关于牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(Temminck et Schlegel)白化诱因的探讨

用鱼肝油、鱼油、大豆油和V.A(0、10000、500000IU/L)营养强化的生物饵料培育牙鲆,探讨n3—HUFA和V.A降低白化率的作用和有效浓度。结果表明,饵料缺乏n3—HUFA和V.A是牙鲆种苗白化的主要原因,添加富含n3—HUFA的鱼肝油和10000IU/L的V.A降低白化的效果最好。试验发现,光照强度是牙鲆白化的重要诱因之一。     

舟山褐牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(Temmincket Schlegel)人工育苗技术初步研究

于2006年5月对舟山褐牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）进行了人工育苗，获得的60万粒受精卵孵化出仔鱼50万尾，孵化率为83．3％。在育苗海水盐度为28；pH为8．0～8．2；水温为18～22℃条件下经过36d共培育出平均体长3．1cm幼鱼16万尾，成活率为32％。     

舟山野生牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(Temminck et Sehlegel)的人工驯养试验

对不同渔获方式捕捞的舟山野生牙鲆进行不同方式的驯养试验.结果表明:(1)拖网捕获的活体野生牙鲆数量较少,在室内水泥池中可以驯养成活,但成活率较低,仅为54.5%,驯食的最佳饵料为活体脊尾白虾;(2)推缉网捕获的牙鲆幼鱼数量较多,全长8～15cm的幼鱼在池塘中养殖1年的成活率为46.2%,选择部分作为亲鱼培育,2周龄的成活率为86.4%,3周龄亲鱼养殖成活率达89.4%,目前拥有亲鱼3周龄鱼320尾、2周龄鱼60尾.     

关于工厂化牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(Temminck et Schlegel)生长及成活因素的探讨

本文探讨影响牙鲆工厂化养殖生长及成活的因素:鱼苗、运输、水温、水质、密度、饵料、养殖操作管理、疾病等。     

浙寅海区牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus（Temminck et Schlegel）网箱养殖试验报告

从2001年11月25日至2002年8月12日,经过8个月多的养殖,牙鲆体质量从48.50g增长到314.00g,平均日增体质量1.02g;体长从12.77cm增长到26.02cm,平均日增体长0.05cm;整个养殖过程中,体质量与体长保持关系W=0.0431L^2.7241,相关系数R^2=0.9956。牙鲆生长率随水温变化明显,在15.7℃之前生长率小,之后随水温升高迅速变大,当水温达到24.7℃之后生长率迅速下降,两者存在关系k=-0.0248T^2＋0.0967T-7.8101,相关系数R^2=0.8945。     

红鳍东方鲀Fugu rubripes(Temminck et Schlegel)与牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(Temminck et Schlegel)的混养越冬技术

红鳍东方Tun与牙鲆是我国重要的养殖经济鱼类和出口创汇品种。在我国北方，这两种于通常是单独越冬。本文作者采用混养越冬技术，不仅降低了越冬成本，提高了水体利用率，而且使牙鲆在河Tun的影响下，明显增重和有效地预防了疾病。     

轮虫培养及在对虾育苗中的应用

我们于1988年首次引种褶皱臂尾轮虫进行生产性培养,用于对虾育苗,共育虾苗5.15亿尾,取得了良好效果。现将轮虫培养和应月于对虾育苗的情况简述如下。1.轮虫培养方法试验是在面积均为1亩,池深60厘米的两个土池中进行的。4月20日,注新鲜过滤海水30厘米,注水前一周清池。注水可带进大量单胞藻。注水后即施肥,日施肥量为 KNO_330ppm,KH_2FO_4 3ppm,Na_2SiO_3 0.3ppm。藻类组成以硅藻、绿藻、金藻为主,几天后,     

舟山牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(Temminck et Schlegel)与虾蟹池塘混养技术初探

2003年～2005年在舟山市普陀区桃花镇1口29亩低产虾塘中进行了本地牙鲆与虾、蟹混表的试验，二年共产中国对虾2，800kg，三疣梭子蟹1，640kg，牙鲆1，100kg，总产值35．1万元，总利润20万元，取得了较好的经济效益；同时本地牙鲆首次在我市池塘养殖中安全渡夏越冬，证明了本地牙鲆在我市开展池塘养殖的可行性，为目前海水养殖结构调整，促进渔民增收，提供了一条新的途经，具有良好的社会效益。     

