Effect of Long-Term Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) Practices on Soil Nutrients Availability and Enzymatic Activity under Acidic Inceptisol of North-Eastern Region of India

ABSTRACT

Soil acidity is one of the main limitations for optimal use of land resources for better crop production. And, long-term fertilization experiments found to be helpful in increasing the nutrient supply in these acidic soils. Keeping this in view, a field experiment on rice was carried out by applying biofertilizers and enriched compost in an acidic Inceptisol of Assam over 10 successive years (2006–15) to examine its effects on nutrient availability and soil enzymatic activity. This experiment had five treatments viz. absolute control (T₁), 100% recommended doses (RD) of inorganic NPK (T₂), 50% RD of inorganic NP + 100% K +biofertilizers (T₃), 50% RD of inorganic NP + 100% K +1 tonne enriched compost ha^?1 (T₄) and 25% RD of inorganic NP + 100% K +2 tonnes enriched compost ha^?1 (T₅) under randomized block design with four replications. After completing 10 years of experiment, it was observed that integrated use of enriched compost and biofertilizers with reduced doses of inorganic fertilizers enhanced the soil enzymatic activity as well as nutrient availability in rice grown in acidic clay loam soils of Assam. Application of biofertilizers and enriched compost had positive impact on plant accessible nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil as compared to inorganic fertilizers. Also soil organic matter content increased considerably by these treatment. Integrated nutrient management practice in rice had also significantly enhanced the dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate and phospho-monoesterase activity in soil.     

有机物料对稻田土壤团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

通过连续5年定位试验,以紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料还田的稻田土壤为对象,研究有机物料还田后不同物理分组下土壤组成特点和有机碳变化特征。结果表明,稻田土壤团聚体主要分布在2~0.25mm与0.25~0.053mm粒级,团聚体颗粒有机碳含量随着粒径的减小而减少。有机物料还田可提高0.25~0.053mm和0.053mm粒级团聚体有机碳的含量,紫云英、秸秆、商品有机肥等有机物料可通过提高土壤微团聚体有机碳含量而增加土壤碳库。有机物料施用增加土壤轻组组分颗粒含量,减少重组组分颗粒含量,有助于土壤轻组组分的形成。稻田土壤轻组颗粒有机碳含量与0.25mm和0.053mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈显著相关,与2~0.25mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈极显著相关。稻田土壤施用紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料,可有效提高土壤微团聚体和轻组成分颗粒含量,增加土壤微团聚体和轻组有机碳含量,改变稻田土壤有机碳库组成特征。     

Integrated Nutrient Management Affects Fruit Yield of Sapota (Achras zapota L.) and Nutrient Availability in a Vertisol

ABSTRACT

We studied the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) combinations on supplement of plant nutrient for quantitative and qualitative fruit production in sapota. Thus, 17 combinations of INM practices were evaluated on fruit yield of sapota and nutrient availability in a Vertisol of Chambal region, India. The results demonstrated that almost all treatment combinations comprised of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), i.e. 1,000:500:500 g NPK plant^?1 with application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients had a significant effect on the fruit yield of sapota, soil microbial biomass, NPK content of leaf, fruit and soil over control (T₁). Among different treatments, application of 2/3rd part of RDF + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azospirillum + 250 g Azotobacter plant^?1 (T₁₁) significantly enhanced the number of fruits plant^?1 (327.88), yield plant^?1 (29.03 kg) and yield ha^?1 (4.52 t). However, the soil microbial count of fungi (8.89 cfu g^?1 soil), bacteria (11.19 cfu g^?1 soil) and actinomycetes (5.60 cfu g^?1 soil) at fruit harvest was higher under the 2/3 of RDF +10 kg vermicompost + 250 g Azospirillum + 250 g Azotobacter plant^?1 (T₁₅). The leaf nitrogen content (N, 2.03%) was higher in T_15, while phosphorus (P, 0.28%) and potassium (K, 1.80%) content were higher in T₁₁. It is evident that treatment T₁₁ increased fruit yield by 32% in Sapota cv. Kalipatti compared to control. Therefore, combined application of nutrient sources proved not only beneficial for enhancing fruit yield of sapota but also sustaining soil health in Chambal region of south-eastern Rajasthan.     

