拉萨河谷设施农地土壤质量变化及空间分异特征

青藏高原设施农地存在土壤质量变化的迹象,而拉萨河谷作为青藏高原地区设施农地的主要分布区,其土壤质量的整体变化及区域分异规律尚不明确。以大田耕地为参照,采集设施农地土壤样品240个和大田耕地土壤样品112个,测定了土壤理化指标21项,采用土壤综合质量指数和因子探测器方法,研究了设施农地土壤质量变化及空间分异特征,并辨识设施农地土壤质量变化的主要因子。结果表明：（1）拉萨河谷设施农地和本底土壤质量指数分别为0.36、0.43,两者80%的样地土壤质量等级均分布在Ⅴ～Ⅲ级;且设施农地土壤质量较高的样地主要分布在海拔3 700～3 750 m,距河流930 m内的阳坡地带。（2）较大田耕地,设施农地土壤质量指数平均下降了16.28%,且存在明显空间差异。其中堆龙德庆区土壤质量下降最明显,平均降低了74.46%。不同深度上,0～10 cm范围内土壤质量下降最明显,平均下降了6.5%。（3）受海拔和坡向影响,设施农地土壤质量整体变化存在空间分异。即随着海拔增加和阳坡到阴坡的变化,设施农地土壤质量变化幅度均表现为明显增大趋势。（4）全区设施农地土壤质量变化普遍受到含盐量、速效钾和镉含量变化的影响,三...     

城市绿地土壤呼吸特点及影响因素

随着城市化进程的加剧,城市绿地土壤呼吸对城市及全球碳循环的影响越来越明显。为研究城市土壤呼吸特点及其影响因素,选取城市主要绿地类型(校园绿地、公园绿地、居住区绿地、工厂绿地)土壤为研究对象,对其土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤含水率及土壤理化性质进行近两年的动态观测。结果表明,研究期内土壤呼吸变幅为0.72~5.59μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),其中居住区绿地土壤呼吸范围为0.72~2.39μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),工厂绿地土壤呼吸范围为1.73~4.10μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),公园绿地土壤呼吸范围为1.95~5.59μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),校园绿地土壤呼吸范围为1.85~5.09μmol m~(-2)s~(-1);绿地类型,月份及土壤温度对土壤呼吸影响显著(P0.05);持续降水后,土壤含水率对土壤呼吸产生显著影响(P0.05)。0~10 cm土壤有机碳、NO3-N,全P含量及细根生物量(R2 mm)与土壤呼吸呈显著正相关(P0.05),土壤溶解性有机碳含量与土壤呼吸呈显著负相关(P0.05)。     

城乡复合生态系统土壤微生物群落特征及功能差异

土壤微生物在陆地生态系统多个过程中发挥着重要作用,而城市化过程使得城市及其周边地区土地利用发生剧烈变化,形成了异质性环境梯度,直接或间接地影响了土壤微生物群落的组成和功能,进而影响了其承载的生态系统服务。本文综述了城乡复合生态系统不同景观单元土壤微生物群落的组成特征、主要影响因素及其功能差异,发现城市化对土地利用的改变驱动了土壤微生物群落的组成、结构和功能差异,土地利用、土壤污染物、植被覆盖、土壤性质等因素共同影响土壤微生物群落,并且在不同景观中影响土壤微生物的主导因素有所不同。进一步探讨了土壤微生物的生态服务功能,并分析了不同景观中土壤微生物功能存在的差异性。今后需进一步解析社会—经济—自然复合生态系统格局特征对土壤微生物的影响,揭示城乡复合生态系统不同功能区土壤微生物对土壤生态服务的产生和维持机制,明确变化环境下土壤微生物对土壤安全和人类健康的维持机制,以提升土壤生态服务功能、维护城乡土壤安全和人居环境健康。     

Land Use and Precipitation Affect Organic and Microbial Carbon Stocks and the Specific Metabolic Quotient in Soils of Eleven Ecosystems of Mt. Kilimanjaro,Tanzania