浙南海区牙鲆Paralichthvs olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)网箱养殖试验报告

从2001年11月25日至2002年8月12日,经过8个月多的养殖,牙鲆体质量从48.50 g增长到314.00 g,平均日增体质量1.02 g;体长从12.77 cm增长到26.02 cm,平均日增体长0.05 cm;整个养殖过程中,体质量与体长保持关系W=0.0431L27241,相关系数R2=0.9956.牙鲆生长率随水温变化明显,在15.7℃之前生长率小,之后随水温升高迅速变大,当水温达到24.7℃之后生长率迅速下降,两者存在关系k=-0.0248T2+0.0967T-7.8101,相关系数R2=0.8945.萧云朴等,2009.浙南海区牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(Temminele at Schlegel)网箱养殖试验报告,<现代渔业信息>杂志,24(1):25-27.     

牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(Temmincket Schlegel)的养殖技术

牙鲆是我国海水鱼养殖的重要对象。本文扼要介绍牙鲆室内水泥池养殖、牙鲆网箱养殖技术等内容，对生产单位有一定的参考价值。     

牙鲆格氏乳球菌感染症及其病原

对一次养殖牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus L. Temminck et Schlegel）发生的病害进行了临床特征和病理变化等方面的检验.以5尾病（死）牙鲆做病变组织中的细菌检查及细菌分离,对分离做纯培养的10株菌（T030817-1至T030817-10）进行形态特征、理化特性等较系统的表观分类学指征鉴定;同时择代表菌株（T030817-1）进行16S rRNA基因分子鉴定,测定16S rRNA基因序列、分析相关细菌相应序列的同源性、构建了系统发生树.结果表明,10株分离菌均为乳球菌属（Lactococcus Schleifer et al 1986）的格氏乳球菌（L.garvieae）.择代表菌株（T030817-1）做对健康牙鲆的人工感染试验,表明所分离鉴定的格氏乳球菌在被检牙鲆病例中具有相应原发病原学意义及较强的致病作用.药敏试验结果显示,在供试37种抗菌药物中,对青霉素G等14种药物高度敏感,对链霉素等5种药物敏感,对苯唑青霉素等18种药物耐药.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：403-409]     

Cytological studies on induced meiogynogenesis in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

The cytological process of induced gynogenetic development and subsequent chromosome duplication by a cold shock treatment was observed in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Mature eggs were at the metaphase of the second meiosis when inseminated with ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated sperm of red sea bream Pagrus major . After the beginning of cold shock treatment, the previously visible spindle became invisible, probably due to the side effect caused by cold shock treatment. The chromosomes at the centre of the metaphase plate were condensed. This condition continued during the duration of the cold shock treatment and several minutes after it. The release of the second polar body was blocked and it developed into a female-like pronucleus. Then, it fused with the female pronucleus to generate a diploid zygotic nucleus, and the egg exhibited the first mitosis. Consequently, the haploid female chromosome set of the egg was doubled by the inhibition of the second polar body release. There was a significant delay in developmental time in the gynogenetic eggs when compared with that in the normal eggs. From the time of insemination to early cleavage, the UV-irradiated heterospecific sperm nucleus remained condensed.     