Integrated Nutrient-Management Technology for Direct-Seeded Upland Rice (Oryza sativa) in Northwestern Himalayas

Alarming climate change, rainfed upland farming, and low resource-use efficiency of conventional fertilizer management practices are major production constraints detrimental to rice productivity in the northwestern (NW) Himalayas. Recent agronomic intervention of direct-seeded rice (DSR) coupled with suitable rice germplasm well suited to rainfed upland ecosystems in combination with appropriate integrated nutrient-management (INM) technology can enhance the rice productivity in the region. Thus, a field experiment with seven treatments replicated three times in a randomized block design was conducted on INM technology in rainfed upland rice cv. HPR-1156 (Sukaradhan-1) to harness the potential of DSR technology in order to boost rice productivity in the NW Himalayas. Results on INM in direct-seeded upland rice revealed that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) at 90:45:45 kg ha^?1 + farm yard manure (FYM) at 5 t ha^?1 (oven dry-weight basis) significantly resulted in the greatest magnitude of growth and development (plant height, tillers m^?2) and yield-contributing characters (panicles m^?2, panicle length, grains panicle^?1 and 1000-grain weight), resulting in significantly greatest grain, straw, and biological yield followed by sole use of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha^?1 and NPK at 60:30:30 kg ha^?1 + FYM at 5 t ha^?1, respectively, in rainfed upland rice. Application of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha^?1 + FYM at 5 t ha^?1 again resulted in significant improvement in soil organic carbon and available NPK status over other treatments and initial soil fertility status in an acidic Alfisol. Overall, it is inferred that INM technology with judicious use of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha^?1 + FYM at 5 t ha^?1 in rainfed upland rice under DSR technology can enhance the rice productivity and resource-use efficiency in NW Himalayas.     

浙北地区秸秆全量还田下氮肥用量对单季晚粳稻生长和土壤养分、碳库的影响

为了明确浙北地区秸秆全量还田下单季晚粳稻适宜的施氮量,通过大田试验,采用随机区组设计,根据当地农户施肥习惯,设置4种施氮水平(以纯氮计,N 0,不施氮;N L,165 kg/hm²;N M,240 kg/hm²;N H,315 kg/hm²),研究了浙北地区秸秆全量还田下氮肥调控对单季晚粳稻生长和土壤养分、碳库的影响。结果表明:N M和N H的水稻分蘖数、株高、叶面积系数、叶绿素含量及地上部分干物质重均高于其他处理。在稻田土壤方面,N M的土壤速效磷和速效钾含量较N 0,N L和N H处理分别显著(p<0.05)增加了43.16%,30.13%,13.13%和31.86%,22.13%,15.81%;N M的可溶性有机碳和微生物有机碳含量较N 0和N L处理分别显著(p<0.05)增加了88.47%,13.99%和37.10%,15.39%。在产量方面,N M的产量最高,较N 0,N L和N H处理分别增产51.70%,15.39%,9.45%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,秸秆全量还田施用240 kg/hm²纯氮为浙北地区单季晚粳稻最佳氮肥调控模式。     

Expression of Soil Chemical and Biological Behavior on Nutritional Quality of Aromatic Rice as Influenced by Organic and Mineral Fertilization