Tropical ecosystems are under increasing pressure of land‐use changes, strongly affecting the carbon cycle. Conversion from natural to agri‐cultural ecosystems is often accompanied by a decrease in the stocks of organic and microbial carbon (C_org, C_mic) as well as changes in microbial activity and litter decomposition. Eleven ecosystems along an elevation gradient on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro were used to investigate impacts of land‐use changes on C_org and C_mic stocks as well as the specific metabolic respiration quotient (q_sCO₂) in surface soils. Six natural, two semi‐natural and three intensively used agricultural ecosystems were investigated on an elevation gradient from 950 to 3,880 m asl. To estimate the effects of precipitation, rainfall regimes of 3·6 and 20·0 mm were simulated. C_org stocks were controlled by water availability, temperature and net primary production. Agricultural management resulted in decreases of C_org and C_mic stocks by 38% and 76%, respectively. In addition, agricultural systems were characterized by low C_mic:C_org ratios, indicating a decline in available substrate. Enhanced land‐use intensity leads to increased q_sCO₂ (agricultural > semi‐natural > natural). The traditional homegardens stood out as a sustainable land‐use form with high substrate availability and microbial efficiency. Soil CO₂ efflux and q_sCO2 generally increased with precipitation level. We conclude that soils of Mt. Kilimanjaro's ecosystems are highly sensitive to land‐use changes and are vulnerable to changes in precipitation, especially at low elevations. Even though q_sCO₂ was measured under different water contents, it can be used as an indicator of ecosystem disturbances caused by land‐use and management practices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

开垦对草甸土有机碳的影响

本文利用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,选取科尔沁沙地东南缘草甸土两块10×10m的样地为例,分析了草地开垦8a后的耕地耕作层土壤有机碳含量和空间分布格局的变化,结果表明:草地与耕地表层(0～10cm)土壤有机碳含量差异不显著,草地亚表层(10～20cm)土壤有机碳含量低于耕地(p<0.05);草地与耕地表层和亚表层土壤有机碳空间分布格局具有明显差异,表现为草地的表层和亚表层的结构异质性分别大于耕地,分数维小于耕地,空间依赖性强于耕地,空间分布格局的破碎程度弱于耕地。耕地表层与亚表层土壤有机碳含量差异不显著(p<0.05),但空间结构特征和空间分布格局存在明显的差异;而草地表层与亚表层土壤有机碳含量差异显著(p<0.05),但空间结构特征和空间分布格局比较相似。因此,开垦不仅影响草甸土有机碳含量的高低,而且影响其空间结构特征和分布格局。这对进一步了解草地开垦对土壤有机碳及全球碳循环和气候变化的影响具有重要意义。     

不同土地利用方式下降雨对土壤微生物量和呼吸的影响

全球气候变化会导致陆地生态系统干旱频繁,强降雨增多,深入研究降雨对土壤微生物量和呼吸的影响,有利于理解陆地生态系统中土壤碳、氮的循环.研究以北京市延庆县上辛庄水土保持科技示范园内的标准径流小区为对象,探讨不同土地利用方式下降雨对土壤微生物量和呼吸的影响及差异.结果表明,不同土地利用方式下土壤干旱时,降雨使土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸产生激增效应.2010年8月3日降雨后经果林、裸地、农用地的土壤微生物量碳与干旱期的相比分别增加了0.40,1.51,1.95倍;土壤微生物量氯与干旱期的相比分别增加了1.77,1.83,3.7倍;土壤呼吸与干旱期的相比分别提离了12.4%,12.5%,20.5%.激增幅度依次为农用地>裸地>经果林.农用地的土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸值均低于经果林、裸地的,但是降雨使其产生的激增幅度明显大于经果林和裸地的.     

Soil seed banks in the Arasbaran Protected Area of Iran and their significance for conservation management

The Arasbaran Protected Area is an important but little studied nature reserve in NW Iran. In the past habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity have been threatened by over-exploitation; in the future depopulation may lead to partial abandonment. The soil seed bank was examined to see whether there are sufficient species represented as persistent seeds to reconstitute the vegetation in the event of habitat deterioration. There were differences between seed banks from different soils and vegetation types but essentially all soil seed banks contained few species and low densities of seed. Moreover, the species in the seed bank were unrepresentative of the vegetation. During future periods of changing land use it will be important to maintain the existing vegetation. There are however indications of successful recent conservation management. Annuals are abundant in the woodland seed bank but absent from the vegetation. The forest is recovering from the disturbance of collecting fire-wood.     