Evaluation of optimum dietary protein-to-energy ratio in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratio in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets were formulated with two energy levels and four protein levels at each energy level. Two energy levels of 12.5 and 16.7 kJ g^?1 diets were included at crude protein (CP) levels of 25%, 30%, 35% and 45% with 12.5 kJ g^?1, and CP levels of 35%, 45%, 50% and 60% with 16.7 kJ g^?1. After 1 week of the conditioning period, fish initially averaging 8.1±0.08 g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into the aquarium as groups of 15 fish. Each diet was fed on a dry‐matter basis to fish in three randomly selected aquariums at a rate of 3–5% of total wet body weight per day for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG), feed efficiency ratio and specific growth rate of fish fed 45% CP with 16.7 kJ g^?1 energy diet were significantly higher than those from the other dietary treatments (P<0.05). WG of fish fed 12.5 kJ g^?1 energy diets increased with the increase of dietary protein levels. However, WG of fish fed 16.7 kJ g^?1 energy diets increased with the increase of dietary protein levels up to 45% CP and then decreased when fish fed 50% and 60% CP diets. Both dietary protein and energy affected protein retention efficiency and energy retention efficiency. Haemoglobin (Hb) of fish fed 35% and 45% CP diets with 12.5 kJ g^?1 energy were significantly high and not different from Hb of fish fed 45% and 50% CP diets with 16.7 kJ g^?1 energy. Haematocrit of fish fed 45% CP diet with 16.7 kJ g^?1 energy was significantly higher than those from fish fed 25% and 30% CP diets with 12.5 kJ g^?1 energy (P< 0.05). Based on the results of this experiment, we concluded that the optimum dietary P/E ratio was 27.5 mg protein kJ^?1 with diet containing 45% CP and 16.7 kJ g^?1 energy in juvenile olive flounder.     

Occurrence of Listonella anguillarum in seed production environments of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

The present study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of Listonella anguillarum in the rearing water, fish and diets (rotifers) of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). A total of 793 isolates were obtained from the seed production environment of Japanese flounder and 175 out of them were identified as L. anguillarum by biochemical characterization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection for VAH1 haemolysin gene and phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acids (rDNA) sequences. These results strongly suggested that L. anguillarum is rapidly and accurately identified by the combination of incubation on thiosulphate–citrate–bile salt–sucrose agar at 35°C overnight and PCR detection for the VAH1 haemolysin gene. All flounder specimens and all rotifer samples harboured L. anguillarum at high densities of 6.9 × 10³–6.3 × 10⁵ colony forming units (CFU) g^?1 and 1.5 × 10⁴–2.3 × 10⁶ CFU g^?1, respectively, while as low as 5.0 × 10⁰–2.0 × 10¹ CFU mL^?1 of L. aguillarum were detected in only two of 11 seawater samples, even though no vibriosis occurred in larval and juvenile flounder of tanks. This fact strongly suggests that L. anguillarum is an inhabitant in the seed production environments of Japanese flounder.     

Effects of formalin on haematological and blood chemistry in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

Erythrocytes of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel), were treated with serial concentrations of formalin (37% formaldehyde) to investigate in vitro haemolysis and methaemoglobin formation. In addition, the short‐term toxicity of formalin concentrations of 0, 100, 212 and 300 ppm was also studied by clinical tests in which fish were subjected to 3‐h bath exposure. There was no haemolysis of fish erythrocytes exposed to formalin concentrations ranging from 31.3 to 2000 ppm. Methaemoglobin formation, however, was induced at concentrations greater than 500 ppm. Red blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and percentage of immature erythrocytes were also markedly elevated in all formalin‐exposed groups (P<0.05). Formalin exposure also caused significant increases in alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, chloride, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus (P<0.05). However, total protein decreased significantly in the formalin‐exposed groups (P<0.05). No significant differences in white blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, albumin, glucose, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, free cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, calcium, creatinine and total bilirubin were observed in the formalin‐exposed groups (P>0.05).     

牙鲆苗种繁育技术

牙鲆(Paralichthysolivaceus)人工繁育技术的研究和开发,日本早在2 0世纪60年代就已经开始,我国1 992年之后牙鲆人工养殖业迅猛发展。但近年来出现了卵的受精率低、苗种成活率低、白化与黑化比例提高、养成过程死亡率高、优良性状退化等现象。为改变上述现状,必须从亲鱼培育着手,并严格执行健康苗种技术操作规程,从而取得较好的成效,现将具体技术介绍如下:1　材料1 .1　培育设施　亲鱼培育池30～75m3,深1～1 .5m ,水深0 .8～1m ;水泥池30～45m3/个,可作为亲鱼产卵池、孵化池、仔鱼培育池;饵料生物培养池1 2～1 8m3;沉淀池5 0 0m3;一级、二…     