The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the yield and nutritional characteristics of aromatic rice as influenced by organic versus mineral fertilization. Aromatic rice was grown on four levels of cattle manure (CM; 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha^?1). Other treatments were equivalent amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in different levels of manure fertilizer and mineral fertilizer. After 6 years of cropping, organically managed plots were superior to mineral-fertilized plots in terms of grain yields of rice at 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha^?1. Cattle manure at 20 Mg ha^?1 and its equivalent NPK through mineral-fertilizer treatment provided 41.1% and 37.9% increases in average grain yield (5.2 and 5.1 Mg ha^?1) over the unamended control. Protein content was greater in mineral-fertilized rice grains at all levels of CM. Soil dehydrogenase, β-glucosidae, urease, and acid phosphatase activities were greater in soil treated with CM than soil treated with the corresponding mineral fertilizer at all levels. There was buildup of soil-available N, K, and iron (Fe) in soils treated with CM. Grain hardness increased with increasing rates of nutrient application for both mineral-fertilized and organically grown rice; in contrast, amylose content was lower in treatments receiving more nutrients, irrespective of nutrient sources. In terms of functional property, phenol content in rice grain increased with increasing nutrient supply. Potassium and Fe contents were more in CM-treated rice than in mineral-fertilized treatments at greater rates of application. Results suggest that after building up the soil nutrient status, comparable yield and better nutritional and functional qualities of rice can be achieved in organically managed soils than in mineral-fertilized soils.     

长期施肥对潮土耕层土壤和作物籽粒微量元素动态的影响

Micronutrient status in soils can be affected by long-term fertilization and intensive cropping.A 19-year experiment (1990-2008) was carried out to investigate the influence of different fertilization regimes on micronutrients in an Aquic Inceptisol and maize and wheat grains in Zhengzhou,China.The results showed that soil total Cu and Zn markedly declined after 19 years with application of N fertilizer alone.Soil total Fe and Mn were significantly increased mainly due to atmospheric deposition.Applications...     

安塞新修黄绵土农地有机质分解及土壤有效态养分变化

通过模拟试验研究了安塞黄绵土中有机质分解及土壤有效态养分变化。其结果是:1.土壤中加入的有机质分解率随温度、湿度升高而增加。其分解表现出快速与慢速两个阶段,各阶段的分解量与有机质的化学组成有关。2.土壤中原有的土壤有机质分解速度与半衰期成反比。若不向土壤中施加任何有机质,大约18年左右,土壤中原有的有机质贮量要减少一半。3.新加入的有机质分解时,土壤有效态养分增加。但个别有效态稀土元素在减少。     

耕作方式和秸秆还田对直播稻田土壤有机碳及水稻产量的影响

研究了直播稻田在不同耕作方式和秸秆还田下土壤有机碳(SOC)和水稻产量的变化。结果表明,秸秆还田能够显著增加SOC含量,耕作方式可显著影响土壤有机碳的垂直分布。SOC含量与水稻籽粒产量存在显著的正相关关系(R2=0.712 9**,n=6),SOC含量与土壤全氮(TSN)之间有显著的正相关性(R2=0.860 9**,n=43)。秸秆还田能够促进土壤有机碳的增加,稳定直播稻田系统的生产力,实现粮食安全和生态环境安全的双赢。     

不同绿肥对土壤肥力及后茬水稻养分吸收的影响

为了探究不同绿肥品种之间的生长差异及其翻压后对后茬水稻养分的影响，通过选取7种不同绿肥（紫云英、白三叶草、金花菜、光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆、油菜、二月兰），以冬闲田（CK）为对照，进行大田试验，分析不同绿肥品种的生长性状、土壤肥力和水稻的产量、养分、养分累积量等指标。结果表明：不同的绿肥作物品种存在着不同的生长差异，综合来看以光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆的生物量最高，分别为46.07 t/hm2、38.74t/hm2，二者养分含量及养分累积量显著高于其他绿肥品种，适合作为苏北地区种植的绿肥品种；种植绿肥具有提高土壤肥力的潜力，促进土壤养分累积，同时对改良土壤肥力具有积极的作用。箭筈豌豆翻压后的土壤pH比CK 高出0.71%，光叶苕子翻压后有机质含量、全氮含量比CK高出1.56%、8.86%；绿肥翻压后对水稻秸秆和籽粒的氮、磷、钾含量及其累积量有了显著的增加，其中以箭筈豌豆的综合效果最好，与CK相比，箭筈豌豆翻压后水稻秸秆全氮累积量、全磷累积量分别提高15.18%、14.98%，水稻籽粒全氮累积量、全钾累积量分别提高9.98%、15.02%，水稻地上部全氮总累积量、全磷总累积量分别提高14.75%、20.42%。综上，光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆的生物量、养分累积量较高，推荐作为该地区种植的绿肥品种；光叶苕子能够对土壤肥力有一定的提高，箭筈豌豆能够促进水稻养分含量及养分累积量。研究结果可为苏北地区绿肥的利用与推广提供理论依据。     

