有机质含量、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾及微量元素有效含量的测定分析,得到了该地区山地自然土壤和耕作土壤的肥力特征。该地区山地自然土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷的含量较高,速效钾的水平中等,而速效磷的水平很低,微量元素中铜的含量较高,锰的含量较低,而有效锌的含量极低。自然土壤开垦为耕地后,土壤有机质含量明显降低,全氮的含量变化不明显;由于施肥作用,土壤全磷和速效磷的水平上升,个别耕地速效磷的水平极高,有过量使用磷肥的现象。对该地区山地土壤的开发利用,应坚持生态保护,防止水土流失,适当使用磷肥,注意使用微肥尤其是锌肥,因地制宜,根据不同地形、不同的土壤类型、母质的差异制定合理的利用方案。     

Influence of Sulfur Fertility on Wheat Yield Performance on Alluvial and Upland Soils

Abstract: In recent years, sulfur (S) deficiencies in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have become more common, particularly on coarse‐textured soils. In Study I, field experiments were conducted in 2001/2002 through 2003/2004 on Mississippi River alluvial soils (Experiment I) and an upland, loessial silt loam (Experiment II) to evaluate the influence of spring S rates of 0, 5.6, 11.2, and 22.4 kg ha^?1 and a fall rate of 22.4 kg sulfate (SO₄)‐S ha^?1 on grain yield of three varieties. In Study II, field experiments were conducted in 2001/2002 and 2004/2005 on alluvial soils to evaluate the influence of spring S rates of 0, 5.6, 11.2, and 22.4 kg SO₄‐S ha^?1 in fields where S‐deficiency symptoms were present. Grain yield response to applied S occurred only on alluvial, coarse‐textured, very fine sandy loam soils (Study II) that had soil SO₄‐S levels less than the critical level of 8 mg kg^?1 and organic‐matter contents less than 1 g kg^?1 in the 0‐ to 15‐, 15‐ to 30‐, and 30‐ to 45‐cm depths. Soil pH increased with soil depth. Optimum S rate was 11.2 kg SO₄‐S ha^?1 in 2001/2002 and 5.6 kg SO₄‐S ha^?1 in 2004/2005. On the upland, loessial silt loam soil, soil SO₄‐S levels accumulated with depth, whereas organic‐matter content and pH decreased. In the loessial soils, average soil SO₄‐S levels in the 15‐ to 30‐ and 30‐ to 45‐cm soil depths were 370% greater than SO₄‐S in the surface horizon (0 to 15 cm).     

污染土壤的微生物修复原理与技术进展

微生物修复是土壤环境生物修复技术的重要组成部分,是最具发展和应用前景的生物学环保新技术.本文以土壤中重金属及典型有机污染物为对象,从土壤微生物与污染物质的相互作用入手,较为系统地综合评述国内外污染土壤的微生物修复原理与技术,并结合当前土壤污染的新特点,提出了需进一步认识和解决微生物修复过程中出现的新现象和新问题,以不断丰富和拓展土壤环境微生物修复范畴与内涵.