Optimum dietary protein level for maximum growth of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein level for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel) fed a white fish meal and casein‐based diets for 8 weeks. Olive flounder with an initial body weight of 4.1 ± 0.02 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of the six isocaloric diets containing 35%, 45%, 50%, 55% and 65% crude protein (CP) at a feeding rate of 4–5% of wet body weight on a dry‐matter basis to triplicate groups of 20 fish per aquarium. After 8 weeks of feeding, per cent weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency ratios of fish fed the 55% CP diet were not significantly higher than those from fish fed the 50% and 65% CP diets, but significantly higher than those from fish fed the 35% and 45% CP diets. Fish fed the 50%, 55% and 65% CP diets had significant higher specific growth rates than did fish fed the 35% and 45% CP diets; however, there was no significant difference among fish fed the 50%, 55% and 65% CP diets. The protein efficiency ratio was inversely related to the dietary protein level; that is, maximum efficiency occurred at the lowest dietary protein level. Broken‐line model analysis indicated that the optimum dietary protein level was 51.2 ± 1.8% for maximum weight gain in juvenile olive flounder. The second‐order polynomial regression analysis showed that the maximum WG occurred at 57.7% and it revealed that the minimum range of protein requirement was between 44.2% and 46.4%. These findings suggest that the optimum dietary protein level for maximum growth could be greater than 46.4%, but less than 51.2% CP in fish meal and casein‐based diets containing 17.0 kJ g^?1 energy for juvenile olive flounder.     

Efficacy of Vibrio anguillarum antigen administered by intraperitoneal injection route in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel), were immunized by the intraperitoneal (i. p.) injection route with formalin‐killed whole cells of Vibrio anguillarum that originated from a diseased fish. Fifty days later, a booster vaccination was given by the same route. Control fish were similarly treated with sterile phosphate‐buffered saline. The efficacy of vaccination was evaluated based on protection against two bacterial challenges and immune responses (both specific and non‐specific). The challenges were performed by i. p. injection with V. anguillarum or V. parahaemolyticus. The results indicated that the vaccinated fish showed higher non‐specific immune activity than the unvaccinated fish. The effects of vaccinations on the phagocytic activity of phagocyte, bactericidal and lysozyme activities were notable, especially on bactericidal activity. Determined by ELISA, antiserum of vaccinated fish displayed high antibody titres. The vaccination conferred protection against V. anguillarum challenge (81.25–93.75% relative percentage survival (RPS)). The RPS was 46.15–53.85% against V. parahaemolyticus challenge, indicating some degree of cross‐protective immunity.     

Effect of temperature and salinity on virulence of Edwardsiella tarda to Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

Experiments were designed to determine the effects of temperature and salinity on the virulence of Edwardsiella tarda to Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. In the temperature experiment, a two‐factor design was conducted to evaluate the effects of both pathogen incubation temperature and fish cultivation temperature on pathogen virulence. E. tarda was incubated at 15, 20, 25 and 30±1°C, and the fish (mean weight: 10 g) were reared at 15, 20 and 25±1°C respectively. The fish reared at different temperatures were infected with the E. tarda incubated at different temperatures. The results of a 4‐day LD₅₀ test showed that temperature significantly affected the virulence of E. tarda (P<0.01) and the interaction between the two factors was also significant (P<0.01). For fish reared at 15°C the virulence of E. tarda was the highest at 25°C of pathogen incubation, followed by 20, 15 and 30°C. When the fish rearing temperature was raised to 20 and 25°C, the virulence of E. tarda incubated at all temperatures increased. Isolation testing demonstrated results similar to those of LD₅₀. The higher rearing temperature increased the proliferation rate of the pathogen in fish. In the salinity experiment, the incubation salinity of E. tarda was at 0, 10, 20 and 30 g L^?1, respectively, and the fish with mean weight of 50 g were cultured in natural seawater of 30 g L^?1. The results of one‐way anova in 4‐day LD₅₀ test showed that incubation salinity significantly affected virulence. Virulence was lower when the salinity of the incubation medium was at 0 and 30 g L^?1, higher at 10 and 20 g L^?1. The results of isolation test were in accordance with those of LD₅₀. At 20 g L^?1E. tarda had a faster proliferation rate than that at 10 g L^?1.