长期定位试验下施肥对潮棕壤活性碳库及碳库管理指数的影响

分析了长期不同施肥制度对潮棕壤活性碳库及碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明:长期施肥不同施肥制度对土壤活性碳库、碳素有效率及碳库管理指数有很大影响,长期施用有机循环肥处理,尤其是循环肥配合均衡化肥(NPK+O)施用处理的土壤有机碳、易氧化碳(ROC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳含量(MBC)、土壤碳素有效率及土壤碳库管理指数明显高于对照处理的土壤。潮棕壤活性碳库中不同形态的碳素含量大小顺序为:CROC>CMBC>CDOC,同一施肥处理水平下,不同形态碳素有效率以ACC>ABC>AAC。相关分析表明:土壤碳素有效率和碳库管理指数与土壤的化学性质尤其是土壤养分因子呈显著或极显著相关,反应了农业生产措施对土壤碳库的影响,运用土壤碳库管理指数可以很好地反映出土壤碳库的动态变化。     

Long-Term Fertilization Effects on Rice Productivity and Nutrient Efficiency in Korean Paddy

ABSTRACT

Long-term fertilization tests evaluated rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in relation to application of nitrogen (N)-phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) (120-34.9-66.7 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1967–1972 and N-P-K (150-43.7-83.3 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1973–2000. The comparison treatments (NP, PK, and NK) and the control (not fertilized) were selected for calculating nutrient efficiency. Rice grain yield increased at a 17.78 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} in the control, mainly due to development of improved cultivars. Phosphorus management was found to be important for indigenous fertility and rice productivity in this paddy soil. Yield increased significantly with P fertilization. Without N fertilization (PK), rice productivity increased 56.85 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} from 62% of NPK at the initial stage to 74% after passing 34 years, which might be affected by increasing biological N fixation with P accumulation in soil. In NK treatment, rice yield increased at a relatively low rate (37.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) from the same rice productivity with that of NPK in 1967 to 91% after 34 years. In comparison, yield increased at a high rate (62.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) without K fertilization (NP) from ca. 90% of NPK and might exceed the yield of NPK after 64 years of long-term fertilization. Therefore, K fertilization level might be readjusted after long-term fertilizing in paddy soil.     

神农架大九湖亚高山典型泥炭湿地土壤养分特征分析

基于湖北省神农架国家公园大九湖亚高山典型泥炭湿地土壤总有机碳、总氮、总磷、铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量进行时间(春、夏、秋、冬)和空间(表层15 cm、中层30 cm、底层45 cm)特征分析。结果表明:(1)该区域土壤各样分以及pH、Eh、容重均满足正态分布,其中有效磷、速效钾为中强变异性,均值为31.33,71.2 mg/kg,总有机碳、总磷、铵态氮、pH、Eh、容重为中弱变异性,均值为419.2,1.56 g/kg和67.57 mg/kg, 5.33,104.4,0.155 g/kg,总氮为弱变异性,均值为20.13 g/kg。(2)土壤总有机碳在季节以及深度变化上均不存在显著差异,总氮与总磷在首层与其余2层存在显著差异,在季节上总氮在首层存在季节差异,总磷在首、中层存在显著差异,土壤养分仅速效钾与首层和其余2层存在显著差异。(3)土壤有机碳、总磷、铵态氮与总氮、速效钾、总磷与铵态氮呈显著正相关,总有机碳与土壤容重、有效磷与Eh,pH与Eh呈显著负相关。(4)研究区土壤总有机碳与总氮较高于我国其余泥炭湿地,随着纬度升高土壤有机碳含量呈现降低的趋势。     