Soil respiration and methane flux in adjacent forest,grassland, and cornfield soils in Hokkaido,Japan

Soil respiration and methane flux from adjacent forest, grassland, and cornfield were measured by using the closed chamber method from June to November, 1999 in Shizunai, Hokkaido, Japan, where the soil was an Aquic Humic Udivitrands derived from volcanic ash. The forest soil absorbed methane, at arate ranging from -0.12 to -0.02 mg C m_-2 h_-1, while the grassland soil emitted methane, at a rate ranging from undetectable levels to 0.18 mg C m_-2 h_-1. In the cornfield soil methane flux ranged from -0.01 to 0.04 mg C m_-2 h_-1. The soil respiration rate varied from 3 to 230 mg C m_-2 h_-1, 27 to 372 mg C m_-2 h_-1, and 29 to 156 mg C m_-2 h_-1 for the cornfield, grassland, and forest soils, respectively. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that the methane flux rate was positively correlated with the soil water-filled pore space (WFPS), and negatively correlated with the relative gas diffusion coefficient (D/D _o) and air-filled pore space (AFPS). Soil respiration rates were positively correlated with the soil temperature at all the sites. The Q ₁₀ value was 4.8, 3.3, and 1.9 for the cornfield, grassland, and forest soils, respectively.     

金堂环溪河流域土壤氮素含量及其影响因素分析

采集耕层(0～20cm)土样108个,研究其氮素含量及其影响因素。结果表明,研究区土壤全氮和碱解氮均呈正态分布。其中土壤全氮平均含量为0.52g kg-1,碱解氮平均含量为68.1mg kg-1。地形条件、土地利用方式和轮作制度是影响土壤氮素含量的重要因素。统计分析表明,不同台位之间土壤全氮含量均未达到显著水平;不同台位之间土壤碱解氮含量差异显著,冲沟水田(77.1mg kg-1)、一台地(72.3mg kg-1)和二台地(71.0mg kg-1)均显著高于丘顶地(51.6mg kg-1)。四种土地利用方式之间全氮含量呈显著差异,林地(0.69g kg-1)和旱地(0.45g kg-1)、水田(0.48g kg-1)分别达到极显著差异和显著差异水平,非林地之间差异不显著;四种土地利用方式之间碱解氮含量呈极显著差异,林地(81.3mg kg-1)与旱地(56.1mg kg-1)达到极显著差异,而在非林地之间,旱地与果园(77.2mg kg-1)、水田(70.8mg kg-1)分别达到显著差异。轮作制度对土壤氮素含量和分布的影响程度不如台位和土地利用方式,四种轮作制度之间土壤全氮和碱解氮含量均未达到显著差异。     

Soil respiration and carbon balance of gray forest soils as affected by land use

 Soil respiration was measured by closed chamber and gradient methods in soils under forest, sown meadow and crops. Annual total soil respiration determined with the closed chamber method ranged from 180 to 642 g CO₂-C m^–2 year^–1 and from 145 to 382 g CO₂-C m^–2 year^–1 determined with the CO₂ profile method. Soil respiration increased in the order: cropland<sown meadow<forest. The C balance calculated as the difference between net primary production (sink) and respiration of heterotrophs (source) suggested an equilibrium between the input and output of C in the cropland, and sequestration of 135 and 387 g CO₂-C m^–2 year^–1 in the forest and meadow, respectively. Received: 1 December 1997     

黄泛平原区不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分状况分析

选取黄泛平原区菜地、水浇地、果园和有林地4种不同的土地利用方式,通过野外调查与室内分析,研究不同土地利用方式对土壤养分的影响。结果表明:土壤pH值有林地与果园相对较高,水浇地和菜地较低,均呈弱碱性;土壤有机质、速效钾、有效磷和全氮含量均受土地利用方式影响较大,并且均为菜地含量最高,水浇地次之,林地含量最小,土壤缓效钾受土地利用方式影响不显著;土壤有效硫含量由大到小为菜地水浇地果园有林地,与有机质相同;有效锌、有效铜和有效铁在水浇地中含量较高,有效猛、有效钼和有效硼在有林地中含量较高,菜地的微量元素含量普遍较低。     