稻秸的不同组分对水稻土微生物量碳氮及可溶性有机碳氮的影响

为探明稻秸(稻草)及其不同组分(腐解稻秸、可溶性有机物和去活稻秸)对红黄泥水稻土微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)和可溶性有机碳、氮(DOC、DON)含量的影响。通过室内恒温培养试验,研究了长期淹水条件下,添加稻秸及其组分对MBC、MBN、DOC和DON的影响。结果表明,与对照(S处理)相比,添加稻秸(RS+S处理)、腐解稻秸(DRS+S处理)和去活稻秸(NARS+S处理)均提高了MBC,提高幅度分别为11.17%(p0.01),1.83%和6.25%(p0.05),添加可溶性有机物(DOM+S处理)处理降低了MBC,降低幅度为2.67%;RS+S处理提高了MBN,提高幅度为15.29%,DRS+S、DOM+S和NARS+S处理均降低了MBN,降低幅度分别为15.19%,3.09%和15.92%。与S处理相比,RS+S、DRS+S、DOM+S和NARS+S处理均极显著提高了红黄泥DOC(p0.01),提高幅度依次分别为13.33%,10.88%,6.81%和11.41%;RS+S、DRS+S和DOM+S处理均显著提高了红黄泥DON(p0.05),NARS+S处理极显著提高了红黄泥DON(p0.01),提高幅度依次分别为6.96%,10.84%,10.12%和13.41%。与S处理相比,DRS+S和NARS+S处理极显著提高了MBC/MBN,RS+S处理显著降低了MBC/MBN,DOM+S处理对MBC/MBN几乎没有影响;各处理对DOC/DON没有显著影响。稻秸及其不同组分对红黄泥水稻土MBC、MBN、DOC和DON含量的影响基本一致,但影响程度存在差异,稻秸和去活稻秸影响较大。结果可为稻秸及其不同组分对MBC、MBN、DOC和DON的影响机理提供基础数据,进一步揭示稻田土壤速效养分的来源与转化关系,为农业生产中秸秆的科学利用和稻田土壤肥力定向培育提供科学依据。     

猪粪有机肥施用对潮土速效养分含量及团聚体分布的影响

针对集约化养殖畜禽粪便无序排放产生的环境问题,采用连续2年的盆栽试验,以猪粪有机肥为研究对象,设计5个有机肥施用水平(0、6.7、13.3、26.7、40.0 g·kg~(-1)土),研究了猪粪有机肥施用对潮土有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤团聚体分布的影响,为畜禽粪便田间消纳和合理施用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,土壤中有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随有机肥施用量的增加而呈现逐渐升高趋势,且第二年土壤中各指标增加更加明显,第二年施肥处理各速效养分含量分别比第一年高2.7%~54.0%、6.7%~34.6%、36.8%~159.5%、20.3%~35.7%;土壤有机碳含量与外源有机碳投入量之间存在着显著的线性关系,有机肥施用可以显著提高生菜产量,且具有明显的后效作用。2年试验中,土壤团聚体以0.053~0.25 mm和0.053 mm小团聚体所占比例较大,且随有机肥施用量增加呈现降低趋势,而0.25~0.5 mm和0.5 mm大团聚体含量却随有机肥施用量增加呈升高趋势,可见,施用有机肥可促进大团聚体的形成,在有机肥施加量为40.0 g·kg~(-1)土时,土壤中0.25 mm团聚体的含量最高,土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GWD)最大,土壤的团聚化作用最强,土壤结构最稳定。     

新疆棉田土壤养分限制因子的系统研究

于1996～2002年在新疆4个主要棉区，采集21个点的主要类型耕层土壤，应用土壤养分状况系统研究法，根据土壤分析、吸附试验和盆栽试验的结果确定试验方案，阐述了新疆主要棉区土壤养分状况的差异性、土壤主要养分限制因子和氮磷钾肥对棉花的增产效益，结果表明：氮、磷是棉田土壤养分的第一、第二限制因子，钾和锌已成为新疆棉田土壤养分的限制因子或潜在限制因子，硼和锰各地表现不同，其主要养分的平均缺乏顺序为N〉P〉K〉Zn〉B〉Mn。施用氮肥、磷肥和钾肥对棉花的增产效益分别为1．62kg／kgN，1．85kg／kgP2O5和2．71kg／kgK2O。     