南方红壤区土壤~(137)Cs在不同土地利用类型下的分布研究

137Cs作为土壤侵蚀的示踪剂得到广泛的应用,研究发现不同地区土壤中,137Cs分布有一定差别。以南方红壤为研究对象,对滇池流域不同土地利用下137Cs分布状况进行了研究。结果显示:137Cs空间分布的变化规律受地形空间分异因素的影响。在水平方向上,137Cs空间分布的差异是由于含137Cs土壤颗粒中重新分布和迁移流失造成的;在垂直方向上,剖面分布特征明显,不同土地利用类型由于人类活动以及自然下渗作用而有含量与深浅的差别。这对137Cs示踪土壤侵蚀的模型选择、土壤侵蚀程度判断甚至重新建模都具有积极的指导意义。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

不同土地利用方式对干热河谷地区土壤可蚀性的影响

以四川宁南县金沙江下游的河谷地带为研究区域,选择相同海拔下7种主要的土地利用方式为研究对象,通过室内测试分析,并运用统计和相关分析等方法,研究不同土地利用方式下的土壤可蚀性变异特征。结果表明：在干热河谷区,天然植被水桐树林破坏改为其它土地利用方式后,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和碱解氮含量显著降低,速效磷和容重没有显著变化,速效钾有一定程度升高,不同利用方式对其影响作用不同,但总体来说改造为合欢林和撂荒草地对土壤理化属性的影响相对较少。相对于天然水桐林,其它土地利用方式土壤可蚀性明显增加,其大小依次为：花椒地〈撂荒地〈草地〈新银合欢地〈桑地〈甘蔗地。相比较而言,无论是天然林地还是人工经济林地,其土壤可蚀性都处于较低的水平;受人为活动影响强烈的农业用地,其土壤可蚀性水平一般较高。说明该地区农业耕作措施可导致土壤对侵蚀营力分离和搬运作用敏感性增强,抗蚀性能较低,更加容易遭受侵蚀,因此在金沙江干热河谷区,从水土保持角度出发,应该尽可能地减少人为活动对土地的干扰,提高土地抵抗侵蚀的能力。     

南方红壤稻田与旱地土壤有机碳及其组分的特征差异

大量研究证明稻田土壤比旱地土壤更具固碳潜力,但至今对稻田土壤固碳机制的认识尚不甚清楚。本研究于2007年利用两个开垦年代相似,近20多年分别一直种植双季稻和双季玉米的长期定位试验,来比较不同种植模式下土壤有机碳及其组分的差异。结果表明,水田土壤总有机碳和总氮的浓度分别是旱地的2.2倍和2.5倍。与试验前相比,水稻种植显著提高了土壤有机碳的含量,增幅达到30.8%,而旱地的前后差异不显著。在所有团聚体粒径水平上,水田有机碳的浓度均显著高于旱地。其中53～250μm微团聚体相差最大,水田是旱地的近3倍。水田微团聚体保护碳（iPOM_m）在土壤中的浓度是旱地的4.2倍,微团聚体保护碳在总有机碳中的比重也显著高于旱地,达到25.5%,是旱地的2倍。水田和旱地iPOM_m组分碳的差异能够解释其总有机碳差异的42.8%。上述结果可以增强我们对稻田土壤固碳机制的了解,为稻田土壤碳管理提供理论依据。     

干湿交替格局对川西南干热河谷土壤碳氮释放的影响

有机碳和氮素含量低、结构性差等土壤退化特征,是干热河谷土壤退化的普遍现象,漫长旱季与集中雨季使干热河谷干湿交替格局不同于其他区域。通过监测不同干湿交替模式下培养土壤的呼吸、水溶性有机碳(DOC)和水溶性氮(DN)动态,评估干湿交替特征对干热河谷土壤有机碳和氮库退化的影响。结果显示,风干土壤再湿润对土壤呼吸具有激发效应,可使呼吸强度增加1.52~7.13倍;随着干湿交替次数的增加,激发效应随之衰减,经过多次干湿交替后(当周期为3d,则干湿交替5次)降至某一稳定水平,干湿交替周期越长(周期长于12d),土壤再湿润后导致的土壤呼吸激发效应的衰减越不明显。土壤DOC和DN含量同样受再湿润激发,但DOC和DN激发效应滞后于土壤呼吸,干湿交替多次后土壤DOC和DN随之降低并稳定低于最初水平,而随着干湿交替周期延长,DOC和DN在每个干湿交替末期含量变化不明显。这暗示干湿交替尽管可激发土壤DOC和DN释放,但是这种激发效应随干湿交替次数和周期延长而降低,因此对土壤碳氮动态的影响有限,干湿交替格局可能不是干旱河谷土壤有机碳和氮素退化的主要原因。     

植物间作下根际微生物和土壤酶与土壤多氯联苯（PCB）降解的关系

以大豆、黑麦草和南瓜为材料,采用盆栽实验,研究了3种植物的单作和相互间作的不同种植方式对多氯联苯污染土壤的根际修复效应与机理。结果表明：（1）PCB去除率与土壤蛋白酶和磷酸酶活性均呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.878和0.929（P〈0.01）,推测这两类酶可能参与了PCB的生物降解过程;（2）PCB去除率与土壤真菌密度呈显著相关（r=0.797）,而PCB去除率与土壤细菌及放线菌密度相关不显著;（3）在本实验条件下,微生物因素对土壤PCB的降解起主导作用,非灭菌土处理的土壤PCB去除率比灭菌土相对应的对照高出17.7%~30.75%;（4）根系分泌物能显著强化微生物的降解功能,添加黑麦草和大豆根系分泌物处理的土壤PCB去除率分别比只加营养液的对照高出21.4%和24.9%。     

坡地赤红壤不同利用模式对土壤磷和酶的影响

试验采用广东东莞花岗岩发育的坡地赤红壤为样品进行研究表明 :在坡地赤红壤的 4种利用模式中 ,旱地种植花生 ,荔枝可以有效地改善土壤的酸性 ,提高土壤肥力 ;提高土壤Al-P和Fe -P的含量 ,减少O -P的所占的比例 ,提高坡地赤红壤磷酸盐的有效性 ;增加土壤表层的脲酶和蛋白酶的活性 ,可能使土壤的磷酸酶的活性降低     

贵州省喀斯特峡谷花椒林地土壤水分特征研究

以贵州省花江喀斯特峡谷花椒林地土壤水分全年的动态变化特征为研究对象，分析了土壤含水量与土壤结构、植被间的关系以及不同土壤层次水分动态变化规律，划分出了土壤水分垂直变动带。研究结果表明，表土层土壤蓄水能力大于底土层，土壤实际含水量表现为林地高于休闲地，土壤深层高于表层。表层水分变化最快，影响因素为大气降水与棵间蒸发。中间层次之，主要受蒸腾作用及水分垂直运动特征影响，底层最慢，其持水量受土壤结构的影响。土壤水分垂直变动带划分结果为：0-20cm为强烈变动带，20-50cm为过渡带，50cm以下为稳定带。     

金沙江干热河谷区不同土地利用方式下的土壤特性分异特征

对金沙江干热河谷区相同背景条件下的合欢林地、玉米地、桑地、甘蔗地、花椒地、撂荒草地以及水桐树林地的土壤理化性状进行了研究.结果表明,该区域天然水桐树林破坏后改为其它土地利用方式后对土壤理化性质影响显著,表现为土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和碱解氮含量显著降低,速效磷和容重没有显著变化,速效钾有一定程度升高;不同利用方式对其影响作用差异不同,但总体来说改造为合欢林和撂荒草地对土壤理化属性的影响相对较少.土壤综合属性指数随天然水桐树林改为其它利用方式后均呈现不同程度降低,其降幅由小到大依次为草地>合欢林地>甘蔗地>玉米地>花椒地>桑地,人为干扰越重对土壤质量的破坏作用越大,因此减少人为活动,增加该区域土壤物质归还量是改善土壤质量的重要措施之一.