昆山市土壤养分现状与变化趋势研究

2009年对昆山市土壤养分进行检测,检测结果显示：有机质35.5 g·kg-1,全氮2.22 g·kg-1,碱解氮162 mg·kg-1,有效磷15.1 mg·kg-1,速效钾115 mg·kg-1,pH值6.0。与第二次土壤普查相比,有机质和全氮含量呈上升趋势,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量明显提高,pH值呈下降趋势。     

不同施肥措施对潮土有机碳平衡及固碳潜力的影响

以中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站的长期定位施肥试验为研究平台,研究不同施肥措施对潮土有机C含量的影响,并利用Jenny模型对不同施肥措施下的潮土有机C动态进行模拟。结果表明,施肥措施明显改变了潮土有机C含量,并且有机肥处理的作用效果要明显优于化肥处理。不同施肥措施不仅改变了潮土有机C的平衡水平,也影响了有机C的分解速率,NPK、1/2OM和OM施肥处理的有机C平衡值分别为7.19、7.75和9.37g/kg,而分解速率分别为0.038、0.113和0.1451/a。在目前施肥模式不变的情况下,与试验初相比,达到平衡时CK处理的潮土将会损失C1478kg/hm2,而NPK、1/2OM和OM处理的潮土则会分别增加C7376、7790和12066kg/hm2。因此,可以认为施肥处理促进了潮土的C固定。     

城市化对珠江三角洲存留常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳组分及其碳库管理指数的影响

通过对珠江三角洲城区(植物园、白云山、帽峰山)和郊区(鹤山、从化石门、鼎湖山)存留的6个常绿阔叶林进行调查,分析城市化对存留森林土壤有机碳组分和碳库管理指数的影响。在选择的样地按0—10,10—20cm分层采集土壤样品,并测定土壤总有机碳(TOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和不易氧化有机碳(NROC)。结果表明:(1)城区森林土壤的TOC、ROC和NROC含量显著低于郊区(P0.05)。(2)在0—10cm层次,城区森林土壤碳库的活度和活度指数显著高于郊区(P0.05);在10—20cm,城区森林土壤碳库的活度和活度指数也高于郊区,但差异不显著。(3)在0—10,10—20cm,郊区森林土壤的碳库指数和碳库管理指数显著高于城市森林(P0.05)。城市化导致存留常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳活性增加,但不利于土壤总有机碳积累。     

大机械作业对黑土区耕地土壤三相比与速效养分的影响

通过对收获和深松整地机械作业前后典型黑土区耕地土壤的三相比、速效N、P、K含量的测定和分析,揭示了机械作业对三相比与速效养分的影响,对科学指导机械作业、解决黑土资源的保护与开发利用之间的矛盾具有重要意义.研究结果表明:(1)将土壤三相作为一个有机整体置于二维三系图中分析土壤结构性状是探讨土壤三相比的一种新的、有效的方法手段,可以直观看出机械作业下土壤三相比的变化情况以及向理想结构逼近的趋势特征.(2)大机械作业后上层耕作区土壤三相比大幅逼近理想状态,对耕作区土壤结构的改良作用明显优于中机械作业,但大、中机械作业后下层非耕作区均表现出不同程度的积累压实作用.(3)大机械作业可以显著增加土壤速效磷的含量,提高幅度范围为20.07%～380.91%,并以深松作业对表层耕作区的影响最大.大、中机械作业均增加了土壤速效钾的含量,提高幅度分别为10.04%～20.61%和17.05%～27.52%.与速效磷和速效钾相比,土壤速效氮对机械作业的反应不敏感,除中机械作业对下层非耕作区的影响外,其余差异均未达到显著水平.